Microbio Ch. 14

Which of these events is an example of contact transmission? A person develops plague from a flea bite. Vacationers develop shigellosis, caused by the intestinal pathogen Shigella spp. after drinking contaminated water. Several people become infected with Listeria after consuming contaminated ice cream. A person drinks from a cup used by another individual. Tuberculosis is spread from one person to another after traveling through the air for several meters.

A person drinks from a cup used by another individual.

Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism? Hints Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism? a tapeworm in the gastrointestinal tract of a human Corynebacterium on the surface of the eye E. coli within the large intestine saprophytic Mycobacterium of the ear

E. coli within the large intestine

Which of the following events does NOT occur in diseases transmitted by vectors? In biological transmission, pathogens multiply in the vector, which can transmit the pathogens by injecting saliva directly into the host. In biological transmission, the vector multiplies in the human host. In biological transmission, vectors can spread pathogens by vomiting. In mechanical transmission, insects contact feces containing pathogenic bacteria and transfer it to food. In biological transmission, a vector transmits pathogens by defecating while taking a blood meal.

In biological transmission, the vector multiplies in the human host.

An example of descriptive epidemiology is __________. a comparison of drug effectiveness in two groups of patients Florence Nightingale's studies of disease transmission in soldiers and civilians during the Crimean War the first report of a disease occurrence a study comparing disease rates in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals John Snow's study of the London cholera outbreak from 1848 to 1849

John Snow's study of the London cholera outbreak from 1848 to 1849

Germ-free (gnotobiotic) animals often are more susceptible to infections and serious disease than are animals with a typical complement of normal microbiota. Based on this observation, which of the following would be an appropriate conclusion? Normal microbiota are parasitic. Normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system. Normal microbiota are incapable of causing disease. Normal microbiota always result in opportunistic infections. Normal microbiota provide supplemental nutrition to the host.

Normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system.

Which of the following is NOT necessary to satisfy Koch's postulates? The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected diseased animal and shown to be identical to the original isolate. The organism must be grown in pure culture outside the diseased host. The organism must cause disease through toxin production. The organism must cause the disease when introduced from pure culture into a healthy host. The organism must be present in every case of the disease.

The organism must cause disease through toxin production.

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates? The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism. The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism

A nosocomial infection is A nosocomial infection is always caused by pathogenic bacteria. acquired during the course of hospitalization. always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. always caused by medical personnel. only a result of surgery.

acquired during the course of hospitalization

3a) A useful way of defining the scope of a disease is in terms of its severity or duration. A(n) __________ disease is one that develops rapidly but lasts for a short time while a(n) ____________ disease develops more slowly, but is likely to continue or recur for long periods.

acute; chronic

Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT climatic changes. new strains of previously known agents. ease of travel. antibiotic resistance. The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these.

all

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections? Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections? antibiotic resistance using syringes more than once errors in aseptic technique normal microbiota on the operating room staff All of the answers are correct.

all

Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis? Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis? Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome tapeworm rabies cat-scratch disease All of these are zoonoses.

all

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms are specific for a particular disease. are changes observed by the physician. are changes felt by the patient. always occur as part of a syndrome. None of the answers is correct.

are changes felt by the patient

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota never cause disease. cause diseases. are found in a certain location on the host. are always acquired by direct contact. are present for a relatively short time.

are present for a relatively short time

5e) Which organisms are the most important group of disease vectors?

arthropods like fleas, ticks, mosquitoes

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is referred to as __________. bacterial dimorphism edema cytokine storm bacteremia symbiosis

bacteremia

Open Hint for Question 2 in a new window In a healthy human, resident microorganisms would be found in all of the following areas EXCEPT the __________. tooth and gum surfaces conjunctiva lower urethra nasal passages bloodstream

bloodstream

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection? Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection? botulism tuberculosis measles the common cold diphtheria

botulism

5a) Some people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness. These people are called ___________, and they are considered a human reservoir of infection.

carriers

Women who have a healthy population of Lactobacillus spp. as part of the normal vaginal microbiota are less likely to get yeast infections. Which of the following terms is used to explain this observation? synergism competitive exclusion commensalism parasitism mutualism

competitive exclusion

The etiologic agent of the disease in the situation is During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The etiologic agent of the disease in the situation is pneumonia. wind. Coxiella burnetii. soil. sheep.

coxiella burnetii

6b) Clostridium difficile is currently the leading cause of nosocomial infections. What is the most common infection associate with C. difficile? (Hint: Look at Table 14.4 on page 403)

diarrhea

5d) A person that has contracted the flu sneezes without covering his/her mouth. What route of disease transmission is caused by sneezing?

droplet transmission

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) __________ disease in these regions. Hints Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) __________ disease in these regions. sporadic pandemic epidemic endemic

endemic

The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) communicable disease. endemic level. epidemic level. pandemic. sporadic infection.

epidemic level

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called morbidity and mortality. public health. ecology. communicable disease. epidemiology.

epidemiology

5c) The general term for any nonliving object involved in the spread of infection is called a __________.

fomite

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? lack of disinfecting surfaces gram-negative cell walls lack of handwashing antibiotic resistance lapse in aseptic techniques

gram neg cell walls

Which of the following is a fomite? Which of the following is a fomite? insects water droplets from a sneeze a hypodermic needle pus

hypodermic needle

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in no bacterial growth because washing removes their food source. normal microbiota returning immediately. fewer diseases. body odor. increased susceptibility to disease.

increased susceptibility to disease

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms? In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms? incubation convalescence decline prodromal both incubation and convalescence

incubation and convalescence

Which of these disease stages is most likely to be altered in length if the number of infecting organisms at the start of the infection is very high? prodromal period incubation period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence

incubation period

An infection transmitted by a handkerchief or tissue is transmitted by __________. direct contact droplet transmission a vector common vehicle transmission indirect contact

indirect contact

A needlestick is an example of A needlestick is an example of indirect contact transmission by fomite. direct biological transmission by vector. vehicle transmission. droplet transmission. direct contact.

indirect contact transmission by fomite

2) Why is the bacterium that causes syphilis an exception to Koch's postulates?

it has never been cultured in a media

A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as zoonotic. subclinical. latent. acute. subacute.

latent

Focal infections initially start out as Focal infections initially start out as local infections. systemic infections. sepsis. septicemia. bacteremia.

local infections

A commensal bacterium A commensal bacterium does not receive any benefit from its host. isn't capable of causing disease in its host. always causes disease in its host. may also be an opportunistic pathogen. is beneficial to its host.

may also be an opportunistic pathogen

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism (also known as competitive exclusion)? microbes producing vitamins and growth factors that can be utilized by the host microbes competing with other microbes for nutrients microbes producing acidic compounds that limit the growth of many bacteria microbes utilizing oxygen necessary for the growth of other microbes microbes producing compounds inhibitory to other microbes

microbes producing vitamins and growth factors that can be utilized by the host

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that microorganisms are the result of disease. microorganisms can be cultured. diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another. microorganisms cause disease. microorganisms are present in a diseased animal.

microorganisms cause disease

In the human intestinal tract, E. coli produces vitamins beneficial to the host and can inhibit pathogen growth. In turn, the bacterium is supplied with nutrients and an environment for growth. This symbiotic relationship between E. coli and its host is an example of __________. antagonism mutualism opportunism commensalism parasitism

mutualism

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? a healthy person a sick person a hospital a sick animal None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

none

Open Hint for Question 8 in a new window Following coronary artery bypass surgery, seven patients develop Rhodococcus bronchialis infections. Cultures of the operating rooms, Nurse A, and Nurse B are taken. R. bronchialis grows from the hand and nasal swabs of Nurse A. The patients' infections are an example of a/an __________. nosocomial infection vector-borne infection endemic infection emerging infectious disease epidemic infection

nosocomial infection

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a latent infection. communicable disease. nosocomial infection. sporadic disease. None of the answers is correct.

nosocomial infection

6a) Healthcare-associated infections are traditionally known as...

nosocomial infections

Health care professionals who fail to use aseptic techniques can cause __________. pathogens predisposing factors herd immunity nosocomial infections zoonoses

nosocomial infections

Which of the following is the third stage of a disease? period of decline prodromal period period of illness incubation period period of convalescence

period of illness

3c) A _____________ infection is an acute infection that causes the initial illness while a ___________ infection is caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the initial infection has weakened the body's defenses.

primary; secondary

Ingesting lactic acid bacteria to prevent colonization by intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica during antibiotic therapy is an example of __________. opportunism parasitism probiotics vaccination chemotherapy

probiotics

1a) What is the benefit of our normal microbiota exhibiting microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) with other foreign bacteria?

protects the host from invading microbes that could be harmful

The occurrence of streptococcal bronchopneumonia in an individual recovering from influenza is an example of a __________. chronic infection secondary infection latent infection subacute infection sporadic infection

secondary infection

3b) Blood poisoning, also called ___________ is a systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood.

septicemia

4) When a disease develops it follows a certain sequence of steps. During the period of illness various disease symptoms can occur such as myalgia, pharyngitis, photophobia, and lymphadenopathy. What is the common term for each of the stated symptoms?

side effects?

5b) Two major nonliving reservoirs of infectious disease are _________ and _________.

soil and water

Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via indirect contact? Hints Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via indirect contact? Mr. Smith sneezes on an airplane, and the person sitting beside him catches his cold. A tick that is infected with Lyme disease bites a hiker, and the hiker gets Lyme disease. A restaurant worker has diarrhea caused by Norovirus. He fails to wash his hands adequately before preparing the salad, and his customers get sick. A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold.

student sneezes on her test booklet

Infections in which the pathogen is distributed throughout the body are referred to as generalized infections or __________. emerging infections local infections systemic infections focal infections zoonoses

systemic infections

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease? Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease? tuberculosis AIDS malaria tetanus typhoid fever

tetanus

Which of these diseases does not have a human reservoir? Candida albicans HIV tetanus diphtheria gonorrhea

tetanus

The morbidity rate is best defined as __________. the percentage of infectious diseases that are nationally notifiable the decrease in death rate following effective vaccination the number of individuals, relative to the population, who have died as a result of a particular disease in a period of time the immunization rate for notifiable diseases that can be prevented through vaccination programs the number of individuals, relative to the population, affected by a particular disease in a period of time

the number of individuals, relative to the population, affected by a particular disease in a period of time

Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct? Hints Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct? During the incubation period, the infected individual exhibits obvious signs of sickness. The period of decline is the time when the infected individual's health rapidly deteriorates. The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state). The prodromal period is characterized by very severe symptoms.

the period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers

In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor? In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor? tetanus pneumonia anthrax urinary tract infections salmonellosis

urinary tract infections

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to improved handwashing. vaccinations. antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. increased use of antibiotics. None of the answers is correct.

vaccinations

As a health care worker, you are keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming patients. You worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the most important thing you can do to avoid this? Hints As a health care worker, you are keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming patients. You worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the most important thing you can do to avoid this? wear shoe covers shave my head wear a lab coat wash my hands before interacting with any patient

wash my hands before interacting with any patient