micro bio quiz 8
Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of adaptive immunity? A)The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response. B)The second stage in the development of adaptive immunity requires the antigen to be presented to the T cells on the surface of an APC. C)During the third stage in the development of adaptive immunity, B and T cells are challenged by the antigen and respond by differentiating and proliferating. D)The initiation of adaptive immunity involves the development of lymphocytes with the deletion of cells that would react to self molecules.
A
Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity? A)Neutralization B)Opsonization C)Complement fixation D)Agglutination E)Anamnestic response
A
Which statement below characterizes the complement system? A) Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis. B) Complement pyrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature, increasing metabolism and preventing the growth of temperature-sensitive pathogens. C) Complement proteins bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, eliminating not only pathogens, but cancer cells also. D) Complement proteins, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, are secreted and enter neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.
A
Which statement is true regarding lymphocyte specificity? A)Genetic rearrangement in the DNA that codes for antigen receptors results in up to 10 trillion permutations in the variable regions of B- and T lymphocyte-receptors. B)There is a different gene for every possible antigen that a lymphocyte may encounter. C)B lymphocytes have specificity for a large number of different antigens, however T lymphocytes can recognize only 500 antigens corresponding to the number of gene segments that code for the antigen receptors. D)B- and T cell-receptors are identical and both recognize up to 500 antigens corresponding to the gene segments that code for the antigen receptor variable regions.
A
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity. A)B cells; T cells B)T cells; B cells C)Monocytes; basophils D)Basophils; T cells E)B cells; neutrophils
A
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum. A)IgG B)IgM C)IgA D)IgD E)IgE
A
59) Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis? A)Neutralization B)Opsonization C)Complement fixation D)Agglutination E)Anamnestic response
B
Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________. A)skin barriers B)B and T lymphocytes C)lysozyme D)mucous membranes E)interferon
B
An activated T H cell produces ________, which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. A)interleukin-1 B)interleukin-2 C)interleukin-12 D)antiserum E)complement
B
Choose the phrase that describes MHC class I molecules. A)Found on only sometypes of white blood cells B)Expressed on allhuman nucleated cells C)Are proteinsinvolved in the complement system D)Are secreted fromall human nucleated cells
B
Class I MHC genes code for ________. A)certain secreted complement components B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes C)all HLA antigens D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells E)All of thechoices are correct.
B
During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication? A)Inflammation B)Phagocytosis C)Interferon production D)Complement production E)Bradykinin
B
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope. A)variable B)Fab C)Fc D)terminal E)hinge
B
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________. A)reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply B)increases the availability of iron C)increases phagocytosis D)increases metabolism E)stimulates hematopoiesis
B
Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by ________. A)removal of virulence genes from the microbe B)treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation C)passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture D)long-term subculturing of the microbe E)All of thechoices are correct.
B
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors. A)leukocytes B)granulocytes C)agranulocytes D)monocytes E)None of the choices are correct.
B
Substances known as _________provoke a specific immune response so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an __________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor. A)haptens; epitope B)antigens; epitope C)epitopes; antigen D)antigens; immunogen
B
The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are ________. A) basophils B) eosinophils C) neutrophils D) monocytes E) lymphocytes
B
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________. A) skin B) respiratory tract C) digestive tract D) urinary tract E) eyes
B
The first stage of developing an adaptive immune response involves ________. A)the presentation of antigens B)lymphocytedevelopment and differentiation C)the challenge of B or T cells by antigens D)the production ofantibodies
B
The major histocompatibility complex is ________. A)glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells B)a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins C)found on the third chromosome D)located in the thymus gland E)All of thechoices are correct.
B
Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes? A)Lymph nodes B)Thymus C)Spleen D)GALT E)Tonsils
B
Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin? A)Is called the crystallizable fragment B)Forms the antigen binding sites C)Contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells D)Contains an effector molecule that can fix complement E)Determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs
B
Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines ________. A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B)are always genetically engineered C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D)confer passive immunity E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen
C
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________. A)superantigens B)heterophilic antigens C)allergens D)autoantigens E)None of the choices are correct.
C
Choose the statement that best describes the primary action of B cells. A)B cells interact with antigen on antigen-presenting cells B)B cells produce interleukin-2, a lymphocyte growth factor C)B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody and memory cells. D)B cells become active in cell-mediated immunity
C
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A)are directly activated by antigens B)lack specificity for antigen C)secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells D)secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells E)All of thechoices are correct.
C
Each of the following are granulocytes except ________. A)neutrophils B)eosinophils C)lymphocytes D)basophils E)All of thechoices are granulocytes.
C
Hematopoiesis is the ________. A) loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B) production of only red blood cells C) production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets D) plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E) migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
C
Superantigens are ________. A)body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign B)cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members C)bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens D)those that evoke allergic reactions E)None of the choices are correct.
C
The _______ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses. A)humoralimmunity B)cell-mediated C)complement D)lymphoid E)None of the choices are correct.
C
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is ________. A) lactic acid B) hydrochloric acid C) lysozyme D) histamine E) bile
C
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________. A)IgA B)IgD C)IgE D)IgG E)IgM
C
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________. A) basophils B) eosinophils C) neutrophils D) monocytes E) lymphocytes
C
The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response. A) antibody B) allergen C) antigen D) foreign body E) None of the choices are correct.
C
What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens? A)Antigen expression B)Antibody production C)Clonal expansion D)Antigen presentation E)Opsonization
C
What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances? A)MALTs B)RES C)PAMPs D)BALTs E)Lysosomes
C
Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A)Lymph nodes B)Thymus C)Spleen D)GALT E)Tonsils
C
Antitoxins ________. A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B)are always genetically engineered C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D)confer passive immunity E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen
D
Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell. A)Opsonization B)Neutralization C)Agglutination D)Apoptosis
D
Class II MHC genes code for ________. A)certain secreted complement components B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes C)all HLA antigens D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells E)All of thechoices are correct.
D
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________. A)leukocytes B)eosinophils C)epithelial cells D)red blood cells E)islet of Langerhans cells
D
Plasma cells ________. A)function in cell-mediated immunity B)are derived from T lymphocytes C)function in blood clotting D)produce and secrete antibodies E)All of thechoices are correct.
D
The benefit of adaptive immunity is the production of _______ that provide long-lasting protection. A)antibodies B)plasma cells C)T helper cells D)memory cells E)phagocytoticcells
D
The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ________. A)complement B)interferons C)leukotrines D)pyrogens E)lysozymes
D
The granules of basophils contain ________. A)antibodies B)antigens C)digestive enzymes D)histamine E)lysozyme
D
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________. A)lymph nodes B)thymus C)spleen D)GALT E)tonsils
D
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________. A)antibodies B)sensitized T cells C)activated macrophages D)plasma cells E)bursa cells
D
Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity? A)Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages B)Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils C)Eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils D)Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils E)Macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils
D
Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages? A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes E) Lymphocytes
D
Antigen-presenting cells ________. A)include dendritic cellsB)include macrophages C)engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic D)hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface E)All of thechoices are correct.
E
Diapedesis is the ________. A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B)production of only red blood cells C)production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
E
Helper T cells ________. A)secrete antibodies B)function in allergic reactions C)directly destroy target cells D)suppress immune reactions E)activate B cells and other T cells
E
Immunotherapy is the ________. A)use of antitoxins B)use of immune serum globulin C)conferring of passive immunity D)administering of preformed antibodies E)All of thechoices are correct.
E
Innate chemical defenses include ________. A) lysozyme B) lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat C) skin's acidic pH and fatty acids D) stomach hydrochloric acid E) All of thechoices are correct.
E
Live, attenuated vaccines ________. A)include the Sabin polio vaccine B)include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) C)contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person D)require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines E)All of thechoices are correct.
E
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________. A)hormonal signals that initiate development B)B cells maturing in bone marrow sites C)T cells maturing in the thymus D)release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs E)All of the choices are correct.
E
Lymphocytes ________. A)possess MHC antigens for recognizing self B)have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens C)gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self D)develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity E)All of thechoices are correct.
E
Plasma ________. A) is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended B) is mostly water C) contains albumin and globulins D) contains fibrinogen E) All of thechoices are correct.
E
To exhibit high immunogenicity, an antigen would preferably________. A)originate in another organism B)be large in size C)have chemical complexity D)have cell surface markers not recognized asself E)All of the choicesare features of a good antigen.
E
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________. A)primary phagocytes B)neutrophils C)killer T cells D)cytotoxic T cells E)macrophages
E
Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells? A)Helper T cells B)Suppressor T cells C)Cytotoxic T cells D)Delayed hypersensitivity T cells E)Natural killer (NK) cells
E
Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen? A)Neutralization B)Opsonization C)Complement fixation D)Agglutination E)Memory response
E
Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense? A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes E) Lymphocytes
E
Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity. ⊚true ⊚false
TRUE
Overuse of disinfectants and antiseptics, as well as antibiotics, can result in inflammatory diseases stemming from an inadequate microbiome. ⊚true ⊚false
TRUE
The second and third lines of host defenses determine whether cells are self or nonself by examining cell surfaces for identifying molecular markers. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Vaccinating a child against a dangerous pathogen not only protects that child from disease, but it also protects society as a whole, since herd immunity in the population is maintained. ⊚true ⊚false
TRUE
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota. A) Skin B) Respiratory tract C) Digestive tract D) Urinary tract E) Eyes
A
What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck? A)Lymph nodes B)Thymus C)Spleen D)GALT E)Tonsils
A
When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins. A)interferon B)pyrogen C)interleukin-2 D)exudate
A
When an antibody is covering a foreign microorganism, complement may be activated via the _______ pathway. A)classical B)lectin C)alternative D)interleukin
A
Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site? A)Adjuvant B)Booster C)Antibodies to toxin D)Gamma globulin E)"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
A
The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the ________. A)variable region B)joining region C)constant region D)light region E)hinge region
A
All nucleated cells contain ________. A)class I MHC B)class II MHC C)secretoryantibodies D)IgE receptors E)IgM molecules
A
All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________. A) contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide B) function primarily in hemostasis C) originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes D) function in blood clotting and inflammation E) are not whole cells but are pieces of cells
A
All the following are events of early inflammation except ________. A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation D)exudate and pus can accumulate E)capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema
A
Cytokines are chemicals and proteins that are critical components of the immune system. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the function of cytokines? A)All cytokines are synthesized to stimulate the inflammatory response; their purpose is to mediate vascular reactions and diapedesis. B)Cytokines are secreted by a wide variety of cell types, including immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. C)Cytokines play a role in both inflammatory stimulation, as well as being anti-inflammatory mediators. D)Cytokines mediate communication between cells; they are crucial for stimulation, suppression and control of all aspects of the immune response.
A
Destruction of lymphocytes with self specificity is called ________. A)clonal deletion B)proliferation C)clonal selection D)differentiation E)hypersensitivity
A
Herd immunity involves _______. A) maintaining a certain level of immunized individuals in a society to prevent a pathogen from circulating through the population B) keeping bovine diseases to a minimum so they do not spread to the human population C) encouraging individuals to work and live in close proximity to each other to prevent spread of a disease outside of a population D) maintaining a 100% vaccination rate among farm workers to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases
A
Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________. A)vasoactive mediators B)mediators of B-cell activity C)mediators of T-cell activity D)mediators that increase chemotaxis E)fever inducers
A
In addition to dendritic cells and macrophages, B cells can also act as antigen-presenting cells. This occurs when ________. A)the antigen is a molecule with a simple, repeating structure and evokes an immune response as a T-cell-independent antigen B)the B cell engulfs the antigen and presents it to the T helper cell C)the B cell engulfs the antigen and presents it to the T cytotoxic cell D)the antigen binds to the B cell and after processing, it is presented to the dendritic cells and macrophages
A
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________. A)dendritic cells B)eosinophils C)macrophages D)platelets E)mast cells
A
Plasma cells ________. A)secrete antibodies B)function in allergic reactions C)directly destroy target cells D)suppress immune reactions E)activate B cells and other T cells
A
Similar to macrophages, ________are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes. A)dendritic cells B)natural killer cells C)mast cells D)neutrophils
A
The histocompatibility complex proteins function in ________. A)recognition of self B)antibody proliferation C)B-cell maturation D)T-cell maturation E)None of the choices are correct.
A
The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier? A)The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens. B)The organisms that comprise the microbiota are able to phagocytose potential pathogens, thereby eliminating them from the human host. C)The human microbiome has evolved with the species so it is able to actively destroy pathogens by raising the body temperature when an infection by a pathogen occurs. D)Cells in the human microbiome secrete cytokines that play a role in stimulating the immune response when a pathogen has entered the system.
A
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ________. A)IgA B)IgD C)IgE D)IgG E)IgM
A
The importance of clonal deletion is that ________. A)lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self markers are eliminated to preserve immune tolerance B)worn-out lymphocytes are destroyed to make way for new cells C)lymphocytes that have been activated during antigen exposure are then removed when the individual recovers D)clones of cells that have the same receptor are deleted to avoid redundancy
A
The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________. A) basophils B) eosinophils C) neutrophils D) monocytes E) lymphocytes
A