Micro study exam

36 colonies grew in nutrient auger from 1.0 ML of undiluted sample in a standard plate count. How many cells were in the original sample? a. 4 b. 9 c. 18 d. 36 e. 72

d. 36

If you examine Side A after 3 days, you should find A a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level B a decrease in the concentration of nacl and an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose C no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level D a decrease in the concentration of nacl and glucose and an increase in the water level E no net change in the system

A a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level

A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot "mud pot" (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the A archaea. B fungi. C algae. D protozoa. E viruses.

A archaea.

*Host specificity Of a virus is due to A. Interactions between viral and cellular service molecules B. The presence of an envelope C. The presence or absence of a cell wall on the host cell D. Particular genes that it shares for the infected cell E. Differences in size between the virus and the host cell

A. Interactions between viral and cellular service molecules

Based on the information in table 8.3 prostate cancer is probably the result of which kind of mutation A. Nonsense B. Frameshift C. Analog D. Miss sense E. None of the answers is correct

A. Nonsense

In figure 8.4 the anabolic chloramphenicol binds the 50S ribosomes as shown. From this information you can conclude the Chloramphenicol A. Prevents translation in prokaryotes B. Prevents transcription in prokaryotes C. Prevents transcription in eukaryotes D. Prevents translation in eukaryotes E. Prevent M RNA- Ribosome binding

A. Prevents translation in prokaryotes

*Reversed transcript day is associated with which of the following? A. Retroviruses B. dsRNA viruses C. dsDNA viruses D. +ssRNA viruses E.-ssRNA viruses

A. Retroviruses

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard, Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution ecome limp and soft. From this we can decuce that the cells of the celerty stalks are A hypotonic to fesh water but hypertomic to the salt B hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution C hypertonic to the fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution D isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution E hypertonic to both fresh water and salt solution

C hypertonic to the fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution

Which of the following statements is Correct about scanning electron microscopes? A thin segments must be used B stains can be applied to improve contrast C images of surface structures are produced D glass lenses are used E the sample is placed in a vacuum

C images of surface structures are produced

Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells? A DNA B cytoplasm C nuclear envelope D cytoplasmic membrane E ribosomes

C nuclear envelope

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same. Look at picture attached! A side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to sodium chloride B side A is hypertonic to side B C side A is hypotonic to side B D side A is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose E side A is isotonic to side B

C side A is hypotonic to side B

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A. develop a taxonomic system B use a magnifying glass C view microorganisms and record these observations D disprove spontaneous generation E use the germ theory of disease

C view microorganisms & record theses observations

Which of the following is the correct order, from largest to smallest, of the modern taxonomic hierarchy? A. Class, domain, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species B. Phylum, kingdom, class, domain, order, family, genus, species C. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species D. Kingdom, domain, class, phylum, family, order, species, genus E. Kingdom, family, class, phylum, order, genus, species

C. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species "Dear King Phillip came over for good Sex"

Which of the following statements is true about selective toxicity A. Selected toxicity takes advantage of metabolic differences between host and pathogen B. Antimicrobial agents must target structural differences between host and pathogen and be more toxic to the patient than the pathogen C. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and or metabolic differences between Host pathogen D. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural differences between host and pathogen E. To be effective, in antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the patient then the pathogen

C. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and or metabolic differences between Host pathogen

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by A. Oxidation of N NADH to N a D+ B. Electron transport C. Substrate level phosphorylation D. Photophosphorylation E. Chemiosmosis

C. Substrate level phosphorylation

What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized? A. DNA ligase works only in the 3 to 5 direction B. Polymerase can work on only one stranded time C. Healing cases in single-stranded binding proteins work at the 5' end D. The origins of replication occur only at the 5' end E. DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only at the 3' end of the growing strand

E. DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only at the 3' end of the growing strand

The process of_________________ requires the activity of DNA ligase. A. Transduction B. Capping C. Transcription D. Translation E. DNA replication

E. DNA replication

Semi conservative DNA replication means that A. The cell can proofread its newly synthesized DNA only part of the time B. Nucleotides are constantly being recycled as cells make DNA C. Each strand of a double stranded DNA molecule is replicated differently D. The sequence of DNA molecule is preserved as it is being replicated E. Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand

E. Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand

The tetracyclines interfere with A. Cell wall synthesis B. Nucleic acid synthesis C. Protein synthesis D. Cell membrane component synthesis E. Folic acid synthesis

E. Folic acid synthesis

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? A. The citric acid cycle B. Oxidative phosphorylation C. Chemiosmosis D. The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E. Glycolysis

E. Glycolysis

The horizontal transfer process known as transduction A. Requires a plasmid B. Requires a pilus C. Requires a cell to be competent D. Involves a mutagen E. Involves a virus

E. Involves a virus

Which of the following is true on metabolism and its entirety in all organisms A. Metabolism depends on an organisms adequate hydration B. Metabolism manages the increase of entropy and an organism C. Metabolism uses all of an organisms resources D. Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food E. Metabolism consist of all the energy transformation reactions in organisms

E. Metabolism consist of all the energy transformation reactions in organisms

B-lactamase Production is an example of which of the following types of resistance? A. Change in the permeability of the drug B. Alteration of the target of the drug C. Removal of the drug via a pump D. Inactivation of the drug E. Overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway

E. Overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway

Changes in ______________ can be useful in analyzing microbes ability to ferment carbohydrates. A. Osmotic pressure B. Temperature C. Smell D. Oxygen use E. PH

E. PH

Which of the following does not achieve sterilization A. Dry heat B. Ethylene oxide C. Autoclave D. Super critical fluids E. Pasteurization

E. Pasteurization

A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use as an oral medication this product would be a (n) A. Analog B. Antibiotic C. Synthetic antimicrobial D. Probiotic E. Semi synthetic antimicrobial

E. Semi synthetic antimicrobial

The cooperative activity of drugs such as Beta -lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a B-lactamase inhibitor. Is known as A. Antimetabolism B. Chemotherapy C. Cross resistance D. Selective toxicity E. Synergism

E. Synergism

Functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton include giving shape to the cell and........ a. Anchoring organelles b. anchoring organelles and moving cellular contents c. separating chromosomes during mitosis d. monitoring cellular contents e. anchoring organelles, moving cellular contents, and separating chromosomes during mitosis

b. anchoring organelles and moving cellular contents

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes the sentence; catabolism is to anabolism as _____________ is to__________________ A. Free energy; entropy B. Work; energy c. Exergonic; endergonic d. Entropy: enthalpy e. Exergonic, spontaneous

c. Exergonic; endergonic

Disinfectant and that damage membranes include A. Hydrogen peroxide B. Alcohol C. Iodine D. Phenolics E. Both alcohol and phenolics

E. Both alcohol and phenolics

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemical like carbolic acid and phenol to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? A Lister B Snow C Nightingale D Ehrlich E Semmelweis

A Lister

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells? A lysosomes B peroxisomes C central vacuole D chloroplast E glyoxysome

A lysosomes

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A. Act as an acceptor for electrons in hydrogen, forming water B. You energy in the form of ATP as it passes down the respiratory chain C. Combined with carbon forming CO2 D. Catalyze the reactions of glycolysis E. Combined with lactate, forming pyruvate

A. Act as an acceptor for electrons in hydrogen, forming water

This figure represents a Petri plate. The gray area is where bacteria A is growing, the black area is where bacteria B is growing. The white area is a zone where neither organism is growing. What is the best interpretation of what is observed on the plate? A. Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A. B. Bacterial colony B has depleted the nutrients in the area around the colony C. Bacteria A grows faster than bacteria B D. Bacteria A produces a compound that inhibits the growth of bacteria B E. No conclusion can be made from this information

A. Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A.

Patients with indwelling catheters are susceptible to infections because A. Biofilms develop on catheters B. Infections can be transmitted from other people C. Bacteria cause infections D. Their immune system's are weakened E. Injected solutions are contaminated

A. Biofilms develop on catheters

Silvadene, a topical treatment for Burns, contains 1% silver. What category of chemical control agent is in Silvadene? A. Heavy metals B. Surfactants C. Aldehydes D. Halogens E. Oxidizing agents

A. Heavy metals

*How are prions different from all other known infectious agents? A. They lack nucleic acid B.They cause neurological problems C. They can be destroyed by incineration D. They act as slow viruses E. They cannot reproduce outside a cell

A. They lack nucleic acid

The dairy creamer using restaurants is usually treated by A. Ultra high temperature pasteurization B. Ionizing radiation C. Lyophilization D. Filtration E. Autoclaving

A. Ultra high temperature pasteurization

The control of infections disease remains challenging a century after the understanding of infectious disease began. What contributes to the continuing challenge? A rapid growing estimates of the diversity of microbes B developing resistance to antimicrobial agents C both drug resistance pathogens and emerging diseases D emerging diseases E creating microbes using recombinant DNA technology?

C both drug resistance pathogens and emerging diseases

If a microbiology lab student left the safranin out of the Gram stain procedure, what would be the result? A all cells would be purple? B Gram positive cells would be purple and Gram negative cells would be colorless C Gram positive cells would be colorless and Gram negative cells be pink D All cells would be pink E Gram positive cells would be pink and Gram negative cells would be purple

B Gram positive cells would be purple and Gram negative cells would be colorless

Which of the following is (are) True for anabolic pathways? A They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions B They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers C They do not depend on enzymes D They consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment E They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers

B They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

A cell lacking oligosaccharides and certain proteins on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function? A maintaining fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer B attaching to the cytoskeleton C cell-cell recognition D establishing the diffusion barrier to charged molecules

C cell-cell recognition

Cytosine makes up 33% of the nucleotides and a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in the sample will be thymine? A. 42% B. 17% C. 66% D. 16% E. It cannot be determined from the information provided

B. 17%

Which of the following is not a product a transcription A. tRNA B. A new strand of DNA C. rRNA D. mRNA E. None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription

B. A new strand of DNA

Figure 6.2 shows a typical bacteria growth curve with the X-axis indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the Y-axis indicating time and culture. In the figure, which sections of the graph illustrate a logarithmic change in cell numbers? A. A and C B. B and D C. A and B D. C And D E. A and D

B. B and D

The biosafety level (BSL) for most introductory microbiology Laboratories is A. BSL-1 B. BSL-2 C. BSL-3 D. BSL-4

B. BSL-2

The preservation of beef jerky for microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control A. Super critical CO2 B. Desiccation C. Ionizing radiation D. Filtration E. Lyophilization

B. Desiccation

*Which of the following cells increase the number during a helminth infection? A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Lymphocytes D. Macrophages E. Neutrophils

B. Eosinophils

*During______________, Viruses remain dormant in animal cells. A. Persistent infection B. Latency C. Oncogenesis D. Budding E. Lytic Replication

B. Latency

*Tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called A. Neoplasia B. Metastasis C. Budding D.Latency E. A plaque assay

B. Metastasis

During elongation a charged T RNA first enters the ribosomal ___________site and then moves into the_______________ site. A. P, E B. P, A C. E, A D. A, E E. A, P

B. P, A

An enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of RNA is A. Transposase B. Polymerase C. DNA ligase D. DNA topoisomerase E. DNA Helicase

B. Polymerase

Genetic elements known as promoters are initiation points in the process of A. Mutation repair B. Translation C. Transformation D. DNA replication E. Transcription

B. Translation

Salt and sugars work to preserve food by creating a A. Lower pH B. hypertonic environment C.Depletion of nutrients D. Hypotonic environment E. Lower osmotic pressure

B. hypertonic environment

*The process known as______________Is the mechanism of release for envelope viruses. A. Persistent infection B. Metastasis C.Budding D. Lytic replication E. Latency

C. Budding

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction:2H2O2 -2H20 + 02? A. Oxidase B. Superoxide dismutase C. Catalase D. Peroxidase

C. Catalase

An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following? A. The sterols in the cell while becoming nonfunctioning B. The replication of cells, including cancer cells, slow down C. Cells become most susceptible to osmotic pressure D. Cells cannot attached to their hosts E. Ribosomes lose their function

C. Cells become most susceptible to osmotic pressure

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the _________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria A petri stain B Koch's stain C Gram stain D Pastuer fermentation test E Ehrlich magic test

C Gram stain

* In what ways do viruses differ from other pathogens? A. Viruses are composed of protein only B. Viruses are composed of both protein and lipid C. Viruses have no protein structure D. Viruses lacks cytoplasm and organelles E. Viruses lack of genetic material

D. Viruses lacks cytoplasm and organelles

Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids? A) Gram-negative bacteria only B) archaea C) Gram-positive bacteria only D) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria E) all prokaryotes

C) Gram-positive bacteria only

Referred to a table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by stranded DNA is serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, what is the order of bases in the sense strand of DNA? A. 3' TCTCGTTTGTTA B. 3'UGUGCAAACUUA C. 3' AGACGTTTCAAT D. 5' TGTGCTTTCTTA E. 5' AGAGCTTTGAAT

C. 3' AGACGTTTCAAT

*Virus replication results in the death of the cell in_________ Infections. A. A latent B. A lysogenic C. A lytic D. A persistent E. Both latent and persistent

C. A Lytic

*A(n) ___________Is a virus that infected bacterial cells? A. Virion B. Nucleocapsid C. Bacteriophage D. Envelope E. Prion

C. Bacteriophage

A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water-equal to the volume of blood lost-It's transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable results of this transfusion? A period the patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid has become hypertonic compared to the cells Be. The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood fluid has become hypertonic compared to the cells C. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel because the blood fluid has become hypotonic compared to the cells D. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid has become hypertonic compared to the cells E.It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria

C. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel because the blood fluid has become hypotonic compared to the cells

The metabolic processes called fermentation A. Produce substrates for glycolysis B. Produce substrates for the Krebs cycle C. Use an organic molecule as a final electron receptor D. Occur only when oxygen is readily available E. Are alternatives for the pentose phosphate pathway

C. Use an organic molecule as a final electron receptor

The gram stain works because of the differences in the ________________ of bacteria? A cell membranes B capsules C antigens D cell walls E genetic characteristic

D cell walls

Mammalian Blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? A NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells B the blood cells will take up water, swell. and eventually burst. C NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion D water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse E The blood cells will expend ATP for active transport of NaCl into the cytoplasm

D water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse

Identify the processes of glucose metabolism represented in figure 5 - 1 A)A= Glycolysis B=Krebs cycle C=Electron transport chain D=Fermentation B) A=Fermentation B=Glycolysis C=Krebs cycle D=Electron transport chain C) A=Glycolysis B=Krebs cycle C=Fermentation D=Electron transport chain D) A=Glycolysis B=Fermentation C=Krebs cycle D=Electron transport chain E) A=Electron transport chain B= Krebs cycle C=Glycolysis D=Fermentation

D) A=Glycolysis B=Fermentation C=Krebs cycle D=Electron

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called A) fungi. B) pathogens. C) eukaryotes. D) prokaryotes. E) viruses.

D) prokaryotes.

An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the cells go through? A. 64 B. 32 C. 6 D. 5 E. 4

D. 5

In figure 8.2, if base 4 is thymine what is base 4? A. Cytosine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Adenine E. Uracil

D. Adenine

Which of the following is a byproduct of the catabolism of proteins? A. Acetyl CoA B. Proteases C. Carbon dioxide D. Ammonia E. Lactic acid

D. Ammonia

The synthesis of ATP oxidative phosphorylation, using energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down there electrochemical gradient, is example of A. It reaction with A positive ^G B. Active transport C. Allosteric regulation D. And endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction E. Osmosis

D. And endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell A. By crossing over B. By a bacteriophage C. By cell to cell contact D. As naked DNA and the environment E. By sexual reproduction

D. As naked DNA and the environment

Most bacteria reproduce by A. Budding B. Mitosis C. Fragmentation D. Binary fission E. Ariel hyphae

D. Binary fission

The E test to determine which of the following? A. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) B. Both MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) C. Susceptibility D. Both susceptibility and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) E. MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)

D. Both susceptibility and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT A. Alteration of membrane permeability B. Damage to nucleic acids C. Breaking up hydrogen bonds D. Decreased thermal death time E. Denaturation of enzymes

D. Decreased thermal death time

After mixing a heat killed, phosphorescent strain of bacteria with a living nonphosphorescent strain, you discover that some of the living cells are now phosphorescent. Which observations would provide the best evidence that the ability to fluoresce is a heritable trait? A. DNA passed from the heat killed strain to the living strain B. Protein pass from the heat killed strain to the living strain C. Both DNA and protein passed from the heat killed strain to the living strain D. Descendants of the Living cells are also phosphorescent E. The phosphorescence in the living strain is especially bright

D. Descendants of the Living cells are also phosphorescent

*Which of the following places Stages Of a lighted replication cycleIn order, from earliest to latest stages I. Synthesis II. Assembly III. Attachment IV. Release V. Entry A. I,III,V,II,IV B. V,III,II,IV,I C. I,II,III,V,IV D. III,V,I,II,IV E. III,II,V,I,IV

D. III,V,I,II,IV

Which of the following is not a desirable characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial agent? A. It is inexpensive B. It asked quickly C. It is stable during storage D. It only arrests growth of vegetative cells E. It is harmless to humans

D. It only arrests growth of vegetative cells

You have a friend who lost about 7 g (15 pounds) of fat on a regime a strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body? A. It was converted to heat and then released. B. It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. C. It was broken down into amino acids and illuminated from her body. D. It was released as CO2 and H2O. E. It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

D. It was released as CO2 and H2O.

A culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms grow and a yellow Halo surrounds Staphylococcus areaus colonies is called a (n) A. Enrichment culture B. Selective medium C. Differential medium D. Selected and differential medium E. Differential in enrichment culture

D. Selected and differential medium

A drug is structurally similar to PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis. It is most likely a (n) A. Tetracycline B. Nucleic acid analog C. Azole D. Sulfonamide E. Penicillin

D. Sulfonamide

Which of the following is the INCORRECT pairing? A viruses, acellular parasites B fungi, cell walls C algae, aquatic and marine habitats D Prokaryotes, no nuclei E protozoa, multicellular

E Protozoa, multicellular

*Which of the following is primarily responsible for the shape of a virion A. The source of the envelope B. The type of nucleic acid C. The specific host protein that viruses target D. The number of segments of a viral genome E The capsid

E The capsid

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms? A fimbriae B glycocalyces C pili D flagella E both fimbriae and glycocalyces

E both fimbriae and glycocalyces

Which of the following are magnifying lenses? A oculars B condensers C dark field stops D objectives E both objectives and the oculars

E both objectives and the oculars

Lipid A is a component of A bacterial glycocalyces B mycolic acid C plant cell walls D cytoplasmic membranes E lipopolysaccharides

E lipopolysaccharides

The rules of naming organisms are called A classification B taxonomy C identification D binomials E nomenclature

E nomenclature

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A cellulose B glycogen C lipids D nucleic acids E proteins

E proteins

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of carbon (c02) from one molecule of pyruvate? A. Glyceraldehyde's -3- phosphate B. Lactate C. Oxaloacetate D. Citrate E. Acetyl CoA

E. Acetyl CoA

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reactions? a. By binding at the active side of the enzyme b. By changing the shape of the enzymes active site c. By decreasing the activation energy of the reaction d. By acting as a coenzyme for the reaction e. By changing the free energy change of the reaction

b. By changing the shape of the enzymes active site