Micro exam 2

Cytokines are chemicals and proteins that are critical components of the immune system. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the function of cytokines?

All cytokines are synthesized to stimulate the inflammatory response; their purpose is to mediate vascular reactions and diapedesis.

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Contact dermatitis involves ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Innate chemical defenses include ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.

All of the choices are correct.

To exhibit high immunogenicity, an antigen would preferably________.

All of the choices are features of a good antigen.

Gamma-delta T cells ________.

All of the choices are true.

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit for an infectious disease?

All of these are normal exit portals.

Which of the following is not a phenotypic method of identification?

Antibody response

Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________.

B and T lymphocytes

_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

B cells; T cells

Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?

Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

Choose the best definition of virulence factors.

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Which of the following is not a method of adhesion?

Cilia

All nucleated cells contain ________.

Class I MHC

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

Clonal expansion

Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in _______.

Clostridia

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

Diapedesis

Robert Koch is credited with proving the germ theory of disease; that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms. In developing a series of proofs (Koch's Postulates), he was able to determine the causative organism of anthrax was the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Which of the following statements does not contribute to Koch's Postulates and the germ theory of disease?

Each organism from a polymicrobial infection must be isolated and inoculated into a single host.

What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?

Graft versus host disease

Which type of graft rejection is caused by lymphocytes in grafted tissues causing systemic effects as they travel throughout the recipient's body?

Graft versus host disease

Which is mismatched?

Hay fever - type IV hypersensitivity

What can be a consequence of a genetic deficiency in B-cell survival and maturity?

Hypogammaglobulinemia

In the theory for allergic desensitization, which immunoglobulin blocks the allergen from binding with IgE?

IgG

________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.

IgG

The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.

IgM and IgD

Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?

Include Kupffer cells

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators

Which statement below characterizes the action of interferon?

Interferon, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, is secreted and enters neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

Intracellular fluid

Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?

Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies

Which of the following is not a mechanism employed by the human microbiota to contribute to the first line of defense?

It can phagocytose pathogens

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

Lymphocytes

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Natural killer (NK) cells

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

Opsonization

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

PAMPs

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

Plasma cells

During a recent survey, 0.014% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.

Prevalence

Which of the following is mismatched?

Prostaglandins—activate eosinophils and B cells

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites

Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, ________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells.

TNF-β; IL-10

Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of adaptive immunity?

The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response.

Which of the following is not a theory to explain the origin of autoimmune diseases?

Theory of immune deficiency

If an infectious disease emerged that was highly contagious and virulent, resulting in certain death with no known cure, epidemiological data would show _______.

a high incidence and low prevalence

A symptom is ________.

a subjective indication of disease

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.

acute phase

Lymphocytes ________.

all of the choices are correct

Once a mother has been sensitized to the Rh factor ________.

all other Rh+ fetuses are at risk

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________.

all the choices are crorrect

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.

asymptomatic

A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.

atopic

A well-functioning immune system should strike a balance between being over- and underreactive. An overreactive immune system results in hypersensitivities such as allergy and __________, while an underreactive immune system is due to ________.

autoimmunity; immunodeficiency

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

basophils

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______.

before birth, in utero

Opportunistic pathogens _______.

cause disease in compromised individuals

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.

chills

________ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.

chronic

Destruction of lymphocytes with self specificity is called ________.

clonal deletion

Antitoxins ________.

confer passive immunity

Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?

contact dermatitis

All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.

contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines ________.

contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.

creates a physical barrier against pathogens

Similar to macrophages, ________ are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.

dendritic cells

Phenotypic methods of identifying microorganisms in a patient sample are characterized as those that ________.

directly examine the organism's appearance or behavior, which includes its metabolic abilities, environmental preferences and drug susceptibilities

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called _______.

endogenous

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.

epitope

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______.

exogenous

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.

four antigen binding sites

Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.

have large polymers made up of repeating subunits

The granules of basophils contain ________.

histamine

Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.

hypersensitivity

Immunopathology is the study of disease states or immune dysfunctions, which are divided into two categories: ________ diseases (i.e., allergy) or diseases associated with ________ (i.e., AIDS).

hypersensitivity; immunodeficiency

Allergic reactions to penicillins are considered a(n) _____ hypersensitivity.

immediate

Edward Jenner's work involved ________.

immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one.

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.

immunopathology

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.

incidence

Histamine causes all of the following except ________.

increased sensitivity to pain

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.

increases the availability of iron

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.

infectious dose

Fungal spores and animal dander are considered to be which type of allergen?

inhalant

Corticosteroids will ________.

inhibit the activity of lymphocytes

Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?

injectant

When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

interferon

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

interferon

_______ are bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.

kinases

The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.

leukotriene

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is ________.

lysozyme

Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.

metastatic cancer

The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.

microbial antagonism

Diapedesis is the ________.

migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

Specimen collection ________.

must utilize aseptic techniques

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

neutrophils

Candida or Pseudomonas are ______ pathogens, meaning they are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune system functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors.

opportunistic

Microorganisms can be identified from a patient sample using biochemical tests based on the premise that ________.

organisms have a unique combination of metabolic enzymes that are displayed when color-changing dyes are utilized to demonstrate their physiological response to specific substrates

Infection occurs when _______.

pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues

The term infection refers to _______.

pathogens penetrating host defenses

The three main techniques for identifying microbes are ________.

phenotypic, immunologic, and genotypic

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.

plasma cells

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

primary

Plasma cells ________.

produce and secrete antibodies

Hematopoiesis is the ________.

production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

A second encounter with an allergen that causes a response is called the ________.

provocative dose

Class II MHC genes code for ________.

receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in ________.

recognition of self

MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.

red blood cells

Allergies run in families because ________.

relative production of IgE is inherited

Immunologic methods of identifying microorganisms in a patient sample are characterized as those that ________.

rely on the specificity of antibodies to target a single antigen

By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.

reportable

What is believed to be the primary route of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus leading to COVID-19?

respiratory droplets

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.

respiratory system

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.

respiratory tract

Virulence factors include all the following except _______.

ribosomes

Class I MHC genes code for ________.

self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.

The initial encounter with an allergen is called the ________.

sensitizing dose

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

skin

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n) _______.

symptom

Gamma-delta T cells differ from other T cells in that ________.

they can be directly activated by PAMPs, whereas other T cells have to be presented with the antigen in conjunction with an MHC molecule on an antigen-presenting cell

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called _______.

true pathogens

Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.

tuberculin reaction

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

tumor-cancer

Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.

type I only

The major category(ies) of hypersensitivity that typically involve a B-cell immunoglobulin response is (are) ________.

type I, type II, and type III

Type II hypersensitivities differ from type III in that ________.

type II hypersensitivity involves the activation of complement proteins that attack and lyse cells, whereas type III involves the formation of immune complexes causing chronic inflammation

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

vertical