Micro Lecture - Chapter 14

True or False: The second and third lines of host defenses determine whether cells are self or nonself by examining cell surfaces for identifying molecular markers.

True

Move the correct terms into their corresponding empty boxes within the figure to complete the concept map.

3rd row: Megakaryocytes, Monocytes, B and T cells, Natural Killer Cells 4th row: Red Blood Cells, Dendritic Cells

_________ are the precursors to macrophages.

Monocytes

Move the terms to the correct category to review examples of inflammatory mediators and other cytokines.

Nonspecific Mediators of Inflammation and Immunity: - Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) - Interferons (INF) - Interleukin (IL) 1 - Interleukin-6 Cytokines that Activate Specific Immune Responses: - Interferon Gamma - Interleukin-5 - Interleukin-12 - Interleukin-10 Vasoactive Mediators: - Histamine - Serotonin - Bradykinin Cytokines that Regulate Lymphocyte Growth and Activation: - Interleukin-2 - Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

According to the video, which process enhances the process of phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense?

Phagocytosis

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide: - filtration of blood. - filtration of extracellular fluid. - surveillance cells. - All of the choices are correct. - a connection between tissues and organs.

a connection between tissues and organs.

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are: dendritic cells. macrophages. platelets. eosinophils. mast cells.

dendritic cells

The three primary functions that complement carries out are:

enhancing phagocytosis, causing inflammation, and killing target cells.

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following except:

enzymes released by lysosomes

In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by:

exocytosis

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors. leukocytes None of the choices is correct. agranulocytes granulocytes monocytes

granulocytes

The granules of basophils contain: antigens. digestive enzymes. antibodies. lysozyme. histamine.

histamine

The complement components react:

in a cascade

Match the statement to the process it most accurately describes to test your understanding of inflammation.

injury response = Immediate vasoconstriction and release of chemical mediators vascular reactions = Vasodilation with increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and fluid leakage edema = Infiltration of site by neutrophils, resulting in pus formation resolution and scar formation = Repair of the tissues

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck? GALT lymph nodes spleen tonsils thymus

lymph nodes

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense? monocytes eosinophils lymphocytes basophils neutrophils

lymphocytes

A ______ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria.

lysosome

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into: primary phagocytes. cytotoxic T cells. killer T cells. macrophages. neutrophils.

macrophages

Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages? eosinophils lymphocytes neutrophils basophils monocytes

monocytes

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation? calor - warmth rubor - redness dolar - pain tumor - cancer None of these is mismatched.

tumor - cancer

The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to:

vasodilation

Label the image to review the primary physical and chemical defense barriers in the human body.

(left, top to bottom) tears mucus saliva cilia intact skin (right, top to bottom) sebaceous glands sweat stomach acid

Label the images to test your understanding of the structure and function of both the lymphatic and mononuclear phagocyte systems.

(left: top to bottom) thymus spleen GALT (right: top right, counterclockwise) tissue cell neutrophil reticular fibers dendritic cell

Select characteristics of the lymphatic system to test your understanding of its structure and major functions: - Provides a route to extract fluid from circulation in order to diffuse into extracellular spaces - Helps to regulate the inflammatory response by acting as a "drain-off" system - Moves like the blood in response to pumping by the heart - Lymph contains a number of immune cells and their products to defend against pathogens - Lymph can flow to and from the heart

- Helps to regulate the inflammatory response by acting as a "drain-off" system - Lymph contains a number of immune cells and their products to defend against pathogens

Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense? - Involves barriers at portals of entry - Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid - Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) - Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns - Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears

- Involves barriers at portals of entry - Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid - Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears

Select all of the characteristics of T lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity: - Mature in the bone marrow - Mature in the thymus - Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue - Responsible for cell mediated immunity - Form specialized plasma cells that produce antibodies

- Mature in the thymus - Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue - Responsible for cell mediated immunity

Innate, nonspecific physical barriers of host defenses: - include the skin. - include the mucous membranes. - all contain keratin which makes the barriers highly impervious. - are part of the second line of host defenses. - are all covered with mucus that adds another layer of protection.

- include the skin. - include the mucous membranes.

Select the nonspecific processes below to test your understanding of the various categories of nonspecific immunity. - inflammatory response - complement cascade - phagocytosis - interferon production - antibody production

- inflammatory response - complement cascade - phagocytosis - interferon production

Select the examples of nonspecific host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses. - innate anatomical and physiological barriers - innate cellular and chemical defenses - innate host defenses due to B and T cells and their products - use of drugs and antibiotics - phagocytosis and inflammation

- innate anatomical and physiological barriers - innate cellular and chemical defenses - phagocytosis and inflammation

Select all of the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system to test your understanding of the components of this system: - thymus - lymph nodes, spleen, GALT - heart (circulates components) - macrophages - extracellular fluid-filled spaces

- thymus - lymph nodes, spleen, GALT - macrophages

Order the following choices to reflect the stages of phagocytosis, from the first step to the last step.

1 - Chemotaxis 2 - Formation of phagosome 3 - Formation of phagolysosome 4 - Killing and digestion of microbe 5 - Exocytosis of debris

Please label this image to demonstrate your understanding of the process of phagocytosis.

1 - chemotaxis by phagocyte 2 - adhesion of bacteria 3 - engulfment into phagocytic vacuole 4 - phagosome 5 - phagolysosome formation 6 - killing and destruction 7 - release of debris

True or False: Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts.

True

Nonspecific chemical defenses include: - lysozyme. - stomach hydrochloric acid. - All of the choices are correct. - lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat. - skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances? - lactic acid - nitric oxide - superoxide anion - All of these are used. - hydrogen peroxide

All of these are used.

Which of the following is part of the body's third line of defense?

B cells

The classical complement pathway is activated when:

C1 binds to the antibody in an antigen-antibody complex

Both the classical and alternative complement pathways create:

C3 convertase

C3 convertase cleaves C3 into:

C3a and C3b

The membrane attack complex is made from:

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9

Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation?

Chemical mediators and cytokines are released

True or False: Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.

False

True or False: Phagocytosis exhibits a memory response similar to specific immunity.

False

True or False: The complement system is part of the specific immune response.

False

Which role does histamine play during inflammation?

It leads to vasodilation.

True or False: Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium.

True

True or False: Phagocytosis is part of the body's nonspecific defenses.

True

What is the function of selectins?

They promote sticking of neutrophils to the inner vessel wall.

True or False: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

True

Tissue injury leading to inflammation can be due to:

all of these

Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following except:

antibodies

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response. antibody None of the choices is correct. antigen foreign body allergen

antigen

C3b:

binds to both the surfaces of microorganisms and receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes

Match the body compartments with the statements that most accurately describe body compartments that participate in immune function and promote surveillance for harmful substances.

bloodstream = Carries red and white blood cells, many different chemicals produced by the liver, and antibodies mononucular phagocyte system = Support network of connective tissue fibers that provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs; white blood cells are enmeshed in this network lymphatic system = Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that houses aggregates of lymphocytes extracellular fluid = Fluid that fills the spaces surrounding tissue cells

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body. pain sweat All of the choices are correct. chill heat

chill

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except:

chills

All of the following pertain to platelets except they: - contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. - function primarily in hemostasis. - function in blood clotting and inflammation. - originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes. - are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it: - creates a physical barrier against pathogens. - is toxic to pathogens. - None of the choices is correct. - destroys pathogens. - physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.

creates a physical barrier against pathogens.

The membrane attack complex kills cells by:

creating holes in plasma cell membranes.

Match the statement that most accurately describes the main function of each cell to test your understanding of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity.

neutrophils = Main phagocytes in circulation basophils = Parallel eosinophil function in being involved in inflammation and allergic reactions monocytes = Phagocytic cells that leave circulation and differentiate into macrophages natural killer cells = Display no antigen specificity but are active against tumor and virally infected cells

Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?

neutrophils and macrophages

Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when:

neutrophils squeeze through the vessel wall.

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are: basophils. eosinophils. lymphocytes. monocytes. neutrophils.

neutrophils.

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except: chemotaxis. diapedesis. motility. phagocytosis. vasodilatation.

phagocytosis.

Complement is part of a group of "second-line" host defenses which are nonspecific or mainly nonspecific. Which of these is NOT part of that group?

plasma cells

Complement is a group of ______ found in the bloodstream.

proteins

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are: complement. lysozymes. pyrogens. leukotrines. interferons.

pyrogens

Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. In Latin, the term ______ means redness.

rubor

Complement proteins are found in:

serum

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota. digestive tract respiratory tract eyes skin urinary tract

skin

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? thymus GALT spleen lymph nodes tonsils

spleen