micro quiz 1

John Tyndall

Proved Pasteur's experiments demonstrating that air contains microorganisms were right. He found that various types of broths required different boiling times to be sterilized. He also discovered that some microorganisms exist in two forms: a cell readily killed by boiling and one that is heat resistant.

What is the Germ Theory of disease and who formulated it?

Robert Koch, some organisms are associated with particular infections. (Specific bacteria are linked to infectious diseases)

What is genetic engineering and bioremediation?

Scientists use Genetic Engineering introduction of genes into another organism to produce disease resistant plants, & medications i.e insulin *Bioremediation: using microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants.

What is important about the golden age of Microbiology?

Scientists were learning a great deal about medically important microbes which pathogenic bacteria were identified, and early work began on virus. Produced antibiotics

What are emerging, re-emerging diseases; give examples &the cause for this phenomenon?

Swine Flu, SARS Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, Lyme Disease, Hepatitis C, AIDS, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Mad Cow Disease, West Nile Encephalitis. People refusing to take the vaccinations because of fear of developing the disease causes these diseases to re-emerge

Bacteria that are present on our skin, in our mouth, digestive tract and urinary tract are called?

They are beneficial microbes known as Normal Flora or Normal Microbiota

Recent findings show that ulcers and cardiovascular disease are caused by microbes?

Ulcers mainly Peptic Ulcers caused by bacteria Helicobacter pylori

Viroid's disease are naked pieces of DNA that infect plants? TRUE or FALSE

Viroids are naked because they have no protein coat but of ONLY RNA

Which are the non-living members of the microbial world?

Virus, Viroids, Prion

Rubeolla

is commonly referred to as the measles. Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) infection that causes a rash all over your body. It is caused by a virus.

Epidemic parotitis

is commonly referred to as the mumps. Mumps causes painful swelling of the salivary glands usually the parotid gland. It is caused by a virus.

Virus

non-living infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Inactive outside the host.

Archaea are very similar to Bacteria and have rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan? TRUE or FALSE

(archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall)

Which are the microbial members of the domain Eucarya

1. Algae 2. Protoza 3. Fungi

How have microorganisms made the lives of humans comfortable?

1. Food Production such as using Yeast to make bread 2. Biodegradation degrade environmental pollutants i.e PCBs, DDT 3. Bacteria synthesizes commercially valuable products...Hydroxybutyric acid (diapers&plastic), Ethanol (biofuel), Oil& Hydrogen gas (possible biofuel), Insect toxins(insecticides), Antibiotics, Amino Acids(dietary supplements A.K.A vitamins) 4. Biotechnology techniques of studying microbes have made scientist genetically alter genes. i.e plants resistant to infections by insects, bacteria& viruses

What is the ratio of human to bacterial cells?

Bacterial species outnumber mammalian species by a factor of 10,000. Our bodies carry 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells. 1 in ten thousands

Why are microorganisms wonderful model organisms to study?

Because they display the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as higher life-form. Some examples are all cells composed the same, degrade foods via similar metabolic pathways, they replicate DNA identical to us.

How are the names if organisms written in the Binomial Systems?

Binomial Systems of Nomenclature refers to a 2 word naming system. First word in the name indicates the genus, always capitalized. Second indicates the specific epithet/species, not capitalized. Both are usually italicized or underlined.

Describe the history of the Bubonic Plague, smallpox and the cause of these diseases

Bubonic Plague- began in Europe people were infected by mice feces. Rodents got it from fleas. Antibiotics in the 20th century were discovered. Smallpox- was brought to the new world by the Spaniards. Hernando Cortez won war because of the disease killed all Aztecs.

What is Nomenclature?

Choosing names for things, especially in science

Francesco Redi

Conducted an experiment proving that worms found in rotting meat originated from the eggs of flies.

Father Spallanzani

Conducted an experiment that contradicted the findings of John Needham. He concluded that microorganisms had entered the broth with the air, and the corks used by many investigators did not keep air out.

Louis Pasteur:

Conducted an experiment to demonstrate that air contains microorganisms. He also demonstrated that sterile broths in specially constructed swan - necked flasks stayed sterile even when left open to air.

Which structures were present in hay infusions used in experiments on Spontaneous Generation that made infusions difficult to sterilize?

Endospores: Heat Resistant cells

Cell types which have membrane bound organelles are characteristics of?

Eucarya are Eukaryotic cells ("true nucleus"): Algae, Fungi, Protozoa

Bacteria and Eucarya both contain membrane bound organelles? TRUE or FALSE

False (Only Eucarya has membrane bound organelles)

Viruses simultaneous contain DNA, RNA and protein? TRUE or FALSE

False (Viruses has to be either DNA or RNA not both at the same time)

What vital role do microorganisms play in maintaining all life forms on earth?

Microorganisms convert N2 into forms that we can use, O2 produced by photosynthetic organisms like Algae& cyanobacteria, and degrades Cellulose as well as other materials that we cannot degrade

Bacteria:

No nuclear membrane, cell wall made of peptidoglycan present, no membrane bound organelles, found in all environments.

Archaea

No nuclear membrane, cell wall not made of peptidoglycan, No membrane bound organelles, Found in all environments, even in extreme environments

Worldwide vaccination has almost eliminated which disease?

No reported cases since 1977 of Smallpox vaccination

What are acellular infectious agents?

Non-living; Viruses, Viroids, Prions

Why were some scientists not successful in duplicating Pasteurs work?

Pasteur used broths made from sugar or yeast extract. Other scientists used broth made of hay resulting in conflicting findings to those of Pasteurs

Cell types which LACK membrane bound organelles are characteristics of?

Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

Algae and Protozoa combined are called?

Protists

viroid

A non-living infectious agent consisting ONLY of RNA. Plant diseases.

prion

A non-living infectious agent consisting only of misfolded protein. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (by causing the protein in the brain to misfolds which form threadlike structures called fibrils when eating prion-containing nervous tissues.) Are resistant to degradation by enzymes

All living organisms can be classified into what? Give examples.

All living organisms can be classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Eukarya include: Algae, Protozoan, Helminthes, Fungi Protists are Algae and Protozoan Prokaryotes are Bacteria and Archaea

Eucarya:

It has nuclear membrane, Cell wall is not made of peptidoglycan, it has membrane bound organelles. Found in environments that are not so extreme

Why was Pasteurs work important in ending the controversy over Spontaneous Generation

It helped and gave John Tyndall a boost/advance knowledge in order for him to think outside the box and discover the different forms of micro-organisms.

What is the difference between Nomenclature and Binomial?

It is a 2 word system. 1)Genus-First letter always capitalized 2)Species-it is not capitalized

Explain the work of Tyndall and Ferdinands Cohn and why it was significant?

John Tyndall proved Pasteur correct. He discovered that various broths require different boiling times. Hay contained heat-resistant forms of microbial life. He concluded that microorganisms exist in 2 different forms 1) a cell readily killed by boiling 2) one that is heat resistant

What led to the outbreak of measles, mumps, and whooping cough within the last few years?

Lack of Vaccinations and people being believing misleading information that vaccines are bad

What percent of microbial species can be grown in the laboratory?

Less than 1%

What was the idea of Spontaneous Generation?

Life arises spontaneously from non-living material

Pertussis

also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

During John Needham's time, what type of boiling was thought to kill all organisms?

brief boiling

Ferdinand Cohn

discovered Endospores; heat resistant forms of bacteria. These discoveries are important because they proved that Spontaneous Generation did not exist

Viruses, viroids, and prions are obligate intracellular agents? TRUE or FALSE?

faklse (Prions are not obligate intracellular agents but normal form of cellular protein)

The human body only containing bacteria during illness? TRUE or FALSE

false