Micro Ch. 17 SmartBook

True or false: Following an accidental puncture wound from a needle containing patient body fluids, a nurse is injected with antiserum containing antibodies against the hepatitis B virus. If given soon enough, this treatment should provide protection against any hepatitis B virus particles that were in the patient's body fluids.

True

True or false: The process of inducing immunity is called immunization, and it has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

True

Which of the following vaccines is composed of empty capsids?

VLP (virus-like particle)

A vaccine contains empty capsids that are produced by genetically engineered organisms.

VLP or virus-like particle

Which carries the greatest risk?

Vaccine-preventable diseases

A preparation of serum containing protective antibodies is called .

antiserum or antisera

An _______ is an antiserum that protects from a particular toxin.

antitoxin

An antiserum that protects against a given toxin is known as a(n) .

antitoxin

A promising novel immunization approach is nucleic acid-based vaccines, which ______.

are segments of naked nucleic acid, either DNA or mRNA, from an infectious agent result in host cells expressing the encoded microbial antigens for a short period of time

This figure highlights _______ acquired immunity.

artificial passive

Vaccination is an example of acquired immunity.

artificially active

Antiserum injection is an example of acquired immunity.

artificially passive

An vaccine contains a weakened form of a pathogen that can replicate in the vaccine recipient.

attenuated

To make a(n) vaccine, a microbe is often grown under conditions that cause mutations to accumulate. This approach produces strains that are less pathogenic.

attenuated

A(n) vaccine contains key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen, and in some cases is produced using genetic engineering.

subunit

The vaccine used to protect from pertussis is called acellular pertussis vaccine. This is an example of a(n) vaccine.

subunit or inactivated

A vaccine that contains inactivated toxins which have kept their immunogenicity is called a(n) vaccine.

toxoid

Attenuated strains are sometimes produced ______.

using genetic manipulation

Active immunity can result from ______.

vaccination infection

A preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce active immunity is a ______.

vaccine

A(n) is a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce an active immune response.

vaccine, vaccination, or immunization

Attenuated vaccines are produced from ______.

weakened but replicating microbes

When a critical portion of a population is immune to a contagious disease, the disease is unable to spread through the population as a result of ______.

herd immunity

All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT ______.

hey only induce immunity after several doses

The process of inducing immunity, called , has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

immunization

A(n) vaccine can be a nonviable whole pathogenic agent, a subunit of the agent, or a toxin. It retains the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin but is unable to replicate.

inactivated

Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ______ vaccines.

inactivated whole agent

An effective vaccine should ______.

induce protective immune cells have few side effects provide lasting protection induces antibody production

Some vaccines are administered in combination in order to ______.

minimize the number of injections required

For a routine childhood immunization such as the measles vaccine, the risk of adverse effects is ______ the risk of the disease.

much less than

What form of acquired immunity is shown here?

natural active immunity

A promising novel approach to vaccines is ______ vaccines, which are segments of naked nucleic acid, either DNA or mRNA, from an infectious agent.

nucleic acid-based

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

pertussis (whooping cough)

A vaccine contains T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules, and so elicits a poor response in young children.

polysaccharide

Which of the following vaccines is only composed of T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules?

polysaccharide

A(n) vaccine is a subunit vaccine produced using genetically engineered microorganisms.

recombinant

Subunit vaccines produced using genetically engineered microorganisms are called ______ subunit vaccines.

recombinant

Attenuated viruses often induce long-term immunity because they in the recipient and stimulate the immune system in a manner that mimics the wild-type strain.

replicate or multiply

The difference between attenuated and inactivated vaccines is whether or not the immunizing agent can .

replicate, reproduce, grow, or multiply

With respect to vaccine options, an inactivated vaccine typically ______.

requires multiple doses elicits a limited immune response provides relatively short-term protection

Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild disease, an attenuated vaccine typically ______.

results in long-lasting immunity induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen

True or false: Routine childhood immunizations are associated with autism.

False

True or false: The MMRV vaccine is a combination vaccine designed to create a synergistic effect that boosts the immune response to each of the diseases it covers.

False

True or false: Vaccines cause autism.

False

The concept that the spread of a disease through a population is likely to be disrupted when large numbers of a population are immune to the disease is called .

Herd Immunity

Which of the following statements is true about the Sabin vaccine against poliomyelitis?

It is an attenuated vaccine. It is also called the oral polio vaccine (OPV).

All of the following are characteristics of an effective vaccine EXCEPT one. Which one?

It should provide only short-term protection.

Two vaccines against polio poliomyelitis have been developed. Match each vaccine type with its correct description. Sabin Sabin drop zone empty. Salk Salk drop zone empty.

Sabin Sabin Drop zone oral administration correct Toggle Button Unavailable. oral administration Salk Salk Drop zone first polio vaccine developed correct Toggle Button Unavailable. first polio vaccine developed

The poliomyelitis vaccine is a good vaccine because it can be administered by mouth and it provides both IgG and secretory IgA protection.

Sabin, attenuated, oral, or OPV

How do attenuated vaccines often induce long-term immunity following a single dose?

The microbes in the vaccine can replicate in the recipient.

Antiserum is a preparation of serum that includes protective ______.

antibodies

Which of the following has led to a decrease in vaccination rates?

A decline in vaccine-preventable diseases, so that people no longer recognized the risks associated with the diseases.

______ immunity results from an immune response elicited by exposure to antigen.

Active

Match each type of immunity with the correct source. Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired active immunity drop zone empty. Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity drop zone empty. Artificially acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity drop zone empty. Naturally acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity drop zone empty.

Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Drop zone Exposure to antigen by vaccination correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Exposure to antigen by vaccination Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Drop zone Exposure to antigen during infection correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Exposure to antigen during infection Artificially acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity Drop zone Injection of another person's antibodies correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Injection of another person's antibodies Naturally acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Drop zone Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus

vaccines are generally not advised for pregnant women because of the possibility that the vaccine strain could cross the placenta and damage the developing fetus.

Attenuated

Match each type of vaccine with the correct statement. Attenuated vaccine Attenuated vaccine drop zone empty. Inactivated vaccine Inactivated vaccine drop zone empty.

Attenuated vaccine matches Choice, A weakened form of a pathogen that retains the ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient A weakened form of a pathogen that retains the ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient Inactivated vaccine matches Choice, Is immunogenic but unable to replicate in the vaccine recipient Is immunogenic but unable to replicate in the vaccine recipient

Match the action with the chance of developing a serious brain inflammation. Child with measles Child with measles drop zone empty. Vaccinating a child against measles Vaccinating a child against measles drop zone empty.

Child with measles Child with measles Drop zone 1 in 2,000 chance correct Toggle Button Unavailable. 1 in 2,000 chance Vaccinating a child against measles Vaccinating a child against measles Drop zone 1 in 1,000,000 chance correct Toggle Button Unavailable. 1 in 1,000,000 chance

Match each type of antiserum with the correct description. Hyperimmune globulin Hyperimmune globulin drop zone empty. Immune globulin Immune globulin drop zone empty.

Hyperimmune globulin Hyperimmune globulin Drop zone Prepared from the sera of donors with high amount of antibodies to certain (specific) disease agents correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Prepared from the sera of donors with high amount of antibodies to certain (specific) disease agents Immune globulin Immune globulin Drop zone The IgG fraction of pooled blood plasma from many donors with a variety of antibodies due to typical infections and vaccinations correct Toggle Button Unavailable. The IgG fraction of pooled blood plasma from many donors with a variety of antibodies due to typical infections and vaccinations

Match each poliomyelitis vaccine type with its correct description. IPV IPV drop zone empty. OPV OPV drop zone empty.

IPV IPV Drop zone cannot mutate to become virulent correct Toggle Button Unavailable. cannot mutate to become virulent OPV OPV Drop zone secretory IgA protection correct Toggle Button Unavailable. secretory IgA protection

Immune globulin is the ______ fraction of pooled blood plasma from many donors and contains a variety of protective antibodies.

IgG

Match each type of immunity with its definition. Naturally acquired immunity Naturally acquired immunity drop zone empty. Artificially acquired immunity Artificially acquired immunity drop zone empty.

Naturally acquired immunity matches Choice, Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection. Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection. Artificially acquired immunity matches Choice, Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization. Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.

acquired immunity results from normal events (e.g., infection), and acquired immunity results from human-made events (e.g., immunization).

Naturally or Natural artificially or artificial

Because it induces better mucosal immunity which prevents the spread of wild poliovirus, eradication efforts in endemic areas depends upon ______.

OPV

Which type of polio vaccine provides better herd immunity?

OPV

______ immunity results from the protective action of antibodies produced by other people or animals.

Passive

Which of the following are inactivated vaccines?

Polysaccharide vaccine Toxoid Subunit vaccine

______ vaccines are composed of only the cellular or viral proteins that are most important in triggering an immune response.

Subunit

______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.

Toxoid

An inactivated vaccine contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses that retain their immunogenicity.

Whole Agent

Match each type of inactivated vaccine with the correct description. Whole agent vaccine Whole agent vaccine drop zone empty. Toxoids Toxoids drop zone empty. Subunit vaccines Subunit vaccines drop zone empty. VLP vaccine VLP vaccine drop zone empty.

Whole agent vaccine Whole agent vaccine Drop zone Contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses Toxoids Toxoids Drop zone Inactivated toxins that retain antigenic epitopes correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Inactivated toxins that retain antigenic epitopes Subunit vaccines Subunit vaccines Drop zone Key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen VLP vaccine VLP vaccine Drop zone Empty capsids correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Empty capsids

Immunity to a pathogen that occurs after exposure to antigens from that pathogen is called immunity.

active

A derivative of lipid A has recently been developed as a vaccine additive to enhance the immune response to an antigen. This derivative is best described as a(n) .

adjuvant

Many inactivated vaccines contain a(n) ______ that enhances the immune response to antigens

adjuvant

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called .

adjuvants or adjuvant

Which of the following is the most commonly used adjuvant in vaccines?

alum

Which of the following are possible results of artificially acquired passive immunity?

blocking the action of microbial toxins limiting the duration of some diseases preventing disease immediately before or after exposure

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from ______.

breastfeeding

A disadvantage of attenuated vaccines is that they ______.

can cause disease in immunosuppressed recipients

A vaccine that contains bacterial capsular polysaccharide joined to a protein to enhance immunogenicity is called a(n) vaccine.

conjugate

Which of the following vaccines contains polysaccharides linked to proteins?

conjugate