Microbio Ch.5-8
Which of the following is the name for molecules whose structures are nonsuperimposable mirror images? structural isomers monomers polymers enantiomers
enantiomers
The apical complex of Apicomplexans such as Plasmodium is involved in which cellular process? binary fission entry into host cells phagocytosis photosynthesis
entry into host cells
Although there are no current treatments for prion infections, which of the following could be used? antibiotics nucleases proteases sulfa drugs
proteases
Which of the following are enzymes that break down proteins? amylases oxidases oxygenases proteases
proteases
Amino groups are an important component of which of the following macromolecules? carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins
proteins
In retroviruses, the integrated phage genome is known as which of the following? prophage provirus virioid virion
provirus
Which molecule typically serves as the final electron acceptor during fermentation? oxygen NAD+ pyruvate CO2
pyruvate
Which of the following is not a commercially important fermentation product? ethanol pyruvate butanol penicillin
pyruvate
Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? carbon dioxide GTP, which is converted to ATP NADH pyruvate
pyruvate
Which of the following products is made during Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis? NAD+ pyruvate CO2 two-carbon acetyl
pyruvate
The source of agar, which is typically used in the microbiology laboratory, is which of the following? brown algae green algae red algae lichen
red algae
During the asexual life cycle described in the textbook, cellular slime molds produce which of the following? gametes spores gametes and spores neither gametes nor spores
spores
Plasmodial slime molds produce which of the following: gametes but no spores gametes that divide into spores spores but no gametes spores that divide into gametes
spores that divide into gametes
Amylose is a component of which of the following? cellulose disaccharides nucleotides starch
starch
In which form do plants generally store sugar molecules? cellulose chitin glycogen starch
starch
Which of the following best describes glucose, fructose, and galactose? achiral enantiomers stereoisomers structural isomers
structural isomers
Disulfide bridges are most important in which of the following? primary structure of proteins secondary structure of proteins structure of carbohydrates tertiary structure of proteins
tertiary structure of proteins
Which of the following is a pathway that breaks down glucose in some microbes? the Calvin cycle the Entner-Doudoroff pathway the Krebs cycle the tricarboxylic acid cycle
the Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Which site on an enzyme is where substrates bind? the activation site the active site the catalyst site the lock and key site
the active site
Which of the following is the term for the outer layer of a lichen? the cortex the medulla the thallus the theca
the cortex
Which is the location of electron transports systems in prokaryotes? the outer mitochondrial membrane the cytoplasm the inner mitochondrial membrane the cytoplasmic membrane
the cytoplasmic membrane
Which of the following is the most acidic location in a mitochondrion? the intermembrane space the matrix within the outer membrane within the thylakoid
the intermembrane space
Which of the following is the best definition of a macronutrient? a trace element a vitamin an organic molecule necessary for life the most abundant elements found in living cells
the most abundant elements found in living cells
Which is the source of the energy used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? oxygen high-energy phosphate bonds the proton motive force Pi
the proton motive force
Proteomic analysis is a methodology that deals with which of the following? the analysis of proteins functioning as enzymes within the cell analysis of transport proteins in the cell the analysis of integral proteins of the cell membrane the study of all accumulated proteins of an organism
the study of all accumulated proteins of an organism
To which of the following does a competitive inhibitor most structurally resemble? the active site the allosteric site the substrate a coenzyme
the substrate
The Baltimore Classification system describes viruses according to which characteristic? capsid shape host-cell susceptibility the presence or absence of an envelope the viral genome
the viral genome
Which is a common type of secondary structure of proteins? the α helix the β helix the Δ helix the ω helix
the α helix
Which is the term for the hard outer covering of some dinoflagellates? theca thallus mycelium shell
theca
The types of algae are mainly grouped according to which of the following? the size of their cells their chloroplast types their pigment types where they are found
their pigment types
Each pyruvate molecule contains how many carbon atoms? two three four six
three
Fatty acids are often degraded using which set of reactions? β-oxidation glycolysis photophosphorylation the tricarboxylic acid cycle
β-oxidation
Mushrooms are a type of which of the following? conidia ascus polar tubule basidiocarp
basidiocarp
Where is the pellicle found within a protozoan? as part of cilia beneath the cell membrane surrounding the nucleus within chloroplasts
beneath the cell membrane
Viruses can be visualized using which method? compound light microscope electron microscope the naked eye ultraviolet rays
electron microscope
Which statement regarding the introduction of virus in eggs is true? A. Pox can form on the embryo. B. The virus cannot be introduced into the yolk sac. C. The virus will not kill the embryo if it is introduced early in development. D. Virus introduction will not disrupt embryonic development.
A. Pox can form on the embryo.
Which of the following includes fungi used as food (such as truffles), bread molds, and pathogenic fungi such as Trichophyton? Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Which scientist first discovered prions? Dimitri Ivanovski Edward Jenner Henrietta Lacks Stanley Prusiner
Stanley Prusiner
A triglyceride contains which subcomponents? a glycerol and two fatty acids a glycerol and two sugars a glycerol and three fatty acids a glycerol and three sugars
a glycerol and three fatty acids
Dextromethorphan and levomethorphan are best described as which of the following? achiral biologically identical enantiomers structural isomers
enantiomers
Which unit of length best describes the average size of a virion? mm µm nm pm
nm
During the light-dependent reactions, which molecule loses an electron? a light-harvesting pigment molecule a reaction center pigment molecule NADPH 3-phosphoglycerate
a reaction center pigment molecule
Which enantiomers rotate plane polarized light in a clockwise direction? + or d + or l - or d - or l
+ or d
In prokaryotes, which of the following is true? A. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped out of the cell. B. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped into the cell. C. As protons are transferred through an ETS, electrons are pumped out of the cell. D. As protons are transferred through an ETS, electrons are pumped into the cell.
A. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped out of the cell.
Why does it matter which enantiomer of a molecule is used for a medication? A. Enantiomers can have different pharmacologic effects and only one may be effective. B. It is usually easier to prepare one enantiomer than mixtures of both. C. The d form is typically more effective than the l form. D. The l form is typically more effective than the d form.
A. Enantiomers can have different pharmacologic effects and only one may be effective.
In naming viruses, the family name ends with ________ and genus name ends with _________. -virus; -viridae -viridae; -virus -virion; virus - virus; virion
-viridae; -virus
Which method involves the generation of gas phase ions from intact microorganisms? FAME PLFA MALDI-TOF Lancefield group testing
MALDI-TOF
You are a nurse and you suspect that you may have been exposed to a particular virus. You and your health care provider decide to perform a hemagglutinin assay. A sample of your serum is taken and added to a sample of virus. Next, the virus and serum sample are added to erythrocytes. Upon examination, you do not see any agglutination occurring. Which can you conclude from these results? A. The test result suggests you may have been exposed to the virus, and your serum contains antibodies against the virus. B. The test result suggests you may have been exposed to the virus, but your serum does not contain antibodies against the virus. C. The test result suggests you may not have been exposed to the virus. D. You cannot make a conclusion from the information given.
A. The test result suggests you may have been exposed to the virus, and your serum contains antibodies against the virus.
Which of the following best describes a transition reaction? A. a reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the release of carbon dioxide B. a series of reactions that convert citric acid to oxaloacetate C. an optional reaction that transports pyruvate into the mitochondrion D. the reaction that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis
A. a reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the release of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not an electron carrier within an electron transport system? flavoprotein ATP synthase ubiquinone cytochrome oxidase
ATP synthase
Which of the following properly lists (in order) the steps of viral replication? Attachment - Lysis - Penetration-Biosynthesis-Matuartion Attachment - Penetration - Biosynthesis - Matuartion -Lysis Attachment - Penetration - Lysis - Matuartion -Biosynthesis Penetration-Lysis-Matuartion-Biosynthesis-Attachment
Attachment - Penetration - Biosynthesis - Matuartion -Lysis
A bacteriophage infects a host cell and the genome integrates itself into the host chromosome. Sometime later, the phage is excised along with a short piece of DNA adjacent to the insertion point. Both the phage DNA and the host DNA are packaged into the same capsid. The bacteriophage then infects a new cell, delivering both phage and bacterial DNA. Which process is being described in this scenario? A. The lysogenic cycle, reactivating as the lytic cycle, followed by generalized transduction B. The lysogenic cycle, reactivating as the lytic cycle, followed by specialized transduction C. The lytic cycle, reactivating as the lysogenic cycle, followed by generalized transduction D. The lytic cycle, reactivating as the lysogenic cycle, followed by specialized transduction
B. The lysogenic cycle, reactivating as the lytic cycle, followed by specialized transduction
Which of the following best describes catabolic pathways? A. They always absorb energy. B. They break down large molecules into smaller components. C. They build up large molecules from smaller components. D. They must be coupled with the breakdown of ATP.
B. They break down large molecules into smaller components.
Which of the following is a parasitic ciliate? Balantidium coli Escherichia coli Paramecium caudatum Stentor coeruleus
Balantidium coli
Most mushrooms and puffballs are members of which fungal phylum? Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Which of these elements is not a micronutrient? C Ca Co Cu
C
Why is the actual ATP yield of aerobic respiration often less than the maximum possible yield of 38 ATP? A. Aerobic respiration competes with anaerobic respiration for energy. B. Aerobic respiration competes with fermentation for energy. C. In eukaryotes, energy is used to move molecules across membranes. D. No organisms complete all parts of aerobic respiration.
C. In eukaryotes, energy is used to move molecules across membranes.
Which of the following best defines chemiosmosis? A. the disruption of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which dissipates energy B. the movement of electrons from one acceptor to another C. the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase D. the series of reactions that regenerate oxaloacetate
C. the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase
Which of the following is the host-cell receptor that recognizes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? CD4 CD8 Gp120 sialic acid
CD4
Which of the following molecules is an organic molecule? CO2 CaCO3 CH3OH H2O
CH3OH
Which fermentation product is important for making bread rise? ethanol CO2 lactic acid hydrogen gas
CO2
Which of the following is not a name for the cycle resulting in the conversion of a two-carbon acetyl to one ATP, two CO2, one FADH2, and three NADH molecules? Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle Calvin cycle citric acid cycle
Calvin cycle
Which fungus is common in the microbiota of a healthy individual? Aspergillus aculeatus Candida albicans Histoplasma capsulatum Rhizopus stolonifera
Candida albicans
Which of the following is the most common cause of human yeast infections? Candida albicans Blastomyces dermititidis Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida albicans
A cell might perform anaerobic respiration for which of the following reasons? A. It lacks glucose for degradation. B. It lacks the transition reaction to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. C. It lacks Krebs cycle enzymes for processing acetyl-CoA to CO2. D. It lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing electrons to oxygen.
D. It lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing electrons to oxygen.
When is the pentose phosphate pathway favored over other pathways to break down glucose? A. when biosynthesis is not needed B. when phospholipids are needed C. when the cell has a severe energy deficit and needs energy rapidly D. when the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is needed
D. when the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is needed
Which of the following is the scientist responsible for first discovering viruses (specifically, tobacco mosaic virus)? Dimitri Ivanovski Edward Jenner Henrietta Lacks Stanley Prusiner
Dimitri Ivanovski
During the Krebs cycle, FAD is reduced to which of the following? FADH FADH2 NADH NADH2
FADH2
During the catabolism of glucose, which of the following is produced only in the Krebs cycle? ATP NADH NADPH FADH2
FADH2
Which method involves conversion of a microbe's lipids to volatile compounds for analysis by gas chromatography? FAME proteomic analysis MALDI-TOF Lancefield group testing
FAME
Which of the following statements is incorrect? Fungi can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Fungi can be pathogenic, mutualistic, or neither. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular. Fungi have eukaryotic cells.
Fungi can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Which protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness? Plasmodium vivax Toxoplasma gondii Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation when which of the following occurs? FADH2 donates electrons to succinate dehydrogenase H+ moves through ATP synthase NADH donates electrons to NADH dehydrogenase the light-independent reactions fix CO2
H+ moves through ATP synthase
Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled? Candida albicans Histoplasma capsulatum Rhizopus stolonifera Trichophyton rubrum
Histoplasma capsulatum
Which of the following is not a property of a virus? It is an infectious cellular pathogen. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Its genome consists of DNA or RNA. Its genome is surrounded by a protein capsid.
It is an infectious cellular pathogen.
Which method involves the analysis of membrane-bound carbohydrates? FAME PLFA MALDI-TOF Lancefield group testing
Lancefield group testing
Which of the following include fungi that are obligate intracellular pathogens? Ascomycota Basidiomycota Microsporidia Zygomycota
Microsporidia
Chitin is a polymer of which of the following? amylase and amylopectin glycosaminoglycan N-acetyl glucosamine N-acetyl muramic acid
N-acetyl glucosamine
Which is a common electron acceptor in catabolic reactions? ATP FADH2 NAD+ NADPH
NAD+
Which of the following molecules is reduced? NAD+ FAD O2 NADPH
NADPH
Which are two products of the light-dependent reactions are ________. glucose and NADPH NADPH and ATP glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and CO2 glucose and oxygen
NADPH and ATP
Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation in cyanobacteria? electron transport through an ETS photosystem I use ATP synthesis NADPH formation
NADPH formation
Which organism is best known as the "brain-eating amoeba"? Acanthamoeba keratitis Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria fowleri
*Which of the following is not a common electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? Fe3+ H2S NO3- PO43-
PO43-
Which genus includes the causative agent for malaria? Euglena Paramecium Plasmodium Trypanosoma
Plasmodium
A fluke is classified within which of the following? Nematoda Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida
Platyhelminthes
Which of the following groups varies among different amino acids? hydrogen atom carboxyl group R group amino group
R group
(−)ssRNA is transcribed into (+)ssRNA using which of the following? DNA polymerase encoded by the host cell DNA polymerase encoded by the virus RNA polymerase encoded by the host cell RNA polymerase encoded by the virus
RNA polymerase encoded by the virus
Which of the following best describes the difference between steroids and sterols? Steroids are the most common type of sterol. Steroids contain rings, whereas sterols do not. Sterols are a type of steroid with an OH group. Sterols are present in prokaryotes and steroids are not.
Sterols are a type of steroid with an OH group.
Which of the following is true of prions? They can be inactivated by boiling at 100 °C. They contain a capsid. They are a rogue form of protein, PrP. They can be reliably inactivated by an autoclave.
They are a rogue form of protein, PrP.
Which of the following is not true of triglycerides? They are a type of phospholipid. They are considered simple lipids. They are hydrophobic. They contain glycerol and three fatty acids.
They are a type of phospholipid.
During which of the following is ATP not made by substrate-level phosphorylation? Embden-Meyerhof pathway Transition reaction Krebs cycle Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Transition reaction
African sleeping sickness is caused by which pathogen? Giardia lamblia Plasmodium falciparum Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma bruceii
Trypanosoma bruceii
Which of the following occurs when molecules are broken down using β-oxidation? Carbon dioxide is removed. Three carbon propyl groups are removed. Two carbon acetyl groups are removed. Two carbon acyl groups are removed.
Two carbon acetyl groups are removed.
How can enteropathogenic O157:H7 E. coli strain be recognized from other E. coli strains? Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment lactose. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment mannose. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment pyruvate. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment sorbitol.
Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment sorbitol.
Which of the following is an inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme? a competitive inhibitorB. a noncompetitive inhibitor an allosteric inhibitor an uncompetitive inhibitor
a competitive inhibitor
Which of the following is not a lipid? a fatty acid a glyceraldehyde a wax an isoprenoid
a glyceraldehyde
Which of the following is the typical, stable shape of glucose in cells? a branched chain a double ring a ring a tetrahedron
a ring
Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction? absorbs energy from the environment is coupled with another reaction is involved in biosynthesis releases energy into the environment
absorbs energy from the environment
Pseudopod formation requires which cytoskeletal component? actin filaments collagen fibers intermediate filaments microtubules
actin filaments
Which molecule is often called the cell's energy currency? adenosine triphosphate flavin adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
adenosine triphosphate
Which of the following viruses does not cause latent infections? adenovirus Epstein-Barr virus herpes simplex virus varicella-zoster virus
adenovirus
Which polysaccharide found in red algal cell walls is a useful solidifying agent? chitin cellulose phycoerythrin agar
agar
The amino acids present in proteins differ in which of the following? size shape side groups all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following describes lipids? a source of nutrients for organisms energy-storage molecules molecules having structural role in membranes molecules that are part of hormones and pigments all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following tests can be used to detect the presence of a specific virus? EIA RT-PCR PCR all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following refers to the term metabolism? all the reactions in a cell or organism all the reactions in a cell that break down molecules only all the reactions in a cell that build new molecules only all the reactions in a cell that decompose molecules only
all the reactions in a cell or organism
Molecules bearing both polar and nonpolar groups are said to be which of the following? hydrophilic amphipathic hydrophobic polyfunctional
amphipathic
The phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane are which of the following? amphipathic hydrophilic only hydrophobic only in the shape of micelles
amphipathic
Which are the components found in starch? amylose and amylopectin amylose and glycogen cellulose and glycogen glucosamine and muramic acid
amylose and amylopectin
The fungus in a lichen is which of the following? a basidiomycete an ascomycete a zygomycete an apicomplexan
an ascomycete
Which of the following shows a ketone? a carboxylic acid an ester an internal carbonyl group an internal ether
an internal carbonyl group
Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide? anoxygenic photosynthesis oxygenic photosynthesis anaerobic respiration chemoautrophy
anaerobic respiration
A positive-strand RNA virus: a. must first be converted to a mRNA before it can be translated. b. can be used directly to translate viral proteins. c. will be degraded by host enzymes. d. is not recognized by host ribosomes.
b. can be used directly to translate viral proteins.
To produce spores, some fungi use club-shaped structures called which of the following? asci basidia plastids zygospores
basidia
Arthropods typically serve as which mechanism of transmission for viruses? biological vector fomite mechanical vector both as fomites and as vectors
biological vector
Reverse transcriptase is used to generate which nucleic acid from RNA? cDNA dsRNA (+)ssRNA (−)ssRNA
cDNA
The protein subunits that surround the nucleic acid of a virus are known as which of the following? amino acids capsomeres chromatins telomeres
capsomeres
By definition, carbohydrates contain which elements? carbon and hydrogen carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen carbon and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
An important slime mold used in research is Dictyostelium discoideum. In this species, individual amoeboid cells that aggregate into multicellular mobile slugs, each forming a fruiting body that produces haploid spores, are known as which of the following? cellular slime molds plasmodium slime molds pseudohyphae sporangia
cellular slime molds
A segmented worm has male and female reproductive organs in each segment. Some use hooks to attach to the intestinal wall. Which type of worm is this? fluke nematode cestode Annelid
cestode
Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source? chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph photoheterotroph photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
The cell walls of fungi are largely composed of which of the following? cellulose chitin peptidoglycan starch
chitin
Which of the following is an important component of insect exoskeletons? cellulose chitin glycogen starch
chitin
Which structures associated with locomotion in protists can be described as short, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of the cell? cilia contractile vacuoles flagella pseudopods
cilia
Which of the following are organic molecules that help enzymes work correctly? cofactors coenzymes holoenzymes apoenzymes
coenzymes
Which of the following are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes? apoenzymes coenzymes cofactors holoenzymes
cofactors
The organelle in protists that regulates osmolarity is known as which of the following? contractile vacuole hydrogenosome kinetoplasmid plasmalemma
contractile vacuole
Which of the following is not a structure used for locomotion by protists? cilia contractile vacuoles flagella pseudopods
contractile vacuoles
A lichen results from the mutualistic relationship between fungi and which of the following? cyanobacteria or algae green plants heterotrophic bacteria protozoans
cyanobacteria or algae
Fungi have an important role in nutrient cycling as which of the following? decomposers primary consumers producers secondary consumer
decomposers
Which protists are associated with red tides? red algae brown algae dinoflagellates green algae
dinoflagellates
Which of the following best describes the molecule lactose? disaccharide monosaccharide polysaccharide trisaccharide
disaccharide
How is kuru transmitted? bloodborne transmission contaminated neurosurgical instruments eating contaminated cattle meat eating infected meat through cannibalism
eating infected meat through cannibalism
Which of the following best describes zooplankton? eukaryotes that are nonphotosynthetic and motile eukaryotes that are photosynthetic and motile prokaryotes that are nonphotosynthetic and nonmotile prokaryotes that are photosynthetic and nonmotile
eukaryotes that are nonphotosynthetic and motile
The reaction that breaks down ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate is classified as which of the following? endergonic exergonic nonspontaneous reduction
exergonic
Cytoprocts are specialized structures that carry out which cellular process? endocytosis exocytosis phagocytosis syngamy
exocytosis
Caseinase is which type of enzyme? phospholipase lipase extracellular protease intracellular protease
extracellular protease
Which type of molecule is CH3(CH2)14COOH? amino acid fatty acid monosaccharide nucleotide
fatty acid
Which of the following is the step in which CO2 enters the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)? fixation reduction regeneration transition
fixation
You encounter a lichen with leafy structures. Which term describes this lichen? crustose foliose fruticose agarose
foliose
FAME analysis involves which of the following? gas chromatography high-pressure liquid chromatography immunological testing mass spectrometry
gas chromatography
Which of the following molecules is not produced during the breakdown of phospholipids? glucose glycerol acetyl groups fatty acids
glucose
Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming which type of bond? hydrogen peptide ionic glycosidic
glycosidic
Which of the following types of bonds joins monosaccharides together to form a polysaccharide? glycosidic bonds hydrogen bonds peptide bonds phosphodiester bonds
glycosidic bonds
Which method cannot be used to detect virus in a patient's serum? EIA hemagglutinin assay growth in pure culture RT-PCR
growth in pure culture
Which describes the hydrocarbon tails in the plasma membrane? amphipathic hydrophilic hydrophobic polar
hydrophobic
In the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages, the integrated phage genome is known as which of the following? prophage provirus virioid virion
prophage
The excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome is known as which of the following? induction lysogeny phage conversion transduction
induction
Triglycerides are broken down by which of the following? lipases nitrogenases phospholipases proteases
lipases
Which monomers make up lipids? amino acids fatty acids lipids do not consist of monomers Monosaccharides
lipids do not consist of monomers
Which of the followings cannot be used to culture viruses? tissue culture liquid medium only embryo animal host
liquid medium only
Which effect does tomato planta macho viroids have on the crop? browning of fruit crown-gall formation loss of chlorophyll lysis of root cells
loss of chlorophyll
Which of the following leads to the destruction of the host cells? lysogenic cycle lytic cycle prophage temperate phage
lytic cycle
Which of the following is not one of the four major types of carbon-based macromolecules found in cells? carbohydrates lipids macronutrients nucleic acids
macronutrients
The envelope of a virus is derived from the host's... nucleic acids membrane structures cytoplasm genome
membrane structures
Which of the following is the group of archaea that can use CO2 as their final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, producing CH4? methylotrophs methanotrophs methanogens anoxygenic photosynthesizers
methanogens
Which group comprises all lithotrophs? algae autotrophs microbes plants
microbes
The building blocks of polymers are called which of the following? inorganic molecules macromolecules monomers nucleic acids
monomers
Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect? transformation cell fusion mononucleated cell inclusion bodies
mononucleated cell
C6H12O6 is an example of which type of molecule? amino acid fatty acid monosaccharide nucleotide
monosaccharide
The mode of reproduction for chytrids (Chytridiomycota) uses which of the following? asci basidia motile gametes zygospores
motile gametes
What is another name for a nonenveloped virus? enveloped virus provirus naked virus latent virus
naked virus
A nonsegmented worm is found during a routine colonoscopy of an individual who reported having abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This worm is likely which of the following? nematode fluke trematode annelid
nematode
Which of the following processes is not involved in the conversion of organic nitrogen to nitrogen gas? nitrogen fixation ammonification nitrification denitrification
nitrogen fixation
Protozoa are best described as being: nonphotosynthetic multicellular microorganisms nonphotosynthetic unicellular microorganisms photosynthetic multicellular microorganisms photosynthetic unicellular microorganisms
nonphotosynthetic unicellular microorganisms
Carotenoids are pigments that are which of the following colors? blue/green green/orange orange/yellow/red purple/blue
orange/yellow/red
Chemotrophs obtain their energy from which of the following? inorganic chemical reactions only light energy organic chemical reactions only organic and inorganic chemical reactions
organic and inorganic chemical reactions
The Krebs cycle begins with the addition of acetyl CoA to which of the following? citric acid oxaloacetate ribulose bisphosphate succinate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate
Which of the following describes a molecule that had an electron removed? anabolized electronated oxidized reduced
oxidized
In a protein, which type of chemical linkage joins the amino acids? disulfide linkages glycosidic linkages or bonds hydrogen bonds peptide bonds
peptide bonds
Which of the following bonds are not involved in tertiary structure? peptide bonds ionic bonds hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonds
peptide bonds
The biogeochemical cycle of which of the following elements is based on changes in solubility rather than redox chemistry? carbon sulfur nitrogen phosphorus
phosphorus
The stigma (eyespot) in members of Euglenozoa functions in which of the following? chemotaxis conjugation photosynthesis phototaxis
phototaxis
Which best describes oligopeptides? a molecule consisting of two amino acids long chains of amino acids polymers of about 20 amino acids polymers of about 50 amino acids
polymers of about 20 amino acids
Which of the following is the best example of a micronutrient? carbon nitrogen phosphorus potassium
potassium
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are caused by which of the following? bacterium fungus prion virus
prion
Which of these infectious agents do not have nucleic acid? viroids viruses bacteria prions
prions
Enzymes work by which of the following? increasing the activation energy reducing the activation energy making exergonic reactions endergonic making endergonic reactions exergonic
reducing the activation energy
A virus obtains its envelope during which of the following phases? attachment penetration assembly release
release
Which of the following is the first step in triglyceride degradation? removal of fatty acids β-oxidation breakage of fused rings formation of smaller peptides
removal of fatty acids
Which of the following components is brought into a cell by HIV? a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA polymerase ribosome reverse transcriptase
reverse transcriptase
Which of the following is a novel enzyme found in retroviruses? forward transcriptase retrotranscriptase reverse transcriptase Taq polymerase
reverse transcriptase
Lichens attach to a surface using which structure? capsules cilia flagella rhizines
rhizines
Which of the following does a virus lack? Select all that apply. ribosomes metabolic processes nucleic acid glycoprotein
ribosomes metabolic processes
Which term specifically describes fatty acids that do not have any double bonds, triple bonds, or rings? esterified polyunsaturated saturated unsaturated
saturated
The liquid portion of blood that does not contain clotting factors is known as which of the following? erythrocytes plasma platelets serum
serum
Chicken pox can reemerge as which disease? cowpox genital warts shingles smallpox
shingles
Which of the following characteristics/compounds is not considered to be a phenotypic biochemical characteristic used of microbial identification? poly-β-hydroxybutyrate small-subunit (16S) rRNA gene carbon utilization lipid composition
small-subunit (16S) rRNA gene
The component(s) of a virus that is/are extended from the envelope for attachment is/are the: capsomeres spikes nucleic acid viral whiskers
spikes
Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation? to make ATP to make carbon molecule intermediates for anabolism to make NADH to make NAD+
to make NAD+
Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation? to produce carbon dioxide to produce large quantities of additional energy to regenerate NAD+ to regenerate oxygen
to regenerate NAD+
In prokaryotes, in which direction are hydrogen ions pumped by the electron transport system of photosynthetic membranes? to the outside of the plasma membrane to the inside (cytoplasm) of the cell to the stroma to the intermembrane space of the chloroplast
to the outside of the plasma membrane
What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage? transduction penetration excision Translation
transduction
Which mechanism of horizontal gene transfer relies on the use of viruses? conjugation mutation transduction transformation
transduction
How many single covalent bonds can oxygen form? one two three four
two
Glycolysis produces a net gain of which of the following? two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates two ATP, two NADH, and four pyruvates two ATP, four NADH, and two pyruvates four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates
two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates
The phospholipids of the plasma membrane contain which subcomponents? a wax, a glycerol, and a phosphate group two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group three fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group four sphingolipids and a phosphate group
two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group
Which of the following best describes the subcomponents of pyrophosphate? two inorganic phosphate molecules two organic phosphate molecules three inorganic phosphate molecules three organic phosphate molecules
two inorganic phosphate molecules
Cestodes are often transmitted via which of the following? aerosols open wounds in the skin undercooked meats water
undercooked meats
*An acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsid and capable of replicating its genome is known as which of the following? satellite RNA virion viroid virusoid
viroid
An acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsid and IS NOT capable of replicating its genome is known as which of the following? provirus virion viroid virusoid
virusoid
