Micro Chapter 1 Practice

The molecule shown here is

DNA

to make proteins, a cell must transfer the genetic information encoded in DNA into molecules of _____

RNA

A scientific principle that has been tested and established over years of study without being disproved is known as a scientific ________.

Theory

In DNA, adenine always pairs with _____

Thymine (T)

T/F: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery

True

T/F: Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular

True (Eukaryotic organisms can be single celled or multicellular)

T/F: structural carbohydrates can be combined with nitrogen bases, lipids, or proteins.

True: structural carbs can be combined with nitrogen bases, lipids, or proteins

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the appearance of organisms in Earth's history? a. Humans preceded most reptiles and insects on Earth b. Archaea and bacteria appeared on Earth around the same time c. Bacteria preceded mammals on Earth d. The first living organisms were single-celled

a. (humans preceded most reptiles and insects on Earth)

Which scientists provided evidence of the presence of endospores? a. Cohn b. Koch c. Semmelwels d. Pasteur

a. Cohn

The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called _____. a. DNA b. GTP c. RNA d. ATP e. STP

a. DNA

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles? a. Eukaryotes b. Bacteria c. Archaea

a. Eukaryotes

_____ yield twice as much energy as starch a. fats b. carbs c. sugars d. polysaccharides

a. fats

Triglycerides are composed of a single molecules of _____ bound to three _____ a. glycerol; fatty acids b. glycerol; polysaccharides c. glycerol; starch chains d. glucose; fatty acids

a. glycerol; fatty acids

A disease caused by a microorganism is termed a(n) _____ disease a. infectious b. emerging c. pathogenic d. re-emerging

a. infectious

Outside of their hosts, viruses are composed of _____ and _____ a. protein b. cholesterol c. nucleic acid d. carbohydrates

a. protein and c. nucleic acid

Chains of amino acids comprise _____ a. proteins b. nucleic acids c. lipids d. polysaccharides

a. proteins

common table sugar is called a. sucrose b. fructose c. lactose d. glucose

a. sucrose

What is meant when microorganisms are described as "ubiquitous"? a. they are nearly everywhere b. they are hospital-acquired c. they produce their own food through photosynthesis d. they cause disease

a. they are nearly everywhere

ATP is a molecule containing the nitrogenous base _____, ribose, and three phosphates

adenine

Which of the following is both a high energy compound and structurally related to RNA?

adenosine triphosphate, ATP

Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today? a. Lister b. Koch c. Pasteur d. Hooke

b. Koch

Who contributed a great deal to our understanding microbial processes in wine and beer formation? a. Koch b. Pasteur c. Hooke d. Lister e. Cohn

b. Pasteur

Which of the following polysaccharides is used commonly in the microbiology lab to prepare solid culture media? a. cellulose b. agar c. peptidoglycan d. chitin

b. agar

The molecules listed here are _____. a. hexoses b. amino acids c. vitamins d. fatty acids

b. amino acids

cellular proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions are called _____ a. reactants b. enzymes c. receptors d. organelles e. nucleotides

b. enzymes

Which cell type is generally larger in size? a. bacterial cells b. eukaryotic cells c. archaeal cells

b. eukaryotic cells

the long chains of a fatty acids are made up of which two elements? a. oxygen b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. carbon

b. hydrogen and d. carbon (hydrocarbon)

the molecule illustrated here is a _____ a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. nucleic acid d. protein

b. lipid

The monomer (subunit) consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base from which all nucleic acids are built is the _____. a. amino acid b. nucleotide c. nitrogenous base d. monosaccharide e. fatty acid

b. nucleotide

Which of the following are components of a nucleotide? a. nitric acid b. phosphate group c. pentose sugar d. sulfate group e. hexose sugar f. nitrogenous base g. chloride base

b. phosphate group, c. pentose sugar, f. nitrogenous base

Which of the following structural components is NOT common to both triglycerides and phospholipids? a. glycerol b. phosphate groups c. fatty acids tails

b. phosphate groups

solid fats are usually which of the following types of fats? a. unsaturated b. saturated

b. saturated

Which even helped make people aware of the ubiquity and (some)characteristics of microorganisms? a. the organization of life into taxonomic hierarchies b. the development of the microscope c. the discovery of DNA

b. the development of the microscope

Lipids encompass which four of the following groups of compounds? a. proteins b. waxes c. alcohols d. triglycerides e. steroids f. phospholipids

b. waxes, d. triglycerides, e. steroids, and f. phospholipids

All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms.

bacteria; eukaryotes

Various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest starting at the top a. polypeptide b. protein c. peptide

c, a, b

The structure of ATP includes a. glycerol b. thymine c. adenine d. three phosphate groups e. ribose f. peptide bonds

c, e, d

Which of the following describe lipopolysaccharides? a. A combination of phospholipids and proteins that reinforces the cell membrane b. A lipid molecule that is found in all types of bacteria c. A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the gram-negative cell wall d. A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host

c. (A molecular complex of lipid...) d. (a compound responsible for...)

Put the four levels of protein organization in order of complexity, from least complex at the top to most complex at the bottom a. Quaternary b. Tertiary c. Primary d. Secondary

c. Primary, d. secondary, b. tertiary, a. quaternary

The polymerase chain reaction, developed in the 1980s, allows scientists to a. modify the genome of plants and animals b. precisely cut pieces of DNA c. amplify specific segments of DNA d. regulate genes in new ways

c. amplify specific segments of DNA

_____ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in plants and algae a. agar b. starch c. cellulose d. chitin

c. cellulose

The backbone of DNA is a polymer of alternating _____ and _____ a. thymine; adenine b. guanine; cytosine c. deoxyribose; phosphate d. ribose; phosphate

c. deoxyribose; phosphate

for the organism escherichia coli, what is the genus name? a. coli b. bacteria c. escherichia

c. escherichia (it is the part that is capitalized)

which of the following are components of a nucleotide? a. sulfate group b. hexose sugar c. nitrogenous base d. chloride base e. phosphate group f. nitric acid g. pentose sugar

c. nitrogenous base and e. phosphate group g. pentose sugar

Which of the following form the bilayer in cell membranes? a. polysaccharides b. nucleotides c. phospholipids d. triglycerides

c. phospholipids

This technique, which allows scientists to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them, is termed _____. a. recomblnant DNA cloning b. biomediation c. polymerase chain reaction d. site-specific recombination

c. polymerase chain reaction

DNA, polysaccharides, and proteins are all examples of a. elements b. enzymes c. polymers d. monomers

c. polymers

This image illustrates the general structure of a _____ a. nucleic acid b. protein c. polysaccharide d. saturated fatty acid

c. polysaccharide

The type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain describes its _____ structure a. tertiary b. quaternary c. primary d. secondary

c. primary

What is biotechnology? a. the breakdown of nutrients for recycling into the environment b. genetic manipulation that results in harmful bacterial products c. the use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes d. the introduction of organisms into an environment

c. the uses of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses? a. viruses are nonliving b. viruses are smaller than most bacteria c. viruses are eukaryotic d. viruses are acellular

c. viruses are eukaryotic

The term _____ is derived from the fact that most compounds of this chemical class are synthesized from the combination of carbon and water

carbohydrate

The _____ is the fundamental unit of life.

cell

the cell walls in plants and some algae gain strength and rigidity from _____, a polymer of glucose

cellulose

Which of the below molecules functions to reinforce the membranes of animal cells?

cholesterol

Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as: a. directors of mitosis b. protection c. nutrient stores d. structural support e. toxins f. energy stores

d, b, c, f

The nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism's DNA is called a. ATP b. ONA c. STP d. RNA e. GTP

d. RNA

Which of the following types of microorganisms has its own domain? a. Protozoa b. Helminths c. viruses d. bacteria

d. bacteria

A polymer of glucosamine that makes up the exoskeletons of certain fungi is called a. starch b. cellulose c. glycogen d. chitin

d. chitin

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the scientific method? a. background research precedes experimentation b. the final step is to communicate results c. a hypothesis is constructed before experimentation d. data collection follows accepting or rejecting a hypothesis

d. data collection follows accepting or rejecting a hypothesis

When triglycerides are acted on by lipases, the _____ and _____ are freed to be used in metabolism a. glycerol; starch b. fatty acids; starch c. starch; alcohols d. fatty acids; glycerol

d. fatty acids; glycerol

Most _____ are made up of monomers linked into polymers a. elements b. solutions c. atoms d. macromolecules e. monosaccharides

d. macromolecules

The germ theory of disease stated that a. handwashing is the best means to prevent disease b. life only comes from existing life c. all human diseases are caused by infectious agents d. microorganisms could cause infection and disease

d. microorganisms could cause infection and disease

_____ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall a. phospholipid b. chitin c. cellulose d. peptidoglycan e. lipopolysaccharide

d. peptidoglycan

when the functional three-dimensional form of a protein is disrupted, the protein is said to be _____.

denatured

The structure of DNA is best described as a(n) _____ helix.

double

Which two physicians recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques? a. Hooke b. Tyndall c. Semmelweis d. Holmes e. Koch

e. Semmelweis and d. Holmes

a membrane is a continuous bilayer formed by _____ that are oriented with the polar heads toward the outside and the nonpolar tails toward the center of the membrane a. triglycerides b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. sterols e. phospholipids f. polysaccharides

e. phospholipids

_____ cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic

the realization that microorganisms are ubiquitous, and that some can cause infection, led to the development of the _____ theory of disease

germ

work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the _____ theory of disease

germ

what monosaccharide is the most common and important hexose? a. fructose b. lactose c. phospholipids d. glucose

glucose

The outer coating of polysaccharides found on some bacteria that functions in the attachment to other cells, protection, or communication is called the _____

glycocalyx

In aqueous solutions, the charged _____ of phospholipids are attracted to the water phase, and the nonpolar _____ are repelled. This property causes lipids to naturally assume single and double layers.

heads; tails

phospholipids have a _____ charged head and a _____ uncharged tail

hydophilic; hydrophobic

In double stranded DNA, the polynucleotide chains are linked by _____ bonds between the nitrogenous bases

hydrogen

Triglycerides are _____ important in storage

lipids

In the cell, _____ RNA provides the order and type of amino acid for a protein, _____ RNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis, and _____ RNA is a component of ribosomes

m, t, r

_____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals

macromolecules

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens _____.

microscope

a _____ is a simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules called polymers.

monomer

All macromolecules except lipids are formed by polymerization, or joining of repeating subunits called _____

monomers

A(n) _____ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

A(n) _____ is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism

pathogen

_____ are a class of lipids containing fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate and serve as the major structural component of cell membranes

phospholipids

a _____ is any type of macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating subunits called monomers

polymer

The specific sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptide chain constitutes a protein's _____ structure.

primary

In living systems, the predominant organic molecules are ______, which are largely responsible for the structure, behavior, and unique qualities of a cell a. phospholipids b. polysaccharides c. nucleotides d. nucleic acids e. amino acids f. proteins

proteins

the type of biological macromolecule that can adopt a vast number of different unique shapes is ______

proteins

some proteins can assume a level of _____ structure in which two or more polypeptides assemble to form a larger, multiunit protein.

quaternary

the _____ structure of a protein has more than one polypeptide which forms a large, multiunit protein such as an antibody

quaternary

Tuberculosis is an older disease but its prevalence has been increasing in recent years; therefore, this disease is sometimes referred to as a(n) _____ disease.

reemerging

The molecule illustrated here is a(n) _____ fatty acid

saturated (double carbon bond means it is unsaturated)

The foundation of hydrogen bonds that result in the formation of the alpha-helices or beta-sheets constitutes a protein's _____ structure

secondary

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____.

sterile

Which of the following are ringed compounds that are commonly found in the cell membranes of animals and fungi? a. phospholipds b. steroids c. lipoproteins d. triglycerides e. waxes f. glycoproteins

steroids

_____ are a class of ring-shaped compounds that are commonly identified as animal hormones and cell membrane components in animals and fungi.

steroids

The overall three-dimensional shape or conformation of a polypeptide chain formed by bonds between functional groups constitutes its _____ structure

tertiary

_____ fats have hydrocarbon chains with at least one double bond

unsaturated

Which of the following types of microorganisms does not appear on the tree of life? a. fungi b. viruses c. protozoa d. helminths

viruses