MicroBio Ch.11: infectious disease

What is the best definition of a toxin a. A compound made by a host cell to prevent infection with microbes b. A compound that results in lysis of bacterial cells c. A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

POLLEV: lymphatic fluid contains all of the following except a. WBC b. Extracellular fluid c. RBC d. could debris e. infectious agents

RBC

Which of the following are sources of the microbiota that colonize a newborn? a. food b. family members c. regular immunizations

a and b

Which of the following body parts are colonized as an infant contacts family members and its environment? a. skin b. GI tract c. brain and spinal cord d. bones e. genitourinary tract

a, b, and e

Newborns and older babies acquire living microbes from ______. a. food b. breast milk c. medications d. the environment e. caregivers f. vaccinations

a, b, d, e

Which of the following describe situations in which a person may be susceptible to infection and disease caused by members of the normal biota? a. poor hygiene practices allow E. coli to enter the urinary tract b. a fetus while it is in the womb c. the immune system is compromised by HIV infection d. specific and nonspecific immunity is intact e. microbes enter the bloodstream due to an injury

a, c, and e

Microbes that are part of the normal microbiota are termed _____ a. colonists b. invaders c. transients

a. colonists

POLLEV: The process by which WBCs are slowed and attach to the vessel wall during the inflammatory response s called a. margination b. phagocytosis c. complement d. diapedesis

a. margination

Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles? a. phagocytes b. erythrocytes c. pathogens d. eosinophils

a. phagocytes * Erythrocytes are red blood cells and are not part of the host immune response and thus do not participate in phagocytosis. * Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease and are not part of the host immune response and thus do not participate in phagocytosis. * Eosinophils are immune system cells that respond to fungal and helminth infections. They do not participate in phagocytosis.

Which of the following represent collections of microbes and inflammatory cells that have been walled-off within the tissues?

abscesses and granulomas

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues is called _________

adhesion

Normal biota can benefit the host by protecting it from the overgrowth of unwanted microbes; this effect is referred to as microbial ___________

antagonism

Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream? a. an infected cut b. AIDS c. typhoid fever d. a boil e. a wart

b and c

Identify correct statements regarding the human microbiome. a. Microbes are present in the human body only on the surface of the skin. b. he composition of the gut microbiome has an influence on the development of obesity. c. Bacteriophage are not present in the human microbiome. d. Healthy people also have dangerous pathogens, but in small numbers.

b and d

Which of the following statements regarding the human microbiome are correct? a. Some parts of the body, specifically the lungs, are devoid of microbes. b. Our resident microbes produce enzymes that help us digest food c. Dangerous pathogens are not found in healthy humans. d. Viruses are found in healthy humans in large numbers.

b and d

Which of the following are factors that can weaken the immune system of a host? a. hair color b. surgery c. genetic defects d. chemotherapy e. height f. malnutrition g. stress h. age i. disease

b, c, d, f, g, h, i

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma? a. hyaluronidase b. coagulase c. streptokinase d. mucinase

b. coagulase

A(n) ________ infection is characterized as an infection with a member of the normal biota. a. exogenous b. endogenous

b. endogenous

When an organism coming from somewhere in the same human host causes an infection, it is described as ______. a. exogenous b. endogenous

b. endogenous

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a(n) ______ which is part of the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls. a. exotoxin b. endotoxin c. hemolysin d. exoenzyme

b. endotoxin * Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and damage the cell membrane or disrupt intracellular function. * Hemolysin is an exotoxin that targets red blood cells. * Exoenzymes are secreted by bacteria and cause damage to host tissues.

Which term describes a toxin that is part of the outer membrane in a gram negative bacterial cell? a. exotoxin b. endotoxin c. hemolysin d. exoenzyme

b. endotoxin * Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and damage the cell membrane or disrupt intracellular function. * Hemolysis is an exotoxin that targets red blood cells. * Exoenzymes are secreted by bacteria and cause damage to host tissues.

How do the actual number and variety of microorganisms considered as normal microbiota described by the Human Microbiome Project compare to the number and variety of microorganisms considered normal microbiota by laboratory cultivation? a. the two estimates are not really comparable b. laboratory cultivation underestimates the number and variety of microbes c. laboratory cultivation overestimates the number and variety of microbes d. both estimates are around the same for most tissues

b. laboratory cultivation underestimates the number and variety of microbes

Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin? a. streptolysin b. lipopolysaccharide c. coagulase d. collagenase e. staphylokinase f. hemolysin

b. lipopolysaccharide * Streptolysin is a hemolytic exotoxin * Coagulase is an exoenzyme (extracellular enzyme) * Collagenase is an exoenzyme (extracellular enzyme) * Staphylokinase is an exoenzyme (extracellular enzyme) * Hemolysin is an exotoxin

An infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than one colonizer is termed a(n) ______ infection. a. opportunistic b. polymicrobial c. exogenous

b. polymicrobial

POLLEV: the thymus is a primary lymphatic organ. what part does the thymus play? a. site of development of RBC b. site of T lymphocyte growth c. located in bone marrow d. regaling of cytokines

b. site of T lymphocyte growth

The first comprehensive (large scale) exposure of an infant to normal biota occurs during passage through the ________ ________

birth canal

The outer membrane of ______ bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS). a. gram-pos b. neither gram neg nor gram pos c. gram neg d. both gram neg and gram pos

c. gram neg

Where does an enterotoxin act? a. nervous system b. lymph nodes c. intestines d. bloodstream

c. intestines

POLLEV: which of the following is not a granulocyte a. basophil b. eosinophil c. lymphocyte d. polymorphonuclear cell

c. lymphocyte * polymorphonuclear cell is another name for a neutrophil

An infection that persists over a long duration is referred to as a ___________ infection

chronic

Pathogenic staphylococci produce an enzyme that causes clotting of blood or plasma that is called ___________

coagulase

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______. a. fusion b. opsoninzation c. attachment d. adhesion

d. adhesion * Fusion is a biological term for the merging of membrane bound objects. * Opsonization is the process by which pathogens are coated with immune components to mark them for destruction by phagocytes * Attachment differs from adhesion. Microbes can become attached to many things through specific or nonspecific interactions

Which term refers to a toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target? a. exoenzyme b. endotoxin c. toxoid d. exotoxin

d. exotoxin * Exoenzymes are enzymes that break down and inflict damage on tissues. * Endotoxin (LPS) is a toxic component of the gram-negative outer membrane that is released upon damage or lysis of the cell. * A toxoid is an inactivated toxin.

An infection that occurs when a microbe breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue is called a(n) ______ infection. a. chronic b. systemic c. secondary d. focal e. mixed

d. focal * A chronic infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time. * In a systemic infection, an infectious agent has spread to several tissue sites and fluids, and is usually in the bloodstream * A secondary infection is an additional infection that follows an initial infection with a different microbe.

A(n) ______ is a type of bacterial exotoxin that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. a. kinase b. cytolysin c. coagulase d. hemolysin e. mucinase

d. hemolysin * Bacterial kinases are exoenzymes that dissolve blood clots. * Cytolysins are exotoxins that lyse cells. * Coagulase is an exoenzyme that clots blood. * Mucinase is an exoenzyme that digests mucus.

POLLEV: which of the following is a professional phagocytic cell? a. basophil b. eosinophil c. plasma cell d. neutrophil

d. neutrophil

At the time of birth, what event provides a comprehensive exposure to microbial life? a. handling by medical personnel b. rupturing of the membranes c. the umbilical cord is cute d. passage through the birth canal

d. passage through the birth canal

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to weaken host defenses? a. mental stress b. age c. genetic defects in immunity d. physical stress e. height f. surgery and organ transplants

e. height

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.

endotoxin

A bacterial toxin that is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is referred to as __________

endotoxin or LPS

An extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues is called a(n) _____________

exoenzyme

Many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms secrete _________ that break down and inflict damage on tissues

exoenzymes

Microbial proteins with a strong specificity for a target cell that exert extremely powerful, and sometimes deadly, effects on that cell are called ___________

exotoxins

In cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a __________ infection

focal

Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes are known as ________ and _______

granulomas; abscesses

A bacterial exotoxin that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin is referred to as a(n) _________

hemolysin

Which of the following is a bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells, causing them to burst? a. lysozyme b. lipopolysaccharide c. hemolysin d. perforin

hemolysin * Lysozyme is a host enzyme that targets bacterial cells * LPS is an endotoxin that has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs * Perforin is produced by immune system cells of the host.

A nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage is called _________

inflammation

The earliest symptoms of disease usually come from the activation of a nonspecific response to tissue injury through a defensive process called ____________

inflammation

A state of inactive infection is called ______.

latency

When a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there, it causes a(n) ______ infection. a. systemic b. mixed c. focal d. acute e. localized

localized * A systemic infection invades many compartments and organs via the bloodstream. * An acute infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration.

An infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than one microbe is termed a(n) __________ infection

microbial

POLLEV: an example of a physical barrier as a first line of defense is

mucous membranes

Toxins that act on the nervous system are called ___________

neurotoxins

A pathogen is a microbe whose relationship with its host is _________ and results in infection and ___________

parasitic; disease

Any biological agents whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection is called a(n) _____________

pathogen

The incubation period is characterized by ______.

pathogen multiplication

Exogenous microbes are likely to first encounter resistance from white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals. These white blood cells are called ______________

phagocytes

Until recently, the uterus and its contents were thought to be sterile during embryonic and fetal development but we now know that the ____________ harbors a small but significant array of bacteria.

placenta

A pathogen leaves its host and moves to other susceptible hosts by an avenue called the ______ of exit. a. reservoir b. portal c. mode d. passage

portal

In many cases, normal biota can benefit the human host by ______. a. making a majority of the nutrients needed in metabolism b. eliminating metabolic wastes from the body to prevent disease c. making conditions favorable for the growth of other normal biota members d. preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota

preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota

In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the _____________ infection

primary

Suppose a patient who is suffering from influenza develops bacterial pneumonia within a week of first becoming sick with the flu. In this sequence of illnesses, influenza virus caused the ______ infection.

primary

Any abnormality uncovered upon physical examination or diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease is referred to as a(n) _______________

sign

If a patient reports pain in his throat, this is considered to be a ______ of a possible infection.

symptom

Subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient is called a(n) __________

symptom

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) ______.

syndrome

An infection that spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually via the bloodstream is called a(n) ____________ infection

systemic

A specific chemical product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms is called a(n) __________

toxin