MICRB 201: Unit 3
Identify the portal of entry for Neisseria meningitidis in cases of meningitis. - Conjunctiva - Urinary tract - Upper respiratory tract - Enlarged ear canal
Upper respiratory tract
River blindness is caused by which of the following? (1 answer) - Yeast - Virus - Fungus - Worm - Protozoan
Worm
Cryptococcus neoformans is which type of microbe? - Bacterium - Helminth - Protozoan - Virus - Yeast
Yeast
Most cases of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis occur in which group of people? (1 answer) - Immunocompromised patients - Migrant agricultural workers - Elderly - Young children - Pregnant women
Young children
In addition to the typical symptoms of meningitis, meningococcemia can cause a high fever, chills, delirium, and widespread _____, or bleeding under the skin.
petechiae or ecchymosis
Listeriosis is transmitted mainly through the consumption of which contaminated products? (3 answers) - Poultry - Dairy products - Unpasteurized juice - Meat - Alfalfa sprouts - Raw vegetables
1.) Poultry 2.) Dairy products 3.) Meat
What is the term for the minute hemorrhage spots in the skin that appear on the trunk and appendages as a sign of meningococcemia? - Papules - Comedos - Petechiae - Bullae
Petechiae
Which five of the following infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? (5 answers) - Bacteremia - Necrotizing fasciitis - Strep throat - Pneumonia - Gas gangrene - Rheumatic fever - Acne - Viremia - Warts
1.) Bacteremia 2.) Necrotizing fasciitis 3.) Strep throat 4.) Pneumonia 5.) Rheumatic fever
Which three of the following are infections of the hair follicle? - Carbuncle - Acne - Impetigo - Furuncle - Folliculitis - MRSA
1.) Carbuncle 2.) Furuncle 3.) Folliculitis
Techniques used to diagnose listeriosis include which four of the following? - Cold enrichment isolation - Clinical examination - Tube agglutination tests - ELISA - Immunofluorescence - Gene probes - Basic isolation - Coagulase tests
1.) Cold enrichment isolation 2.) ELISA 3.) Immunofluorescence 4.) Gene probes
Which describes the fever seen with roseola? (3 answers) - Follows the rash - Lasts for 7 days usually - Precedes the rash - Low-grade - Can be accompanied by seizures - High temperatures
1.) Precedes the rash 2.) Can be accompanied by seizures 3.) High temperatures
What preventative measures are used against listeriosis? (3 answers) - Vector control - Proper food handling - Water purification - Safe sex practices - Sewage treatment programs - Adequate pasteurization temperatures - Abstaining from certain foods
1.) Proper food handling 2.) Adequate pasteurization temperatures 3.) Abstaining from certain foods
Which of the following are the possible causative agents of impetigo? (2 answers) - Dermatophyte - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus pyogenes - S. pneumoniae - Herpes simplex virus - Variola virus - Poxvirus
1.) Staphylococcus aureus 2.) Streptococcus pyogenes
Which two layers of the skin are usually involved in cellulitis? - Subcutaneous - Dermis - Epidermis - Stratum corneum
1.) Subcutaneous 2.) Dermis
Which of the following refers to fungal infections of the outer epidermal that do not usually cause inflammation? (1 answer) - Warts - Systemic mycoses - Superficial mycoses - Molluscum contagiosum
Superficial mycoses
Identify five characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes. - Resistant to cold - Obligate anaerobe - Intracellular parasite - Spore-forming - Spirochete - Flagellated - Resistant to pH extremes - Resistant to heat
1.) Resistant to cold 2.) Intracellular parasite 3.) Flagellated 4.) Resistant to pH extremes 5.) Resistant to heat
Identify the primary reservoirs of L. monocytogenes. (2 answers) - Animals - Soil - Plants - Food - Water
1.) Soil 2.) Water
Which two of the following are causes of conjunctivitis? (2 answers) - Compromised immune privilege - Colonization by organisms with a predilection for eye tissue - Accidental inoculation by trauma - Migration of microbes through the tear ducts - Swimming in heavily chlorinated water
1.) Colonization by organisms with a predilection for eye tissue 2.) Accidental inoculation by trauma
Which of the following are factors that predispose a person to meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans? (4 answers) - Pneumococcal pneumonia - Diabetes - Immunodeficiency - Hepatitis B infection - Steroid treatments - Cancer
1.) Diabetes 2.) Immunodeficiency 3.) Steroid treatments 4.) Cancer
Which of the following are not typical signs or symptoms of most cases of meningitis? (3 answers) - Diarrhea - Increased neutrophils in blood - Respiratory paralysis - Increased WBC in CSF - Headache - Fever
1.) Diarrhea 2.) Respiratory paralysis 3.) Increased neutrophils in blood
Coccidioides immitis is most prevalent during which season(s)? (2 answers) - Winter - Fall - Spring - Summer
1.) Fall 2.) Summer
Which of the following are the common signs/symptoms of cellulitis? (3 answers) - Fever - Mottled skin appearance - Significant odor - Lymphangitis - Inflammation - Desquamation
1.) Fever 2.) Lymphangitis 3.) Inflammation
Which of the following favor the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis? (4 answers) - Water contamination by feces - Fleas - Fomites - Wet climate - Poor hygiene - Hot, dry climate - Mosquitos
1.) Fleas 2.) Fomites 3.) Poor hygiene 4.) Hot, dry climate
Once listeriosis is suspected, antibiotic therapy using which of the following drugs may be started? (2 answers) - Erythromycin - Gentamicin - Streptomycin - Ampicillin
1.) Gentamicin 2.) Ampicillin
Which of the following are the most common causes of keratitis? (2 answers) - Adenovirus - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus pyogenes - HSV-1 - HSV-2 - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Chlamydia trachomatis
1.) HSV-1 2.) HSV-2
Dermatophytes cause damage to which areas? (2 answers) - Dermis - Stratum granulosum - Hair and nails - Stratum corneum
1.) Hair and nails 2.) Stratum corneum
Which two compounds produced by S. pneumoniae can cause brain cell apoptosis? - Hydrogen peroxide - Gamma-globulin - Cytokine - Alpha-hemolysin
1.) Hydrogen peroxide 2.) Alpha-hemolysin
Identify the two virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis. (2 answers) - Fimbriae - Coagulase - IgA protease - Catalase - Capsule
1.) IgA protease 2.) Capsule
Which are common signs/symptoms of tinea versicolor? (3 answers) - Lowered melanin production - Mottled skin appearance - Fluctuating fever - Development of pustules - Mild scaling of skin
1.) Lowered melanin production 2.) Mottled skin appearance 3.) Mild scaling of skin
Which areas see several million cases of ocular trachoma every year? (2 answers) - Middle East - United States - Rainforests of Africa - Pacific Islands
1.) Middle East 2.) Pacific Islands
Streptococcus pyogenes causes all of the following diseases except which three of the following? (3 answers) - Acne - Gas gangrene - Scalded skin syndrome - Pneumonia - Necrotizing fasciitis - Impetigo - Scarlet fever - Streptococcal pharyngitis
1.) Acne 2.) Gas gangrene 3.) Scalded skin syndrome
Depending upon the agent that cause the infection, meningitis can manifest itself as which type of disease? (2 answers) - Acute - Subclinical - Chronic - Latent - Local
1.) Acute 2.) Chronic
Select which of the following statements accurately reflect characteristics of S. pneumoniae? (2 answers) - This is a gram-negative bacterium. - 10 serotypes have been identified so far. - This bacterium produces an alpha-hemolysin. - This bacterium produces hydrogen peroxide which can damage the CNS.
1.) This bacterium produces an alpha-hemolysin. 2.) This bacterium produces hydrogen peroxide which can damage the CNS.
Which of the following techniques are not used to diagnose listeriosis? (4 answers) - ELISA - Tube agglutination tests - Immunofluorescence - Clinical examination - Gene probes - Basic isolation - Coagulase tests
1.) Tube agglutination tests 2.) Clinical examination 3.) Basic isolation 4.) Coagulase tests
What are the signs and symptoms of meningococcemia? (3 answers) - Excessive sweating - Vascular damage - Bulbar lesions - Low grade fever - Hemorrhage - Ecchymosis
1.) Vascular damage 2.) Hemorrhage 3.) Ecchymosis
At what age should individuals (assuming they are in good health) be vaccinated against meningitis? - 18 years - 3 years - 11 months - 11 years
11 years
In the United States, immunization with the conjugated MCV4 vaccine that protects against meningococcal meningitis should begin at which age, although a booster is needed to ensure long-term protection. - 21 years - 5 years - 3 months - 11 years
11 years
Patients with _____ have the highest rates of cryptococcal meningitis.
AIDS or HIV
Which is the basic treatment plan for suspected cases of listeriosis? - Antibiotic therapy - Bed rest and fluids - Antiviral therapy - Surgical intervention
Antibiotic therapy
The most recent outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis have been caused by which serotype? A new vaccine is specific for this serotype. - B - C - W135 - A - Y
B
Which type of microorganism causes the more serious types of meningitis? (1 answer) - Amoebas - Helminths - Viruses - Bacteria - Protozoans - Fungi
Bacteria
When is HIB vaccination recommended? - Every ten years - As a single dose at age 2 months - 11 years - Beginning at 2 months, with a booster - Beginning at 5 years, with a booster
Beginning at 2 months, with a booster
_____ _____ is a spherical or ovoid-shaped fungus with small, constricted buds and a large capsule that can cause meningitis.
Blank 1: Cryptococcus Blank 2: neoformans
_____ _____ is a gram-positive flagellated bacterium that grows inside of host cells; it is associated with food-borne illness and can cause a form of meningitis.
Blank 1: Listeria Blank 2: monocytogenes
_____ _____ is a gram-negative diplococcus that causes about 14% of the cases of meningitis.
Blank 1: Neisseria Blank 2: meningitidis
_____ _____ is the bacterium that most likely causes the initial impetigo infection.
Blank 1: Streptococcus, S., or S Blank 2: pyogenes
Which distinctive characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans is important to its pathogenesis? - Fimbriae - Flagellum - Capsule - Exotoxin
Capsule
Which describes meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in most cases? - Acute and gradual - Chronic and fulminating - Chronic and gradual - Acute and fulminating
Chronic and gradual
Which of following describes the cellular morphology for Staphylococcus aureus? (1 answer) - Bacillus - Strepto- - Staphylo- - Spirillum - Coccus
Coccus
Contamination of the eye with a contact lens or lens solution is a leading cause of which of the following? - Conjunctivitis - River blindness - Trachoma - Leishmaniasis
Conjunctivitis
Which is the mode of transmission for most cases of listeriosis? - Vector-borne transmission - Droplet transmission - Direct contact - Contaminated food
Contaminated food
Although negative staining of specimens is used to diagnose cryptococcosis, which rapid immunologic test has replaced this method in many labs today? - Gram stain reaction - ELISA - Cryptococcal antigen test - Acid-fast staining - PFGE
Cryptococcal antigen test
Which group of fungi are responsible for a wide variety of skin and nail conditions? - Dermatophytes - Aspergillosis - Mucormycosis - Candidiasis
Dermatophytes
Which is the most common reservoir for the Leishmania protozoan? - Dogs - Sand flies - Snakes - Frogs
Dogs
Meningococci are spread through which of the following? (1 answer) - Droplet contact - Dust - Fomites - Contaminated water
Droplet contact
Leishmaniasis is endemic in which region? (1 answer) - Crowded urban environments - Subarctic regions - The Australian outback - Equatorial regions
Equatorial regions
In which of the following do bacteria enter the skin through a small break and cause blisters or swollen lesions accompanied by fever, shaking, and chills? (1 answer) - MRSA - Impetigo - Erysipelas - Necrotizing fasciitis
Erysipelas
The blistering seen in impetigo is due to which of the following? (1 answer) - Coagulase - Hyaluronidase - Staphylokinase - Exfoliative toxins A and B
Exfoliative toxins A and B
True or false: The high fever seen with roseola always comes after the rash appears.
False Reason: A high fever of up to 105oF appears and resolves before the rash appears.
Coccidioides is what type of microbe? - Bacterium - Fungus - Protozoan - Virus - Helminth
Fungus
The bacterium that causes SSSS can be described as which of the following? (1 answer) - Gram positive coccus - Gram variable - Gram negative bacillus - Gram negative coccus - Gram positive bacillus
Gram positive coccus
If meningitis is suspected after a lumbar puncture, what is the next step in identifying the bacteria? - Coagulase test - Catalase test - Gram stain - Endospore stain
Gram stain
Which of the following describes Haemophilus influenzae? - Gram-positive coccobacillus - Gram-negative coccobacillus - Gram-positive diplococcus - Gram-negative diplococcus
Gram-negative coccobacillus
Identify the Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Neisseria meningitidis. - Gram-negative staphylococci - Gram-positive staphylococci - Gram-positive diplococci - Gram-negative diplococci
Gram-negative diplococci
The Gram reaction for Staphylococcus aureus is which of the following? (1 answer) - Gram-variable - Gram-negative - Gram-positive
Gram-positive
Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of gas gangrene is described as which of the following? (1 answer) - Gram-negative coccus - Gram-negative endospore former - Gram-positive coccus - Gram-positive endospore former
Gram-positive endospore former
Which of the following is the most serious complication of meningococcal infection? - Sore throat - Shut down of cytokines - High fever - Meningococcemia
Meningococcemia
_____ can lead to endotoxin-mediated vascular damage called petechiae in some cases of N. meningitidis infection.
Meningococcemia
Meningitis caused by which microbe is a severe form of acute bacterial meningitis, but cases have been greatly reduced in the United States by the Hib vaccine. - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis - Listeria monocytogenes - Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
The most likely way for Neisseria meningitidis to enter the body is by which of the following? - Insect vector - Ingestion of contaminated water or food - Through cut on arm or leg - Inhalation
Inhalation
Neisseria meningtidis is commonly known as which of the following? (1 answer) - Staphylococcus - Enterococcus - Streptococcus - Meningodiplococcus - Meningococcus - Diplococcus
Meningococcus
Which is an eye infection of deeper eye tissues which can lead to the complete destruction of the cornea? - Keratitis - Trachoma - Conjunctivitis - Glaucoma
Keratitis
Most erysipelas cases are seen in which area of the body?
Legs
If meningitis is suspected, which of the following is performed first to test for the presence of bacteria or the presence of white blood cells? - Coagulase test - Catalase test - Gram stain - Lumbar puncture
Lumbar puncture
Once the arthrospores of Coccidioides are inhaled they develop into spherules in which organ? - Intestine - Lung - Liver - Brain
Lung
_____ is the appearance of red lines leading away from the infection site in cellulitis.
Lymphangitis
Tinea veriscolor is caused by yeast in the genus _____.
Malassezia
Which of the following is an inflammation of the meninges caused by various infectious agents? - Encephalitis - Pancephalitis - Poliomyelitis - Meningoencephalitis - Meningitis
Meningitis
Which areas see several million cases of ocular trachoma every year? (1 answer) - Pacific Islands - Middle East - Rainforests of Africa - United States
Pacific Islands
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to -which of the following? (1 answer) - Multiple antibiotics - Methicillin only - Methicillin and related -cillin antibiotics
Multiple antibiotics
Certain skin infections complicate when the bacteria produce toxins that break down tissues and the bacteria spread through the blood stream. These bacteria also produce superantigens, that can induce a massive release of cytokines leading to shock and death. This condition is termed which of the following? (1 answer) - Scalded skin syndrome - Erysipelas - Necrotizing fasciitis - Folliculitis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Identify the first step in diagnosing meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans.It involves staining for the visualization of encapsulated budding yeast cells. - Negative - Endospore - Acid-fast - Gram
Negative
Which of the following organisms causes the most serious form of acute meningitis, mostly in very young children? (1 answer) - Coccidioides immitis - Haemophilus influenzae - Listeria monocytogenes - Cryptococcus neoformans - Neisseria meningitidis - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Enteroviruses
Neisseria meningitidis
Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by which of the following? (1 answer) - Escherichia coli - Staphylococcus aureus only - Numerous microbes that penetrate the bloodstream
Numerous microbes that penetrate the bloodstream
Identify the common name of Streptococcus pneumoniae. - Meningococcus - Staphylococcus - Pneumococcus - Diplococcus
Pneumococcus
Which vaccine is recommended for prevention of pneumococcal infections for those aged 65 and older? - Hib vaccine - Zostavax - Pediarix - Pneumovax - Prevnar 13
Pneumovax
Individual skin lesions that contain fluid are referred to as which of the following? (1 answer) - Pox - Shingles - Furuncles - Bulbous lesions
Pox
_____ 13 is the pneumococcal vaccine recommended for children.
Prevnar
Which of the following is a chronic parasitic eye infection caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus? (1 answer) - River blindness - Conjunctivitis - Keratitis - Trachoma
River blindness
Haemophilus meningitis is most effectively prevented by which of the following? - Strict isolation of infected patients - Prophylactic antibiotics for children - Routine childhood vaccination - Good handwashing practices
Routine childhood vaccination
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicle caused by what microorganism?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is the causative agent of SSSS? (1 answer) - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus pyogenes - Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following organisms typically causes the greatest number of community-acquired cases of meningitis? - Haemophilus influenzae - Cryptococcus neoformans - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
True or false: Individuals can carry meningococci asymptomatically in their nasopharynx
True Reason: 3-50% can be asymptomatic.
True or false: Keratitis can be caused by any type of microorganism especially when the eye is subjected to trauma.
True Reason: Even though viral agents are a common cause of keratitis, any microorganism can cause this condition if allowed to invade eye tissue.
What is the role of staphylococcal exotoxins A and B in causing impetigo? (1 answer) - They digest host tissue DNA. - They attack cell-to-cell binding proteins in the epithelium. - They coagulate plasma. - They digest blood clots. - They allow colonization on the surface of the skin.
They attack cell-to-cell binding proteins in the epithelium.
Infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in those with a normal healthy immune system is a _____ form of meningitis with a gradual onset of symptoms; this is in contrast to disease development in AIDS patients.
chronic
The acronym MRSA represents _____-_____ Staphylococcus aureus.
methicillin resistant
S. _____ is the main causative agent of erysipelas.
pyogenes
The small, spherical cell that results from arthrospore germination is called a _____.
spherule