Micro Ch. 6 Learn Smart

The ____________ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.

Host

Capsid structure which has 20 panels of capsomeres arranged in a symmetrical patter is called an

Icosahedron

______________ bodies are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.

Inclusion

When a bacterium acquires a new trait from a temperate phage, ________________ conversion has occurred.

Lysogenic

Viruses are the ________ lead to cancer in infected hosts.

Oncogenic

_________________ infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.

Persistent

____________ is the name of a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.

Prion

A noncellular infectious form that depends on other viruses for replication is known as a(n) ______________ virus.

Satellite

Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed _________________.

Spikes

Transmissible ________________ encephalopathy, such as BSE, is a disease condition of the brain caused by an infection with prions.

Spongiform

___________ is when a phage transfers genes between bacteria

Transduction

A single virus particle is known as a(n).

Virion

An ___________ is a microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

Virus

Which are the three main criteria used in classifying virus families? a.) Genetic makeup b.) Structure c.) Pathogenic potential d.) Cell type infected e.) Geographic distribution f.) Chemical composition

a.) Genetic makeup b.) Structure f.) Chemical composition

Different viruses can infect which of the following? a.) Human, bacterial, or plant cells b.) Bacterial cells only c.) Human cells only d.) Plant cells only

a.) Human, bacterial, or plant cells

Which two of the following are cytopathic effects in virally infected animal cells? a.) Inclusions b.) Prions c.) Viroids d.) Syncytia

a.) Inclusions d.) Syncytia

Which four of the following are not found in viroids? a.) Metabolic pathways b.) Nucleic acid c.) Mitochondria d.) Envelope e.) Capsid

a.) Metabolic pathways c.) Mitochondria d.) Envelope e.) Capsid

At a minimum , all viruses are composed of a.) Proteins b.) Lipids c.) Carbohydrates d.) Nucleic acids

a.) Proteins d.) Nucleic acids

Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? a.) Provirus b.) Prophage c.) Latent virus d.) Indirect virus

a.) Provirus

Which two of the following statement concerning the human virome are true? a.) Some viruses are in a dormant state in the body b.) Only a few cell types in the human body are susceptible to viruses c.) Most viruses in the human virome are pathogenic d.) The human virome includes viruses that infect our commensal bacteria.

a.) Some viruses are in a dormant state in the body d.) The human virome includes viruses that infect our commensal bacteria.

The process of _____________, a type of penetration, occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle

endocytosis

A(n) _______________ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.

enveloped

The total nucleic acid content of a virus can be referred to as the viral ________________.

genome

The ___________ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a noneveloped virus.

nucleocapsid

A _________ is observed as a clear area where phage-infected bacterial cells cultivated on agar have been disrupted.

plaque

An ____________ is a proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies

prion

HIV is described as a(n) _____________________ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

The Latin term "in __________________" describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of living organisms.

vitro

Order the following entities by average size, smallest to largest -bacterial cell -virus -yeast cell

1. virus 2. bacterial cell 3. yeast cell

A(n) ____________ is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid.

Capsomere

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases - Synthesis - Penetration/Uncoating - Assembly - Release - Absorption

1. Absorption 2. Penetration/Uncoating 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release

Identify any benefits of viruses to people a.) Some viruses can be modified to deliver genetic cures via gene therapy b.) Some viruses can lead to paralysis or death c.) Some viruses control insect pests d.) Some viruses control food pathogens

a.) Some viruses can be modified to deliver genetic cures via gene therapy c.) Some viruses control insect pests d.) Some viruses control food pathogens

Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection a.) Syncytium b.) Inclusion c.) Oncovirus

a.) Syncytium

Which name is given to a phage "type" which can incorporate itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage? a.) Temperate b.) Lysogenic c.) Latent d.) Prophage e.) Lytic

a.) Temperate

Which two of the following mechanisms are found to result in cancer cause by a virus? a.) The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer. b.) Viruses carry genes from an existing tumor to other body sites to cause cancer. c.) Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer. d.) Bacteriophage from host microbiota infect host cell to cause cancer.

a.) The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer. c.) Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer.

True or False: Inoculation of laboratory animals is an vivo method of viral cultivation. a.) True b.) False

a.) True

True or False: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process. a.) True b.) False

a.) True

True or False: Viral nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA a.) True b.) False

a.) True

True or False: Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both a.) True b.) False

a.) True

Identify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages. a.) dsDNA b.) Both ss and ds DNA in a single phage c.) Both RNA and DNA in a single phage d.) ssRNA e.) Both ss and ds RNA in a single phage f.) dsRNA g.) ssDNA

a.) dsDNA d.) ssRNA f.) dsRNA g.) ssDNA

"Virus" is Latin for: a.) poison b.) in living organisms c.) in glass d.) agent e.) cow

a.) poison

At a minimum, a viral genome must include genes for a.) regulation the actions of the host cell b.) synthesizing new ribosomes following infection c.) synthesizing the viral capsid d.) packing the mature virus particles

a.) regulation the actions of the host cell c.) synthesizing the viral capsid d.) packing the mature virus particles

Identify prion related diseases a.) Parkinson disease b.) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy c.) Lyme disease d.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

b.) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy d.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Identify the virus types which are released from host cells by lysis. a.) Enveloped b.) Complex c.) Naked

b.) Complex c.) Naked

True or False: Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms a.) True b.) False

b.) False

True or False: The interior of eggs normally contains non-pathogenic bacterial flora but no viruses a.) True b.) False

b.) False

True or False: Cancerous tissue can serve as a primary cell line for viral culture a.) True b.) False

b.) False viruses readily infect embryonic, fetal, adult, or cancerous tissues in a primary cell monolayer

Which are the three main criteria used in classifying viruses into families? a.) Cell type infected b.) Genetic makeup c.) Geographic distribution d.) Structure e.) Chemical composition f.) Pathogenic potential

b.) Genetic makeup d.) Structure e.) Chemical composition

Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? a.) Lysogeny b.) Transformation c.) Transduction

b.) Transformation

A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) __________ virus. a.) helical b.) naked c.) icosahedral

b.) naked

Which macromolecule composes capsomeres? a.) Nucleic acids b.) proteins c.) lipids d.) carbohydrates

b.) proteins

In describing the release of mature enveloped viruses from host cells, the term exocytosis and ________________ are interchangeable.

budding

Which of the following statements about virophages are correct? (pg. 157 in book) a.) Viropahges are specific for the AIDS virus, and are being developed as a vaccine. b.) Virophages are being developed to treat cancers caused by oncogenic viruses. c.) A virophage uses genes from another virus for its own replication. d.) A virophage is a virus that parasitizes another virus.

c.) A virophage uses genes from another virus for its own replication. d.) A virophage is a virus that parasitizes another virus.

Which of the following describes the various viral "parts" coming together to produce virions? a.) Penetration b.) Release c.) Assembly d.)Absorption

c.) Assembly

Which of the following best describes the relationship between viruses and their host cells? a.) Commensalism b.) Mutualism c.) Parasitism

c.) Parasitism

The process by which bacteriophages infect bacteria, conferring new traits enhancing human disease, is called ______________. a.) exocytosis b.) lysogeny c.) lysogenic conversion d.) latency

c.) lysogenic conversion

The largest known virus, the _____________, is larger than some bacteria and visible in a light microscope. a.) parvovirus b.) polio virus c.) mimivirus d.) bacteriophage

c.) mimivirus

Capsids of _________ helical viruses are rigid and tight, while capsids of __________ helical viruses are flexible and loose. a.) nonenveloped; naked b.) naked; nonenveloped c.) naked; enveloped d.) enveloped; naked

c.) naked; enveloped

An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called a.) reversible genetics b.) retro transcriptase c.) reverse transcriptase d.) reverse translation

c.) reverse transcriptase

A virus that only infects cells of a specific tissue in the body is described as having a ____________. a.) prophage b.) capsomer c.) tropism d.) envelope

c.) tropism

The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the ______________, a coat of proteins

capsid

Pick the unit which is used to measure most viruses a.) Micrometer b.) Meter c.) Picometer d.) Nanometer

d.) Nanometer

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome? a.) Temperate b.) Persistent infection c.) Bacteriophage d.) Prophage e.) Lysogenic

d.) Prophage

The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during absorption are typically composed of ____________. a.) nucleic acids b.) lipids c.) phospholipids d.) glycoproteins

d.) glycoproteins

Most bacteriophages have _________________-stranded DNA genomes

double

The 2 principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are engulfment or ________________ and direct fusion.

endocytosis