Micro CH9 Biotechnology

BLANK BLANK BLANK is used to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA enzymatically. This process uses the nature of specific BLANK BLANK to identify an unknown BLANK

polymerase chain reaction, RNA primer, bacterium

The BLANK BLANK BLANK used first generation "automated" DNA sequencing techniques and lasted 10 years, costed $3 billion. It started in 1990 first draft sequence was in 2000, finalized in 2003

Human Genome Project

Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) destroy infecting BLANK BLANK in bacterial cells, resulting in BLANK.

bacteriophage DNA, immunity

BLANK is the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product (food, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes)

biotechnology

BLANK-BLANK BLANK is a method of obtaining DNA through cloning that is used to determine which BLANK contains the segment of BLANK DNA

blue-white screening, clone, foreign

A BLANK is a population of cells arising from one cell

clone

Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to BLANK DNA for recombination, BLANK DNA to detectable levels (billions), BLANK DNA, diagnose BLANK disease, and detect BLANK

clone, amplify, sequence, genetic, pathogens

BLANK BLANK is a method of obtaining DNA that involves using a DNA probe to identify a cloned gene of interest in colonies

colony hybridization

BLANK genomics, BLANK diagnostics, and BLANK therapy are now within reach because of the advancements in DNA sequencing

comparative, rapid, gene

BLANK BLANK is made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase before translation can occur

complementary DNA

BLANK DNA libraries are almost exclusively from BLANK organisms. Since BLANK BLANK is the desired outcome of rDNA technology, eukaryotic genomic DNA libraries (due to introns) are useless for this purpose. BLANK cannot process eukaryotic introns

complementary, eukaryotic, gene expression, bacteria

BLANK DNA is a source of DNA from a eukaryotic species. The advantage of this type of DNA over regular chromosomal DNA is that it does not have BLANK if created through reverse transcription.

complementary, introns

Restriction endonucleases target BLANK BLANK and leave BLANK BLANK

recognition sequences, sticky ends

BLANK is a method of DNA insertion in which metal plates surround a sample and this creates voltage that open pores to allow for transfer. This is the most common method of introducing BLANK BLANK into bacterial cells.

electroporation, recombinant DNA

DNA can be inserted into a cell by BLANK, BLANK, BLANK, BLANK BLANK, BLANK, or BLANK fusion

electroporation, transformation, transduction, gene gun, microinjection, protoplast

Colony hybridization: 1. A master plate with colonies of bacteria containing cloned segments of BLANK genes 2. Make replica of master plate on BLANK filter 3. Treat filter with BLANK (BLANK) to lyse bacteria 4. Treat filter with sodium hydroxide to separate DNA into BLANK BLANK to allow hybridization to occur 5. Add labeled BLANK (eg. HPV DNA) 6. Probe will BLANK with desired BLANK from bacterial cells. 7. Wash filter to remove BLANK probe 8. Compare BLANK with replica of master plate to identify colonies containing the gene of interest

foreign, nitrocellulose, detergent, SDS, single strands, probes, hybridize, gene, unbound, filter

BLANK BLANK is a natural process that occurs in almost all eukaryotic organisms involving small interfering RNAs (siRNA). This process makes BLANK RNA.

gene silencing, double-stranded

BLANK DNA is a source of DNA that is primarily bacterial

genomic

BLANK BLANK are made of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages

genomic libraries

BLANK BLANK are the most common form of bacteria libraries

genomic libraries

The four sources of DNA are BLANK DNA, BLANK DNA, BLANK DNA, and BLANK BLANK

genomic, complementary, synthetic, genomic libraries

E.coli is commonly used because it is easily BLANK and its BLANK are known. Its disadvantages are that it contains a(n) BLANK and cells must be BLANK to get the product

grown, genomics, endotoxin, lysed

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used because it is easily BLANK and its BLANK are known. It may also express BLANK genes easily

grown, genomics, eukaryotic

Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) cannot digest BLANK DNA because of specific BLANK modifications in the form of BLANK BLANK

host, host, methylated cytosines

Some therapeutic applications of biotechnology are BLANK enzymes, BLANK vaccines, BLANK vaccines, and BLANK therapy

human, subunit, DNA, gene

The disadvantages of typical plasmid cloning vectors are smaller DNA BLANK BLANK than BLANK

insert fragments, bacteriophage

BLANK cells may express eukaryotic genes easily but they are BLANK to BLANK

mammalian, harder, grow

BLANK is a method of bioengineering that uses BLANK to naturally select a microbe with a desired trait

mutation, mutagens

A clone is a population of cells arising from one cell in which each cell carries the BLANK BLANK

new gene

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the BLANK BLANK of the whole human genome

nucleotide sequence

Typical features of a plasmid cloning vector (pUC19) are an independent BLANK of BLANK, a lacZ gene arranged to conduct BLANK BLANK, BLANK BLANK genes, and a cloning site for BLANK BLANK

origin, replication, blue-white, screening, antibiotic resistance, restriction enzymes

BLANK cells and whole BLANK may express eukaryotic genes easily and BLANK are easily grown

plant, plants, plants

Blue-white screening: 1. BLANK DNA and BLANK DNA are both cut with same restriction enzyme. The BLANK has the lacZ gene and genes for ampicillin resistance 2. BLANK DNA will insert into the BLANK gene. The bacterium receiving the BLANK BLANK will not produce the enzyme B-galactosidase if BLANK DNA has been inserted into the BLANK 3. When the recombinant plasmid is introduced into a BLANK, it becomes BLANK resistant 4. Bacteria that picked up the plasmid will grow in the presence of BLANK

plasmid, foreign, plasmid, foreign, lacZ, plasmid vector, foreign, plasmid, bacterium, ampicillin, ampicillin

BLANK and BLANK can be used as vectors but BLANK are the most common

plasmids, viruses, plasmids

The role of a restriction enzyme in making recombinant DNA: 1. Restriction enzyme cleave the ends of BLANK BLANK, resulting in sticky ends overhanging 2. DNA fragments from another source that were cut by the same BLANK BLANK can join by BLANK BLANK 3. The joined fragments can form a BLANK or BLANK shaped molecule 4. The enzyme BLANK BLANK is used to unite the backbones of the two DNA fragments, producing a molecule of BLANK BLANK

recognition sites, restriction enzymes (endonucleases), base pairing, linear, circular, DNA ligase, recombinant DNA

BLANK BLANK technology involves insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

recombinant DNA

The advantages of a bacteriophage lambda as a cloning vector are stable BLANK, BLANK DNA fragments, and easy to create BLANK and manipulate

recombinants, large (not a desired characteristic), clones

BLANK BLANK are enzymes that cut specific sequences of DNA in sequences that are the same forwards as backwards (palindromic). A BLANK BLANK is the segment of DNA that is cut out.

restriction endonucleases (enzymes), restriction fragment

complementary DNA is made from mRNA by BLANK BLANK

reverse transcriptase

BLANK generation sequencers can now sequence an entire genome in 1 day for cost of $7000

second

BLANK is a method of bioengineering involving the culture of a naturally occurring microbe that produces the desired product

selection

BLANK BLANK are BLANK that can exist and function in several different cell types

shuttle vectors, vectors

BLANK BLANK is a method of bioengineering that involves a change of a specific DNA code (like one amino acid) to change a protein

site-direct mutagenesis

BLANK BLANK RNAs are responsible for gene silencing and are formed by BLANK enzymes. These have been a huge area of cancer treatment research.

small interfering, dicer

In gene silencing, BLANK BLANK RNAs interfere with translation by destroying BLANK

small interfering, mRNA

BLANK BLANK is made by a DNA synthesis machine

synthetic DNA

BLANK BLANK is a source of DNA involving small tailored projects. The advantage is to be able to insert specific BLANK BLANK into the DNA sequence

synthetic DNA, restriction sites

The polymerase chain reaction: 1. Incubate BLANK DNA at 94 C to BLANK strands 2. Add BLANK, BLANK, and DNA BLANK 3. Incubate at 60 C, BLANK attach to BLANK DNA during incubation 4. Incubate at 72 C, DNA BLANK copies the BLANK DNA at a certain temperature 5. Repeat the cycle of heating/cooling to make BLANK more copies of target DNA. The number of DNA BLANK each type this process occurs.

target, separate, primers, nucleotides, polymerase, primers, single-stranded, polymerase, target, two, double

Making eukaryotic proteins from bacteria: 1. The eukaryotic cell undergoes BLANK. 2. BLANK BLANK is used to convert mRA to complementary DNA 3. BLANK enzymes are used and DNA BLANK is used to seal the nicks. 4. BLANK occurs to insert DNA into the new cell. 5. Prokaryotic BLANK and BLANK now occur

transcription, reverse transcriptase, restriction, ligase, transformation, transcription, translation

BLANK is a method of DNA insertion involving treating a strain a specific way, incubating, and sticking in warm water

transformation

The advantages of a typical plasmid cloning vector are that it uses conventional BLANK/BLANK introduction, BLANK selection, BLANK screening, and BLANK production for sequence analysis

transformation, electroporation, antibiotic, blue-white, single-strand

In the typical genetic modification procedure... 1. A BLANK, such as a plasmid, is isolated 2. The DNA containing the gene of interest from a different species is BLANK by an enzyme into fragments. The desired gene is selected and inserted into the BLANK 3. The BLANK is taken up by a cell (bacterium, eg - Agrobacterium ) 4. Cells with the BLANK of interest can be cloned to create and harvest copies of a BLANK or create and harvest BLANK

vector, cleaved, plasmid, plasmid, gene, gene, proteins

A BLANK is a BLANK DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell

vector, self-replicating

BLANK carry new DNA into a desired cell

vectors