Microbio chpt 12

How many enzyme pathways are shared between gluconeogenesis and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway? A. 3 B. 6 C. 8 D. 11

6

In order to form a single molecule of glucose, it takes ______ turns through the reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle. A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 12

6

Which of the following is the best description of a precursor metabolite? A. An intermediate in the formation of cursor metabolites B. A macromolecule consumed in the first steps of metabolism C. An enzyme that is reduced in a metabolic reaction D. A carbon skeleton used as a starting substrate

A carbon skeleton used as a starting substrate

A series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______. A. Pentose phosphate pathway B. Embden-Meyerhoff pathway C. Calvin-Benson cycle D. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Calvin-Benson cycle

Which pathway(s) are used by eukaryotic microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide? A. Calvin-Benson cycle B. Reductive tricarboxylic pathway C. Entner-Doudoroff D. None of the choices are correct.

Calvin-Benson cycle

Which of the following is not generally true about fatty acids produced by microorganisms? A. Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids. B. Fatty acids have long alkyl chains. C. Gram-positive bacteria often make cyclopropane fatty acids. D. All of the choices are correct.

Gram-positive bacteria often make cyclopropane fatty acids.

Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide? A. Glycolysis B. Reductive tricarboxylic pathway C. Entner-Doudoroff D. Pentose phosphate pathway

Reductive tricarboxylic pathway

Photoautotrophs use light energy directly for A. the production of ATP and NADPH. B. the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose. C. both the production of ATP and NADPH and the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose. D. neither the production of ATP and NADPH nor the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.

the production of ATP and NADPH.

Many microbes use pyruvate carboxylase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to A. to synthesize amino acids. B. to synthesize glucose. C. to synthesize oxaloacetate. D. to synthesize acetyl-CoA.

to synthesize oxaloacetate.

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of NADPH. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24

12

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of ATP. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24

18

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation can consume up to ______% of the ATP generated by the host plant. A. 5 B. 20 C. 30 D. 50

20

There are __________ common amino acids used to synthesize proteins. A. 20 B. 61 C. 64 D. 25

20

Which of the following is a source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids? A. Acetyl-CoA B. TCA cycle intermediates C. Glycolysis intermediates D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is true about the synthesis of macromolecules from monomeric subunits? A. It saves genetic storage capacity B. It saves biosynthetic raw materials C. It saves energy D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

__________ reactions are used to replace TCA cycle intermediates that have been used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis. A. Amphibolic B. Anaplerotic C. Anabolic D. Catabolic

Anaplerotic

__________ is the carrier molecule required to transport peptidoglycan subunits to the location where they will be incorporated into the growing bacterial cell wall. A. Bactoprenol B. UDP glucose C. Acyl carrier protein D. Malonyl-CoA

Bactoprenol

Which of the following has the phases of the Calvin-Benson cycle in the correct order, starting with the entry of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate? A. Regeneration phase, carboxylation phase, reduction phase B. Reduction phase, carboxylation phase, regeneration phase C. Carboxylation phase, regeneration phase, reduction phase D. Carboxylation phase, reduction phase, regeneration phase

Carboxylation phase, reduction phase, regeneration phase

Which of the following cofactors is very important in the synthesis of purines? A. Acetyl-CoA B. Cytidine diphosphate C. Folic acid D. Glutathione

Folic acid

In the biosynthesis of glycerol, the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate produces what important precursor molecule? A. Dihydrogen monoxide B. Glycerol-3-phosphate C. Coenzyme A D. Phospholipids

Glycerol-3-phosphate

Which of the following do(es) not contribute to the construction of membrane phospholipids? A. Glycolysis B. Fatty acid biosynthesis C. Amino acid biosynthesis D. Nucleotide biosynthesis

Nucleotide biosynthesis

To convert a nucleoside into a nucleotide, what moiety must be added? A. One or more purine bases B. One or more double bonds C. One or more pyrimidine bases D. One or more phosphate groups

One or more phosphate groups

Which of the following is not a phase of the Calvin-Benson Cycle? A. Carboxylation phase B. Oxidation phase C. Reduction phase D. Regeneration phase

Oxidation phase

__________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties. A. Purines B. Quinones C. Amino acids D. Fatty acids

Purines

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called ______. A. metabolism B. anabolism C. catabolism D. amphibolism

anabolism

The reduction of sulfate for use in the production of compounds such as cysteine is called __________ sulfate reduction. A. assimilatory B. dissimilatory C. amodulatory D. demodulatory

assimilatory

In order to synthesize new peptidoglycan for bacterial cell walls, the existing walls must be partially digested by __________ to provide acceptor ends for the new synthesis. A. lysozyme B. autolysins C. autozymogens D. peptidoglycolysins

autolysins

Nitrogen fixation depends on the enzyme nitrogenase, which is produced by some ______. A. Archaea B. bacteria C. eukaryotes D. bacteria and Archaea but no eukaryotes E. fungi and bacteria

bacteria and Archaea but no eukaryotes

In bacterial synthesis of polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, glucose is donated to the end of the growing chain by ADP-glucose. A similar reaction occurs in bacterial branching of phospholipids when phosphatidic acid is attached to a _____. A. fatty acyl-ATP B. acetyl-CoA C. dihydroxyacetone phosphate D. cytidine diphosphate carrier

cytidine diphosphate carrier

The reduction of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration is called __________ sulfate reduction. A. assimilatory B. dissimilatory C. amodulatory D. demodulatory

dissimilatory

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors is called ______. A. glycolysis B. glutamine synthase C. gluconeogenesis D. None of the choices are correct.

gluconeogenesis

The major reductive amination pathway for incorporation of nitrogen into amino acids initially involves the production of __________ from alpha-ketoglutarate. A. tryptophan B. cysteine C. arginine D. glutamate

glutamate

Two intermediates of the sterol biosynthesis pathway, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, are used by archaea in the biosynthesis of _____. A. diacylglycerol B. hormones C. nucleotides D. isoprenoids

isoprenoids

Large numbers of small monomeric molecules join together to form large molecules that are known as ______. A. multimers B. polymolecules C. macromolecules D. maximolecules

macromolecules

Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen as ______. A. nitrite B. hydrazine C. nitrate D. N2

nitrate

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called _______. A. ammonification B. nitrification C. denitrification D. nitrogen fixation

nitrogen fixation

Purines and pyrimidines are precursors for synthesis of _______. A. fatty acids B. nucleic acids C. proteins D. peptidoglycan

nucleic acids

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, is called a _______. A. nucleotide B. nucleoside C. nitrogenous base D. nucleic acid

nucleoside

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups is called a _______. A. nucleotide B. nucleoside C. nitrogenous base D. nucleic acid

nucleotide

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s). A. only one B. exactly two C. one or more D. two or more

one or more

Assimilation of organic phosphates from the surroundings uses enzymes known as ______. A. phosphorylases B. phosphatases C. phosphosynthetases D. phosphoisomerases

phosphatases

Phosphorous is usually assimilated by microorganisms as ______. A. polyphosphate (volutin) B. phosphene C. elemental phosphate (Po) D. phosphate

phosphate

Bacteria synthesize CDP-diacylglycerol in order to build _____, a major cell membrane phospholipid component. A. phosphatidylethanolamine B. lipid rafts C. lipopolysaccharide D. peptidoglycan

phosphatidylethanolamine

The cyclic nitrogenous base used in transcription, uracil, is a _____. A. protein B. pyrimidine C. purine D. porphyrin

pyrimidine

The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to A. release of carbon dioxide during catabolic reactions. B. reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated. C. release of carbon dioxide during anabolic reactions. D. reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid.

reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated.

Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following except ______ into organic molecules. A. nitrogen B. phosphorus C. sodium D. sulfur

sodium

Assemblies of macromolecules are referred to as __________ complexes. A. ultramolecular B. supramolecular C. metamolecular D. maximolecular

supramolecular

Lipopolysaccharide is comprised of three moieties (lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-antigen), which require _____ biosynthetic pathway(s). A. one B. two C. three D. six

two