Micro 233 Final

Place the letter corresponding to the correct color in the answer blank for questions 1-5. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Green e. Brown 1. The appearance of Gram-positive bacteria after addition of the mordant in a Gram stain. 2. The appearance of a Gram-negative bacteria after the addition of the mordant in a Gram stain. 3. The appearance of a Gram-negative bacteria after the addition of the decolorizing agent in the Gram stain. 4. The appearance of Gram-negative bacteria after addition of crystal violet in the Gram stain. 5. The appearance of Gram-positive bacteria after adding safranin in the Gram stain.

A A C A A

Figure 7.4. Which of the following bacteria is an example of normal microbiota present on skin of of human beings? a. Staphylococcus b. Bacteroides c. Streptococcus d. Propionibacterium e. A and B are normal bacteria present on the skin of humans

a

How can deforestation contribute to new or emerging infectious diseases? a. habitat loss for animals or mammals that carry zoonotic pathogens spillover into the human population while searching for a new habitat. b. It results in more gold mines where bats and mosquitoes carrying pathogens can breed. c. More paper is made so pathogens can flourish. d. It gives more space for animals carrying pathogens to flourish. e. None of the above.

a

The Serious Communicable Disease (Isolation Unit) located at Emory Hospital was constructed for ____________________. a. Ebola virus researchers who may be accidently infected with Ebola virus while performing research. b. Tuberculosis patients c. Ebola patients from Africa involved in clinical studies d. Seriously injured patients hurt during hurricanes e. Cancer patients

a

The _______________________of cows produce up to 20% of the _________________ on Earth. a. enteric bacteria; methane gas b. mouth bacteria; methane gas c. enteric bacteria; CO2 d. intestinal yeast; methane e. grass bacteria; CO2

a

True or False. During the American Civil War, bandages on soldier's wounds were reused. a. True b. False

a

True or False. Elizabethkingia sp. are ubiquitous in the environment. a. True b. False

a

True or False. The American Civil War (1861-1865) occurred before the Germ theory of disease was solidified (accepted) by the medical community. a. True b. False

a

What is dysbiosis? a. an imbalance of human microbiota b. to induce vomiting after someone eats food that has spoiled c. The use of antibiotics to intentionally inhibit microbes. d. Bacterial that cannot replicate stop growing. e. None of the above.

a

What is the infectious dose of Ebola virus? a. less than 10 infectious viruses b. 11-20 infectious viruses c. 50-100 infectious viruses d. 1000-2000 infectious viruses e. over 2000 infectious viruses

a

What is the main mode of transmission for influenza viruses? a. airborne (inhaling influenza viruses) b. oral-fecal (eating food contaminated with influenza viruses) c. through a biological vector (e.g. mosquito bite) d. sexual transmission e. blood transfusion from an influenza patient

a

Which bacterial pathogen has an R-nought as high as 17? a. Bordetella pertussis (causes whooping cough) b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes TB) c. Escherichia coli (causes gastroenteritis) d. Streptococcus mutans (causes dental carries) e. Mycobacterium leprae (causes leprosy)

a

Which of the following is NOT a Gram negative bacterium? a. Listeria b. Escherichia c. Shigella d. Salmonella e. Campylobacter

a

_______________ refers to the ingestion of already-produced bacterial toxins; the actual organisms may, in fact , no longer be present. a. Intoxication b. Meningitis c. Food infection d. Oxidation e. Consumption

a

___________________ was used successfully as a countermeasure to control Ebola epidemics in remote villages of Africa. a. Contact tracing b. Hydrating patients c. Unsafe burial practices d. Pub crawls e. Use of insecticides like DEET on skin and clothing

a

why do patients suffering from tuberculosis or leprosy need to be on antibiotics for more than 6 months in order to be cured of their infection? a. because mycobacterium spp. have a long generation time and the antibiotics are only effective when the bacteria are actively dividing b. because the pathogenic bacteria that cause these diseases grow so rapidly that it takes months to be able to kill them off c. because the bacteria that cause these diseases pump out the antibiotics as they enter the cell d. because mycobacterium spp. contain peritrichous flagella, allowing them to evade the effects of antibiotics d.because all patients keep prarie dogs as pets

a

BIO 233 lab notes that were reviewed during lecture: MacConkey's agar is used _____________ in a medical technology laboratory and/or BIO 233 lab. a. to differentiate pigment-producing bacteria b. to diagnose UTIs caused by Gram negative bacteria c. to diagnose respiratory tract infections d. to select for Gram negative rod-shaped bacteria and differentiate those that ferment mannitol

b

Box 8.2 Rats serve as _______________ for insect-borne diseases (e.g. plague-carrying fleas). a. carriers b. reservoirs c. fomites d. food e. inoculum

b

Supplemental video: Saving Dr. Brantly Supplemental Video: Where or how did Dr. Brantly likely get infected with Ebola virus? a. He was infected during an accidental needlestick injury when treating Ebola patients in the Ebola isolation ward. b. During the evaluation of incoming patients (which did not occur in the Ebola isolation ward). c. He had sex with an Ebola patient. d. He had contact with contaminated body fluids from an Ebola patient while disinfecting surfaces in the Ebola isolation ward. e. He was infected during a blood splatter incident while inserting a catheter into an Ebola patient.

b

Table 3.1 Which of the following foods are produced using microbes. a. pasta b. country-cured ham c. horseradish d. gluten e. mashed potatoes

b

The R-nought of the Guinea strain of Ebola virus is ___________________. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 10 e. 18

b

The most contagious pathogen to humans is __________________ with an R-nought as high as ________________. a. influenza A virus; 5 b. measles virus; 18 c. norovirus; 3 d. Bordetella pertussis; 17 e. MERS-coronavirus; 5

b

True or False. BIO 233 lab notes that were reviewed during lecture. API20E test systems are used for the identification and differentiation of members of the Escherichiaeae family. a. True b. False

b

True or false. Hand sanitizer is effective in killing/inactivating noroviruses. a. True b. False

b

Which of the following does NOT apply to the "rule of 3" and human survival? a. Humans can survive 3 days without water. b. Humans can survive 30 days without light. c. Humans can survive 3 minutes without air. d. Humans can survive 3 hours without appropriate shelter in extreme conditions. e. Humans can survive 30 days without food.

b

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's Postulates. a. The causative agent must be present in every case of a specific disease. b. The causative agent cannot be isolated in every case of the disease and grown in pure culture. c. The causative agent in the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible laboratory animal. d. Microbes identical to those identified in the 2nd postulate is isolated from the dead animal. e. All of the above are the correct Koch's Postulates.

b

Which of the following is a symptom of tetanus? a. dizziness b. stiffness of the neck, jaw and other muscles c. diarrhea d. dry cough e. nausea or vomiting

b

____________ was a French chemist and microbiologist who is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. His experiments supported the Germ theory of disease. He created the infamous swan-neck flask. a. Florey Chain b. Louis Pasteur c. Emily Stowe d. Dick Cheney e. Ignaz Semmelweiss

b

________________ is/are the natural reservoir of Clostridium sp. a. Bats b. Soil c. Mosquitoes d. Dogs and cats e. Microwaves

b

_________________ is the period of time before signs and symptoms of an illness occur. a. Prodromal period b. Incubation period c. Convalescence d. Stationary phase e. Period of decline

b

________________________ is/are the second leading cause of death worldwide. a. Liver and kidney diseases b. Infectious diseases c. Heart disease d. Homicide e. Cancer

b

A __________________ is a site in nature in which microbes survive (and possibly multiply) and from which they may be transmitted. a. transmission b. carrier c. reservoir d. zoonoses e. vector

c

All Gram negative bacteria contain _______________ within their cell walls. a. neurotoxins b. exotoxins c. endotoxins d. mycolic acids e. perfume

c

Figure 13.16 what is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins? a. interference with protein synthesis b. interference with cell membrane function c. interference with cell wall synthesis d. interference with replication and synthesis of nucleic acids e. interference with metabolic reactions

c

Gram positive cell walls have more __________________ than Gram negative cell walls. a. bilipid membranes b. mitochondria c. peptidoglycan d. mycolic acids e. DNA

c

Individuals infected with this comma-shaped Gram negative bacterium can lose up to 50% of body weight in the course of the disease and require rehydration therapy. a. Clostridium difficile b. Listeria monocytogenes c. Vibrio cholerae d. Salmonella e. Shigella

c

Letter "B" in the above figure represents a ________________ of the bacterium. a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. capsule d. peptidoglycan e. outer membrane

c

Letter "C" in the above figure represents a/an _______________ of the bacterium. a. endospore b. exotoxin c. plasmid d. nucleoid e. ribosome

c

Letter "G" in the above figure represents a _______________________ of the bacterium. a. pilus b. inclusion body c. flagellum d. tail e. hyphae

c

Microbes in the News/Striving for Perfection. In 2012, the largest public health crisis in the U.S. was associated with the ___________ contamination of __________________. a. bacterial; premade salads b. viral; corticoid steroid injection medication c. fungal; corticoid steroid injection medication d. bacterial; antibiotics e. fungal; hand sanitizer

c

NOVA Campus Killer film: Where do meningococcal bacteria commonly live in about 10% of the human population? a. in your anus b. in the kitchen c. in your throat d. in your cerebral spinal fluid e. in fresh water

c

Procaryotes do not contain _____________________. a. proteins b. DNA c. a membrane-bound nucleus d. ribosomes e. cell walls

c

The __________________ is a conceptual model that shows the interactions between the environment, the host and a pathogen. a. Germ theory of disease b. Koch's Postulates c. Disease triangle d. Theory of Spontaneous Generation e. convalescence square

c

The natural ________________ is where an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies. a. incubation period b. epiglottis c. reservoir d. R-nought e. mode of transmission

c

There is currently an Ebola epidemic in _______________ (country/location)? a. Liberia b. Nigeria c. Democratic Republic of Congo d. Guinea e. Israel

c

What 2 Gram positive genera produce endospores? a. Escherichia and Bacillus b. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus c. Bacillus and Clostridium d. Enterobacter and Clostridium e. Clostridium and Staphylococcus

c

What is the range of the incubation period for Ebola virus disease? a. 1-10 days b. 2-14 days c. 2-21 days d. 3-17 days e. 5-10 days

c

Which of the following is NOT a wet symptom of Ebola virus disease? a. vomiting b. diarrhea c. fever d. rash e. bleeding

c

Which of the following is NOT considered a microbe? a. bacteria b. protozoans c. insects d. algae e. fungi

c

_________________ is a bacterial pathogen that can be found in luncheon meats, hot dogs, and soft cheeses. a. Clostridium botulinum b. Bacillus cereus c. Listeria monocytogenes d. Salmonella e. Shigella

c

_________________ is the gradual recovery of health and strength after an illness. a. Prodromal period b. Incubation period c. Convalescence d. Stationary phase e. Period of decline

c

_________________ is/are an example of an emerging infectious disease. a. Malaria b. Mumps c. Zika virus disease d. Influenza e. E. coli infections

c

__________________ is an example of a re-emerging infectious disease. a. Influenza b. Winter vomiting disease (caused by noroviruses) c. Tuberculosis d. Malaria e. Zika virus disease

c

___________________ is the theory that life on Earth came from non-life. a. Germ evolution b. Big bang c. Spontaneous generation d. Maggot generation e. Chemotaxis

c

____________________ is an Internet resource used to track epidemics all over the world. Software developers and epidemiologists at Boston Children's Hospital created it. a. CDC Surveillance Home Page b. CIDRAP c. HealthMap d. SNEEZE game e. Track It

c

_______________________ is the term used for the first case of an infectious disease outbreak or epidemic. a. Typhoid Mary b. Patient Chain c. Patient Zero d. Epicenter e. Zombie Number 1

c

________________________ is the study of epidemics and how they affect a community. a. Scientology b. Microbiology c. Epidemiology d. Entomology e. Botany

c

__________________________was/were one of the largest obstacles in the battle to contain Ebola virus infections. a. Contaminated blood transfusions b. The use of bleach as a disinfectant c. Unsafe burial practices d. The increase in malaria cases e. The use of experimental drugs for compassionate use

c

____________________ground magnifying lenses in the 1700s that allowed him to observe live animalcules. a. Pillsbury b. Fleming c. Leeuwenhoek d. Pasteur e. Hooke

c

A/an ________________ is a medical term applied to a type of infection that takes advantage of a host with a weakened immune system or altered microbiota. a. compromising infection b. advantageous infection c. situational infection d. opportunistic infection e. optional infection

d

Box 2.1 In 1997, a bacterium the size of a fruit fly's head was discovered in sediment off the coast of Nambi in Africa. The bacterium was identified as _______________________. a. Theratoga namibiensis b. Epulopiscium africanus c. Thiobacillus coasticus d. Thiomargarita namibiensis e. Shorsicoccus halseyanus

d

Box 2.2. Some Bizarre Bacteria. ____________________ (name of bacterium) was confused for blood present on communion wafers in an Italian town of Bolsena during a mass. a. Bacillus rosacea b. Deinococcus radiodurans c. Micrococcus vampiretilis d. Serratia marcescens e. Cherriodermis wafersia

d

Endospores of ___________can contaminate honey, potentially causing cases of infant botulism. a. Clostridium perfringens b. Bacillus cereus c. Penicillium notatum d. Clostridium botulinum e. Bacillus anthracis

d

Microbes that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen are called _________________________. a. strict aerobes b. thermophiles c. strict anaerobes d. facultative anaerobes e. microaerophilic microbes

d

Surgeons placed ___________ from one wound to another during the American Civil War (1861-1865) as a measure to promote healing. a. scabs b. blood c. phenol or carbolic acid d. laudable pus e. iodine

d

Tetanus is caused by ____________________. a. Clostridium botulinum b. Bacillus anthracis c. Gram +, endospore-forming cocci d. Clostridium tetani e. Both C and D are correct

d

The ___ is a historical term used for gonorrhea a. handshake b. shuffle c. tabes d. clap e. dribble

d

The practice of pasteurization was applied to the preparation of milk for sale in order to eliminate a pathogen that causes what infectious disease? a. MERS b. meningitis c. shingles d. tuberculosis e. smallpox

d

Upon arrival into Ellis Island, immigrants in the late 1800s were inspected for ailments, it was known as the ______________. a. 29 question survey b. the pass to the Great Hall c. medical exam of "hope" d. six-second medical exam e. medical exam of "tears"

d

What country was the epicenter for an Ebola epidemic during late 2013-early 2014? a. Democratic Republic of Congo b. Nigeria c. Liberia d. Guinea e. South Africa

d

What is the infectious dose of influenza viruses? a. 1-10 viruses b. 10-100 viruses c. 200-500 viruses d. 1000-2000 viruses e. More than 10,000 viruses

d

What is the natural reservoir for Ebola viruses? a. chimpanzees b. rodents c. tapeworms d. bats e. rabid dogs

d

Which bacterium caused the wounds of Civil War soldiers to glow after the Battle of Shiloh? a. Pseudomonas fluorescens b. Micrococcus luteus c. Radiococcus durans d. Photorhabidus luminescens e. Plasmodium falciparum

d

Which of the following are smallest in size? a. bacteria b. fungi c algae d. proteins e. protozoans

d

Why are hospital environments a source of infections? a. Many patients are ill and may have a weakened immune system. b. Hospitals foster the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. c. Invasive procedures and insertion of needles, catheters, tubes etc. facilitate the direction transmission of microbes. d. All of the above.

d

_______________ causes projectile diarrhea and has a very low infectious dose. a. Salmonella b. E. coli c. Enterobacter d. Shigella e. Bacillus cereus

d

_______________ is usually a mild or subclinical in healthy adults and children but pregnant women are at high risk. a. Diphtheria b. Whooping cough c. Pontiac fever d. Listeriosis e. Hansen's disease

d

_________________________ are transmitted between species (e.g. animals to humans). a. Nosocomial infections b. Herpetic infections c. Cosmic infections d. Zoonotic infections e. Inoculations

d

BIO 233 lab notes that were reviewed during lecture: Blood agar is _________________ type of media. a. a differential b. a selective c. both a differential and selective d. a general purpose e. both a differential and enriched

e

BIO 233 lab notes that were reviewed during lecture: What is/are the trait(s) of a bacterium that can grow on Mannitol Salts agar and causes the medium to turn yellow? a. halotolerant b. ferments lactose c. ferments mannitol d. does not ferment lactose e. is halotolerant and ferments mannitol

e

Botox is a(an) _________________. a. neurotoxin b. endotoxin c. toxoid d. exotoxin e. both A and D

e

Box 8.1 After following through with the recommendation by Ignaz Semmelweis to wash their hands, the number of ___________________ cases were dramatically decreased. a. puerperal fever b. childbed fever c. typhoid fever d. cholera e. Both A and B are correct

e

Box 8.3. "David" was a young soldier who suffered from an infection caused by ____________ after being pierced with shrapnel from a nearby pipe bomb explosion while on a tour of duty in Iraq. a. Acinetobacter baumanii b. Gram negative bacteria c. multidrug resistant bacteria d. a multi-drug resistant bacterium that obtained drug resistance genes by conjugation with Legionella pneumophila e. All of the above are correct.

e

Endospores are resistant to: ______________________. a. boiling b. chemicals c. radiation d. UV light e. All of the above

e

In 2016, ____________________ caused an outbreak of healthcare-associated sepsis in patients in Wisconsin hospitals. The outbreak was investigated by the CDC. a. Gram negative bacteria b. Gram positive bacteria c. Enterobacter spp. d. Elizabethkingia sp. e. Both A and D

e

Mary Mallon was a/an ______________ of Salmonella typhi. a. active carrier b. healthy carrier c. genetic carrier d. reservoir e. Both B and D are correct

e

Microbes in the News: Which of the following are a public health threat due to environmental changes caused by hurricane Florence? a. Pig manure contaminating ground water. b. Coal ash entering rivers in North Carolina. c. The growth of mold in flooded homes. d. Flooded chemical plants. e. All of the above.

e

Microbes in the News: _______ in showerheads has been potentially linked to pulmonary (lung) disease in elderly. a. streptococcus pneumoniae b. mycobacterium tuberculosis c. pseudomonas aeruginosa d. haemophilis influenzae e. mycobacterium avium

e

NOVA Campus Killer film: While many Gram negative bacteria produce ________________, the levels produced by some meningococcal bacteria are 100 to 1,000 times greater and more __________than normal. a. endospores; inactive ' b. endotoxins; inactive c. flagella; active d. pili; lethal e. endotoxins: lethal

e

PDF posted to D2L: Voluntary Quarantine and the Village of Eyam: While the plague raged through the village of Eyam, which of the following practices were used in the village to prevent spread of plague among the villagers? a. there were no funerals b. prayer services were held in the "open air" of Cucklett delf c. most vicitms were buried in the backyards of their homes d. people were banned from the churchyard during the plague e. all streets were intentionally flooded to drown the rats in the village

e

Small, circular, independently replicating, extrachromosomal DNA plasmids may carry genes that code for ____________________________. a. antibiotic resistance b. lactose fermentation c. male hair loss d. capsule synthesis e. both A and D

e

Supplemental video: The WHO and United Nations 70-70-60 plan curtailed the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. What does the "70-70-60" plan stand for? a. screening 70% of travelers at airports for Ebola virus disease, blocking entry of 70% of health workers into West Africa, within 60 days b. stretch target goal of 70 days, isolating and treating 70% of Ebola cases, burying 60% of Ebola victims safely c. setting up 70% of the isolation centers, tracking 70% of contacts, within 60 days d. burying 70% of Ebola victims safely, screening 70% of travelers at airports for Ebola virus disease, within 60 days e. isolating and treating 70% of Ebola cases, burying 70% of Ebola victims safely, within 60 days

e

Table 9.3 Which of the following foods are on the top ten riskiest foods regulated by the FDA? a. chocolate b. raw oysters c. ham d. leafy greens e. Both B and D are correct

e

West African Ebola virus disease survivors experienced which of the following? a. Newborns of Ebola survivors are born with microcephaly. b. Clostridium difficile infections c. Ebola viruses where shed in the semen of male survivors. d. Ebola viruses persisted in the eye fluid of survivors causing vision problems. e. Both C and D

e

What infectious diseases are the two largest killers of children under the age of 5 in developing countries? a. tuberculosis and diarrhea b. cholera and pneumonia c. malaria and diarrhea d. malaria and river blindness e. pneumonia and diarrhea

e

Which of the following bacterial pathogens do NOT cause gastrointestinal illness (diarrhea)? a. Salmonella typhi b. Shigella dysenteriae c. Escherichia coli d. Bacillus cereus e. Bordetella pertussis

e

Which of the following is a factor responsible for emerging diseases? a. world population growth b. ecological disturbances c. technological advances d. human behavior and attitudes e. all of the above are responsible for emerging diseases

e

Which of the following is/are product(s) of genetically engineered microbes? a. insulin (produced in E. coli) b. human growth hormone (produced in E. coli) c. urease (produced in E. coli) d. antibodies (produced in yeast) e. A and B are products of genetically engineered microbes

e

Which of the following was NOT a symptom of the 1918 influenza? a. fever b. cytokine storm reaction in the lungs filled up with fluid/blood c. edema d. coughing up blood e. rash

e

____________________ is the splitting of a parent bacterium into two equal parts. a. Sexual reproduction b. Fusion c. Sporulation d. Budding e. Binary fission

e