Micro exam 2 practice
Protein synthesis inhibitors have a low therapeutic index because they usually cannot discriminate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
false
A neuraminidase inhibitor called __________ is sometimes used in the treatment of people infected with influenza viruses.
tamiflu
Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza _________ virus. A. A B. B C. C D. D
A
Congenital rubella syndrome usually occurs in the time frame of the A. first trimester of pregnancy. B. second trimester of pregnancy. C. third trimester of pregnancy. D. entire pregnancy.
A
Endotoxin is released when A. gram negative pathogens lyse or divide. B. cells are starved for iron. C. cells are lysogenic for the beta phage. D. all of the choices
A
German measles is caused by the __________ virus. A. rubella B. herpes-zoster C. reovirus D. coxsackievirus
A
In those cases of pneumonia for which no cause is determined by laboratory findings, __________ pneumonia can be assumed if __________ pneumonia has been ruled out. A. viral; mycoplasmal B. bacterial; viral C. mycoplasmal; viral D. mycoplasmal; bacterial
A
Pathogenicity islands are typically associated with A. genes encoding tRNA. B. genes encoding rRNA. C. G+C content similar to the rest of the bacterial genome. D. none of the choices
A
Sulfonamides inhibit the production of folic acid and, therefore, inhibit the synthesis of __________. A. purines and pyrimidines B. ribose C. aromatic amino acids D. peptidoglycan
A
The chemotherapeutic agent must reach levels in the body that are ________ the pathogen's MIC value if it is going to be effective. A. greater than B. equal to C. less than D. none of the choices
A
The drug level required for the clinical treatment of a particular infection is called the A. therapeutic dose. B. toxic dose. C. therapeutic index. D. minimal inhibitory concentration.
A
The leading reason for liver transplantation in the United States is A. hepatitis C. B. hepatitis B. C. hepatitis A. D. hepatitis D.
A
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents growth is the A. minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). B. minimal lethal concentration (MLC). C. 50% inhibitory dose. D. all of the choices
A
The most selective antibacterial agents are those that interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is because A. bacterial cell walls have a unique structure not found in eukaryotic host cells. B. bacterial cell wall synthesis is easily inhibited whereas eukaryotic cell wall synthesis is more resistant to the actions of the drugs. C. eukaryotic cells do not take up the drugs. D. eukaryotic cells inactivate the drugs before they can do any damage.
A
Which of the following drugs is (are) effective against cold sores? A. Vidarabine and acyclovir. B. Amantadine. C. AZT and ddC. D. Protease inhibitors such as ritonavir.
A
Which of the following is the typical mode of transmission for hepatitis C? A. Contaminated blood and blood products. B. Inhalation of droplets. C. Bite from body louse. D. Contaminated shellfish.
A
Who is generally credited with the discovery of sulfanilamide as a chemotherapeutic agent? A. Gerhard Domagk B. Ernest Duchesne C. Ernst Chain D. Robert Koch
A
Who is usually credited with the discovery of penicillin? A. Fleming B. Florey and Chain C. Duchesne D. Ehrlich
A
Whose discovery of streptomycin stimulated an intense search for other antibiotics? A. Waksman B. Ehrlich C. Fleming D. Pasteur
A
_______ and ________ can be used to prevent influenza A infections, reducing the incidence of influenza by 50 to 70% in an exposed population.
Amantadine, rimantadine
________, which is used to treat Toxoplasma gondii, is an analog of ________, an integral component of the eukaryotic electron transport system.
Atovaquone, ubiquinone
Acyclovir is the drug used to treat genital herpes; it A. cures the disease. B. reduces the healing time. C. lyses the virus. D. all of the choices.
B
Bacitracin A. inhibits DNA replication. B. inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. C. interferes with protein synthesis. D. interferes with plasma membrane function.
B
Chemotherapeutic agents that are artificially produced are most specifically referred to as __________. A. antimicrobial agents B. synthetic drugs C. antibiotics D. semisynthetic drugs
B
Diagnosis of West Nile virus infection is through detection of A. viral growth in cell cultures. B. by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient's serum. C. PCR analysis from saliva samples. D. culture on artificial media.
B
In addition to inhibiting the transpeptidation reaction in cell wall synthesis, penicillins may also destroy bacteria by A. inhibiting DNA replication. B. stimulating proteins to form holes in the plasma membrane. C. inhibiting protein synthesis. D. none of the choices
B
Isoniazid is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that A. is not useful as a chemotherapeutic agent. B. is one of the few drugs effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. C. is one of the few drugs effective against systemic fungal infections. D. none of the choices
B
Koplik's spots are small red lesions with a white center that form in the mouth and are associated with A. mumps. B. measles. C. chickenpox. D. flavivirus infection.
B
Mumps is caused by a A. morbillis virus. B. paramyxovirus. C. adenovirus. D. synctial virus.
B
Staphylococci can be divided into pathogenic and relatively nonpathogenic strains based on whether or not they synthesize A. catalase. B. coagulase. C. leukocidins. D. a capsule.
B
Sulfonamides and other drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis have a high therapeutic index because A. humans do not use folic acid. B. humans do not synthesize folic acid but obtain it in their diets. C. humans synthesize folic acid by a process that is not sensitive to sulfonamides. D. none of these
B
The antimicrobial action of artemisinin is not well understood but this chemical appears to A. swell the Plasmodium falciparum food vacuoles. B. form reactive oxygen intermediates inside Plasmodium-infected red blood cells. C. inhibit heme polymerase, an enzyme that converts toxic heme into nontoxic hemazoin. D. raise the internal pH, clump the plasmodial pigment, and intercalate into plasmodial DNA.
B
The use of arsenic compound Salvarsan as a treatment for syphilis is credited to A. Fleming. B. Ehrlich. C. Waksman. D. Chain.
B
West Nile virus has been detected in _________ states of the U.S. A. 25 B. 50 C. 49 D. 10
B
Which of the following inhibits protein synthesis? A. dapsone B. erythromycin C. penicillin D. isoniazid
B
Which of the following is normally treated by antifungal creams and solutions? A. Systemic mycoses. B. Superficial mycoses. C. Subcutaneous mycoses. D. Intramuscular mycoses.
B
Which of the following is the major reason why it has been difficult to treat viral infections with chemotherapeutic agents? A. Viral metabolism resembles that of their hosts so there is no selective point of attack. B. Viruses use the metabolic machinery of their hosts, which limits many of the potential points of attack. C. Viruses have no metabolism and therefore offer no selective point of attack. D. Actually, viruses are not difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents.
B
Women of childbearing age should be vaccinated against A. chickenpox. B. German measles. C. shingles D. influenza A.
B
Aminoglycoside antibiotics A. inhibit cell wall synthesis. B. inhibit folic acid biosynthesis. C. bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. D. bind to bacterial DNA polymerase.
C
Chemotherapeutic agents that are natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as __________. A. antimicrobial agents B. synthetic drugs C. antibiotics D. semisynthetic drugs
C
Large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus uses an assay designed to detect A. the Delta agent. B. the Dane particle. C. viral surface antigens. D. alanine transaminase.
C
The minimal lethal concentration (MLC) is the A. lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen. B. highest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen. C. lowest concentration of a drug that kills a particular pathogen. D. highest concentration of a drug that kills a particular pathogen.
C
The ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose is called the A. toxicity index. B. phenol coefficient. C. therapeutic index. D. susceptibility quotient.
C
The reactivated form of chickenpox is called A. rubella. B. adenovirus. C. herpes zoster. D. rubeola.
C
Vancomycin A. inhibits the transglycosylase reaction in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. B. interferes with the action of the lipid carrier that transports peptidoglycan precursors across the plasma membrane. C. inhibits the transpeptidation reaction in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. D. blocks the addition of the pentapeptide chain during peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
C
Which of the following antibiotics specifically inhibits DNA synthesis? A. gentamycin B. polymyxin B C. quinolones D. tetracycline
C
Which of the following drugs has been shown to reduce the duration and symptoms of influenza? A. penicillin B. AZT C. amantadine D. acyclovir
C
Which of the following is likely to have the most toxic side effects to humans? A. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. B. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. C. Disrupters of cell membrane structure. D. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis.
C
Which of the following is not true about Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method? A. After inoculation of bacteria, the agar surface is dried for about 5 minutes and the appropriate antibiotic test disks are placed on it. B. The plate is placed at 35C for 16 to 18 hours of incubation. C. Bacteria used to swab plate should be at least a week old. D. The diameters of the zones of inhibition are measured to the nearest millimeter.
C
Which of the following is sometimes useful against viral infections? A. trimethoprim B. streptomycin C. zidovudine D. rifampin
C
A feature of smallpox not associated with its eradication from the environment is A. it has obvious clinical features. B. it has no known reservoir outside of humans. C. a short period of infectivity. D. the availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication. E. all of the choices
D
Acute respiratory viruses cause A. rhinitis. B. tonsillitis. C. bronchitis. D. all of the choices
D
Bacteria within biofilms exchange A. plasmids. B. quorum-sensing molecules. C. nutrients. D. all of the choices
D
Chemotherapeutic agents that are chemically modified natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as __________. A. antimicrobial agents B. synthetic drugs C. antibiotics D. semisynthetic drugs
D
Chickenpox is caused by the __________ virus. A. rubella B. rubeola C. coxsackievirus B D. varicella
D
Colds are common because of A. domestic animals serve as a persistent reservoir. B. immunity once obtained is not protective. C. a lack of effective antiviral drugs. D. the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.
D
Consider an antibacterial drug. In which of the following cases would the action of the drug be considered primarily bacteriostatic? A. The minimal lethal concentration (MLC) is equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). B. The MLC is lower than the MIC. C. The MLC is 2-4 times higher than the MIC. D. The MLC is 10-20 times higher than the MIC.
D
Control measures for hepatitis B include A. excluding contact with contaminated materials. B. passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure. C. vaccination of high-risk groups. D. all of the choices
D
Drugs are used to treat malaria include A. chloroquine. B. qualaquin. C. metronidazole. D. chloroquine and qualaquin.
D
Genes for drug resistance may be present A. on the chromosome. B. on plasmids. C. on mitochondrial DNA. D. both on the chromosome and on plasmids E. both on plasmids and on mitochondrial DNA F. both on the chromosome and on mitochindrial DNA
D
Genital herpes is associated with A. congenital herpes. B. cervical cancer. C. miscarriages. D. all of these
D
The concentration of an antimicrobial drug that is reached in the body will depend on A. the amount of drug administered. B. the route of administration and speed of uptake. C. the rate at which the drug is cleared or eliminated from the body. D. all of the choices
D
The drug of last resort that is generally used in treating infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is A. trimethoprim. B. ciprofloxacin. C. chloramphenicol. D. vancomycin.
D
The treatment for pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS patients is A. atovaquone B. miconazole C. pentamidine D. either atovaquone or pentamidine
D
Which of the following affects the size of the clear zone in a disk diffusion test of antimicrobial susceptibility? A. the initial concentration of the drug B. the solubility of the drug C. the diffusion rate of the drug D. all of the choices
D
Which of the following can stimulate a reactivation of the virus that causes cold sores? A. physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes) B. emotional stress C. ultraviolet light D. all of the choices
D
Which of the following does not inhibit protein synthesis? A. tetracycline B. streptomycin C. erythromycin D. penicillin E. all of the choices inhibit protein synthesis
D
Which of the following does not transmit the AIDS virus? A. semen B. blood C. vaginal secretions D. mosquitoes
D
Which of the following is (are) true about cephalosporins? A. They, like penicillin, inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. B. There are four generations of cephalosporins. C. They can be given to patients with penicillin allergies. D. all of the choices
D
Which of the following is (are) used by microorganisms to become resistant to a particular drug? A. Enzymatic inactivation of the drug. B. Exclusion of the drug from the cell. C. An alternate metabolic pathway that bypasses the drug-sensitive step. D. All of the choices.
D
Which of the following is a desirable general characteristic of antimicrobial drugs? A. selective toxicity B. broad-spectrum of activity C. bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic D. all of the choices
D
Which of the following is a useful mechanism of action for an antibacterial drug? A. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis. B. Inhibition of protein synthesis. C. Interference with RNA and DNA synthesis. D. All of the choices.
D
Which of the following is known to activate the genital herpes virus? A. sunlight B. stress C. sexual hormones D. all of the choices
D
Which of the following is not a characteristic of lipid A? A. heat stable. B. toxic in nanogram amounts. C. weakly immunogenic. D. neurotoxic.
D
Which of the following syndromes may result from infection by an arthropod-borne virus? A. Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash B. Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate. C. Hemorrhagic fevers. D. All of the choices.
D
With respect to orthomyxoviruses, changes in antigenicity usually occur as a result of A. antigenic drift. B. antigenic shift. C. frameshift mutations. D. both antigenic drift and antigenic shift. E. both antigenic drift and frameshift mutations. F. both antigenic shift and frameshift mutations.
D
All of the following are reverse transcriptase inhibitors used to treat HIV infection except A. azidothymidine. B. zalcitabine. C. lamivudine. D. didanosine. E. acyclovir.
E
Development of drug resistance is not discouraged by A. use of a high enough concentration of the drug to destroy any spontaneous resistant mutants that might arise. B. use of two drugs simultaneously with the hope that each will prevent the emergence of resistance to the other. C. avoidance of indiscriminate use of drugs. D. using drugs appropriate for the infectious agent being treated. E. widespread use of broad-spectrum drugs.
E
The antiviral drugs currently approved for use in HIV disease include A. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. B. nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. C. protease inhibitors. D. fusion inhibitors. E. all of the choices
E
Most of the drugs used to treat protozoan infection have insignificant side effects; because protozoa are prokaryotes, the potential for drug action on host cells and tissues is less than it is when targeting bacteria.
false
In a disk diffusion assay for drug susceptibility, a drug producing a larger clear zone is always more effective than a drug than to one producing a smaller clear zone.
false
_______________ ________________ from Streptomyces spp. binds to the sterols in fungal membranes, disrupting membrane permeability and causing leakage of cell constituents.
amphotericin B
A(n) __________ is a drug that blocks the function of a metabolic pathway.
antimetabolite
In humans, equine encephalitis can present as a spectrum from fever and headache to ___________ ____________ and encephalitis.
aseptic meningitis
When a chemotherapeutic agent is effective against many different pathogens, it is said to be a __________ antibiotic.
broad spectrum
Because LPS is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) __________.
endotoxin
Agents that are static and, therefore, do not kill infecting microorganisms are not useful as chemotherapeutic agents.
false
Ampicillin, like penicillin, must be administered by injection because it is rapidly degraded in the stomach and cannot, therefore, be given orally.
false
_________ __________ are activities of a chemotherapeutic agent that damage the host either by inhibiting the same process in the host as in the target cell or by damaging other processes.
side effects
A drug that disrupts a microbial function not found in animal cells usually has a higher therapeutic index.
true
Bacteria in biofilms or abscesses may be replicating very slowly and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy because many agents affect pathogens only if they are actively growing and dividing.
true
Metronidazole is used to treat Entamoeba infections.
true
One way in which organisms may exhibit resistance to a drug is the ability to pump the drug out of the cell immediately after it has entered.
true
One way that the development of drug resistance in viruses has been reduced has been by the use of a cocktail of several drugs at high doses.
true
Penicillin is frequently injected but not normally given orally because it is rapidly degraded in the stomach.
true
The effects of most antimicrobial drugs are greater if the microorganisms are actively growing.
true
The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) is the lowest concentration of drug from which organisms fail to recover when removed from the drug.
true
Treatment of fungal infections is more difficult than treatment of bacterial infections because the greater metabolic similarity between the fungi and their hosts limits the ability of a drug to have a selective toxicity.
true
While exotoxin production is most generally associated with gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria also produce exotoxins.
true
The term __________ refers to the degree or intensity of pathogenicity.
virulence