Micro Final
Which of the following statements by a new nurse demonstrates understanding of the teaching?
"All patient could harbor infectious agents and must be treated with an equal degree of care."
What line of defense has been breached for this injury?
1st and 2nd line of denfense
What is the maximum net yield of ATP from anaerobic respiration?
2-36 ATP
Which of the following solutions would represent hypertonic saline.
3% sodium chloride
What form of immunity is Joseph developing by having this infection?
Active Natural immunity
Which of the following statement by the patient best represents and understanding of metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions of the cell
Jennifer parents accuse your medical team of not doing everything possible to help cure Jennifer because she hasn't received any antibiotics. Why aren't antibiotic prescribed to treat most food-borne illnesses?
Antibiotics are of no help and may increase the pathology.
As the RN, you cleanse the urethral opening with an iodine-swab. Which of the following terms most appropriately describes this method of microbial control?
Antiseptic
Which type of agar would the lab technician use to grow fastidious bacteria?
Blood agar
The MD in the clinic wrote a prescription for acyclovir when Mark called him on the phone earlier in the day. What do you do with the prescription?
Call the doctor and advocate for a prescription of PCN G instead.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the exponential phase of bacterial growth?
Cell doubling
Following the patients surgical procedure, he is admitted to the neurological intensive care unit. Interventions are implemented to decrease intracranial pressure, including the administration of intravenous hypertonic saline. which of the following do you anticipate as the therapeutic response to the administration of this medication?
Decreased extravascular and increased intravascular volume
What organism is the leading cause of HUS in the US
E. coli
An amoeba is which type of organism?
Eukaryotic protozoan
Antimicrobial agents are often most effective when given during which stage of bacterial growth?
Exponential growth phase.
The organism is found to grow throughout the entire tube of broth media. Which of the following terms best describes the oxygen requirements of this organism?
Facultative anaerobe
The organism sample is further testes and found to grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of 3 main pathways of catabolism may this organism utilize to produce energy in the absence of free oxygen?
Fermentation and anaerobic respirations
Mary's mother is very concerned about her high fevers. She thinks that the fevers are a sign that Mary is unable to fight this infection. What is a proper response to Mary's mothers concerns
Fevers are actually a healthy response to help fight the infection
After staining, you visualize the specimen. You identify single-celled organisms that possess a nucleus, and many of them are undergoing the process of budding. You believe that this patient is suffering from an infection caused by a:
Fungus
Which tRNA anticodon would properly basepair with an mRNA codon CUG?
GAC
Gram staining reveals the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. Thinking about the patient's spike in temperature, you understand now how this bacterium could cause a fever. Which of the following is the correct explanation?
Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide in their outer membrane, and the lipid portion confers their ability to cause fever.
Which of the following statements by a new nurse is accurate regarding hand washing in infection control?
I should wash my hands when they are visible contaminated, but also before and after using gloves
Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of only normal biota in the patient speciem. Based upon this information, all but which of the following microbes could be ruled out in the diagnosis?
Influenza A
The mother demands antibiotics to treat her daughters infections. How will you best respond to her request?
Inform the mother that chickenpox is caused by a virus and does not respond to antibiotics, but is self-limiting and will heal on its own.
No ferning of the vaginal fluid is detected, and you reassure your patient that her membranes have not ruptured. You explain that the laboratory technicians will use which 5 basic techniques (in order) to manipulate, grow, examine, and characterize any microorganisms present in the collected specimens?
Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification
In gram-negative bacteria, like E. coli, the fertility factor is a plasmid possessed by the bacterium that will donate its DNA to a recipient cell. Which of the following statements, by the patient, demonstrates understanding of this plasmid?
It encodes the information to create a pilus
Aseptic techniques aim to reduce the number of microbes in medical setting, thus preventing wound infection and disease. These techniques were first introduced in a surgical setting by:
Joseph Lister
Based upon the information you have received from the laboratory you inform the patient of his condition. In doing so, you tell him that this infection may be difficult to treat with antibiotics. Which part of the cell envelop restricts the passage of many of these drugs into gram-negative bacteria?
Outer membrane layer
Tyler's results came back as being positive for herpes simplex virus. Tyler's mother is mortified, as she does not believe her son is sexually active. After you explain that the presence of HSV does not imply sexual contact, you offer that the results are accurate. Which of the following reasons best demonstrates the line of thinking?
PCR tests are highly sensitive and specific
Many different types of organisms can cause disease. Disease-causing microorganisms are called:
Pathogens
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Primary syphilis
Acanthamaeba and other protozoans exhibit a 2-stage life cycle: a resting cyst stage and a motile feeding stage called the:
Pseudopods
Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. Based upon this information, you picture in your mind which of the following images?
Red rods
The doctor's decide that the Jennifer is suffering from bacterial septicemia. What is the most important next step?
Respiratory support, blood cultures, and antibiotics
One of your nurses begins calling the state health department to report a suspected case of smallpox infection.
Smallpox lesions are filled with clear fluid, whereas chickenpox lesions are filled with a thick, opaque liquid and are distinctly indented in the center.
Louis Pasteur hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-necked flasks, he disproved the concept of.
Spontaneous Generation
It is discovered through Gram stain that the offending microorganism is gram-positive cocci in grape-like clusters. Although the final culture has not come back yet, which organism can be best assume is responsible?
Staphylococcus aureus
The lumber puncture is performed, which confirms a diagnosis of meningitis. Antibiotics are started right away. Amanda's cerebral spinal fluid is placed on a microscope slide and gram stained. On stain, you see gram-positive cocci in pairs. What is the most likely offending organism?
Streptococcis pneumoniae
The specimens are gram stained and analyzed microscopically. The laboratory technician observes spherical purple-colored cells arranged in short chains. Based upon this evidence, which of the following microbes is most likely the pathogen affecting the patient?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A blood sample is taken and is gram stained and analyzed microscopically. The laboratory technician noted the presence of spherical purple-colored cells arranged in chains. Based upon this evidence, which of the following microbes is most likely the pathogen affecting the patient
Streptococcus pyogens
If Jonathan experiences graft rejection, what type of cells will most likely be primarily responsible
T cytotoxic cells
Which cells will keep Joseph from becoming infected again
T memory cells
Mario wants to know if there is any way he can reduce the edema, as he thinks there is no way it can be beneficial if it is so uncomfortable. what is not an appropriate response?
The edema is a result of your bones swelling from the influx of calcium-fighting toxins
Mark informs you that he has a friend who had syphilis, but the lesion healed on its own without antibiotics. Therefore, he does not want to take the antibiotics. What is the best response?
The lesion will heal on its own, but latent syphilis will cause serious disease later on and must be treated.
You need to obtain a specimen for mircrobial analysis. What is the best location to culture from in this case?
The lesion, since there seems to be a superficial infection.
The lab result also indicated that the specimen was inoculated into a test tube of plasma. Remember the coagulase test from microbiology class, which result would be consistent with a diagnosis of S. aureus infection?
The sample completely coagulates
Which of the following explanations tell you why joseph became infected with chickenpox in the first place?
There is no way Joseph could have been protected from the infection, since he did not receive active artificial immunity through the form of a vaccine.
Jennifers parents are notable distressed. They are expressing extreme guilt over the entire incident, and feel it was their fault that jennifer had contracted this illness. They started asking why what they could have done to prevent it. Which of the following responses is most appropriate in the situation?
There is no way you could known that cookie dough was tainted with E.Coli. However, the only way to prevent it is to never eat raw foods.
You suspect that your patient is suffering from oral candidiasis, caused by candida albucans, and know that treatment may require drugs that produce toxic side effects. Which of the following statements explains why drugs used to treat this type of infection can be toxic to humans?
They target eukaryotic structures seen in both candida albicans and human cells
Mario asks you why the laceration is red, hot, puffy, and has become fairly itchy. What is an accurate response?
This is a normal response to injury. Blood has rushed to the area, fluid is leaking from the damaged vessels, and chemical mediators called cytokines are causing you to itch
Gran stain results from the patient specimen indicate a bacterial infection. From your microbiology course, you remember that this staining procedure involves:
Times, sequential applications of crystal violet dye, iodine, an alcohol rinse, and a contrasting counterstain to the sample.
Why are Mary's tonsils swollen?
Tonsils are made of lymphatic tissue, and they probably became swollen by filtering out toxins such as bacteria
Which antimicrobial could be given to Mrs. Hammond to treat the shingles virus?
Topical antibiotics
You also indicate to the patient that genetic information can be acquired by bacterial cells in other ways. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding these processes?
Transduction involves the transfer of genetic information from a bacteriophage to a bacterial cell.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Jonathan at risk of?
Type IV
What would have been the best way to Amanda to prevent getting this type of menigitis?
Vaccination with pheymovax
You examine Mary's tonsils as you prepare to swab them with the culture swab. While examining them, you notice a while pus coating the tonsils. what is the pus composed of?
White blood cells and phagocytosis debris
Do you think that the chemotherapy treatments are related to the candidiasis? Why?
Yes, fungi are opportunistic and primary organisms that causes human diseases.
When joseph's mom expresses concern over judith becoming reinfected, what is an appropriate response?
You concerns are valid, but Judith developed an active natural immunity to chickenpox because shes already been infected, so you do dont have to worry.
Specimen collection from the patient is ordered for microbial analysis in the hospital laboratory. Based upon the symptoms, which of the following samples would you collect?
You will obtain a stool sample for analysis
Further microscope analysis of negatively stained specimens reveals a clearing around each of the spherical cells against a dark background. This clearing indicates that the pathogen possesses which structure?
a capsule
Robert Koch was one of the founding fathers of the germ theory. Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that:
a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.
What type of transplant (graft) did Jonathan receive?
allagraft
As the RN, in a medical intensive care unit, you are participating in a research study regarding administration of probiotic to critically ill patients receiving antibiotic therapy. All of the following are accurate statement by a patient regarding probiotics, EXCEPT.
are nutrients to encourage microbe growth
When utilizing a light microscope, the specimen on the glass slide must be in proper position to ensure illumination of the specimen for visualization. This is done by placing the glass slide:
between the condenser lens and the objective lens
The use of which of the following drugs results in the highest risk of superinfection in a treated patient?
broad-spectrum antibiotics
Viruses are minimalists, containing only the necessary tools to invade and take over a host cell, which consist of:
capsid or envelop, nucleic acid strands of DNA to RNA, and enzymes
Which antibiotic is best suited to treat this particular infection?
cefotaxime
If the patient develops rabies infection, you know that it must be reported to local and state public health officials. Which of the following is also a reportable disease in the U.S
cholera
As the RN, you instruct the family that the transfer of genetic material can involve contact between 2 bacterial cells. DNA can pass from one cell to the other through a pilus during this process, which is called:
conjugation
While preparing to insert the urinary catheter, the patient moves her leg and touches the sterile field. What is the most appropriate action for you to take as the RN?
discard the sterile field and obtain new supplies
You provide education to the patient regarding sulfasoxazole, a sulfonamide that targets which cellular process in bacteria?
folic acid synthesis
What kind of evidence will the result of tyler's PCR provide?
genetic evidence
You are knowledgeable about cellular metabolism. Which of the following processes is common to fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
As the RN, you educate the new nurses about the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections. All of the following items are frequent source of patient infection, EXCEPT:
hospital beds
Mr. Hammond inquires how his wife contracted this viral infection, since she had not come in contact with anyone who has shingles. You recall from microbiology that varicella zoster virus can remain in a chronic latent state in a host by:
incorporating viral DNA into the host DNA
If the patient develops rabies infection, the time from the bite to the appearance of symptoms is referred to as the:
incubation period
What will be natural progression of healing for Mario, assuming that everything happens in its usual order?
injury, vascular reactions, edema/pus formation, scar formation
The period of growth between inoculation and when the cells finally adjust to their new environment and begin growth at their maximum rate is called the:
lag phase
Based upon the patient's history, what is the most likely cause of the superinfection?
long-term antibiotic therapy
A bacterium acquiring a new trait from a bacteriophage is a phenomenon called:
lysogenic conversion
Suspecting the patient has the flu, you are ordered to obtain which specimen for rapid testing at an external laboratory?
nasal swab
An amoeba exhibits motility due to?
pseudopods
Based upon the identification of the pathogen and the patient's symptoms, you believe that the patient is currently suffering from a sequela of the sore throat, called:
rheumatic fever
Which toxin is specifically responsible for the systemic disease of HUS?
shiga toxin
In the lab, the specimen is gram stained and inoculated onto blood agar. microscopic anaylsis of the slide revealed gram-positive cocci growing in grape-like clusters, while the blood agar produced large, round, yellow colonies with clear areas of hemolysis. After reading this information, you believe the causative agent to be:
staphylococcus aureus
As the infectious disease RN, you review the concept of normal biota. A positive Escherichia coli culture would be unremarkable for which of the following body fluid?
stool
The bacteriophage multiplication cycle is similar to that of an animal virus with the exception of uncoating. Uncoating does not occur because:
the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid tube inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall.
rRNA plays a role in which of the following processes of protein synthesis?
translation
In the lab, the urine specimen is spread on an agar plate with antibiotic discs placed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Following incubation, the clear area around each disc is measured. What term describes the observed area of antimicrobial action around each disc?
zone of inhibition
Rabies is an example of this type of infection, which is indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
zoonotic infection
