Microbiology 20 Advanced Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6
Which group of bacteria has a high tolerance for salt?
Halophiles
Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses?
Hamsters, White mice, and Rats
Which of the following eukaryotes are multicellular animals?
Helminths
Which term describes a worm having both male and female organs?
Hermaphroditic
Which of the following are commonly used to help identify helminths?
Hooks, Size, Shape, and Eggs
What 2 factors are changing the patterns of worm infections worldwide?
Human migration and Air travel
Which group of bacteria grows at very high temperatures?
Hyperthermophiles
The process of determining the characteristics of an organism which will be used to place the organism into its taxonomic ranks.
Identification
Which of the following characteristics does not pertain to helminths?
In kingdom Protista
Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of a living organism?
In vitro
Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following?
In vivo
Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing within a living organism or tissues?
In vivo
small thermophilic rods found in underwater volcanoes
Phylum Aquificae
obligate intracellular parasites that are extremely small in size
Phylum Chlamydiae
green sulfur bacteria
Phylum Chlorobi
depend on sulfur for growth, found in extreme habitats like hot springs or extreme cold
Phylum Crenarchaeota
photosynthetic bacteria that may be green, yellow, red, or orange in color
Phylum Cyanobacteria
highly resistant to radiation and desiccation
Phylum Deinococcus
produce methane and can withstand high salt environments
Phylum Euryarchaeota
mostly Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content
Phylum Firmicutes
extremely small archaea found in salt mines
Phylum Nanoarchaeota
Gram-negatives including rickettsias and enterics
Phylum Proteobacteria
slender, twisted cells that move by means of periplasmic flagella
Phylum Spirochetes
thermophilic halophiles found in deep sea vents
Phylum Thermotogae
Describing the process of cell division in bacteria would be part of which of the following?
Physiology
The helminth Enterobius vermicularis causes which disease?
Pinworm infection
Which of the following describes a "clear" area where a phage-infected cell lysed and infected all of the other cells and lysed them?
Plaque
Which of the following are components of T-even phages?
Tail pins and fibers, DNA, and Icosahedral capsid head
Cell culture, embryo, animals
Takes a long time to get diagnosis
is the science of organizing, classifying and naming living things.
Taxonomy
Which is true regarding evolutionary theory?
Those traits that favor survival are passed on.
Which of the following are the extensive internal membranes that function in photosynthesis.in cyanobacteria?
Thylakoids
Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation?
Tissue culture
Identify 3 purposes of viral cultivation.
To prepare vaccines, To identify viruses in clinical specimens, and To study effects on host cells
It is possible for a lysogenized bacteria to produce which of the following that are harmful to people?
Toxins
Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred by bacteriophages between bacteria during which process?
Transduction
A flat, ovoid body is characteristic of which of the following?
Trematodes
Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.
True
Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.
True
The ease of global travel and increased immigration has affected the worldwide distribution of helminth infections.
True
True or false: Helminths range in size from 1mm to 25 m.
True
True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions.
True
True or false: It is possible for a bacterial cell infected with a temperate phage to replicate before induction occurs.
True
True or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism.
True
True or false: Prions are resistant to high temperatures.
True
True or false: Some photosynthetic bacteria produce sulfur granules or sulfates.
True
True or false: Virus cultivation is an important skill because viral stocks are needed for vaccines.
True
Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915?
Twort and d'Herelle
Which step is present in bacteriophage multiplication but not in multiplication of an animal virus?
Viral genetic material is injected directly into the host cell.
Which of the following is composed of only RNA?
Viroid
Please select all the accurate statements about the importance of prions and viroids and the diseases they cause.
Viroids pose significant problems in many economically important crops., Prions induce abnormal folding in normal proteins., and Prion infections have long latent periods.
Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others?
Virus-specific animal receptors
AAV can only replicate in cells infected with
adenovirus
Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?
blood agar cultures
When assigning a scientific name to an organism,
both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.
Of the 13 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), the majority are caused by
both helminths and protozoans.
The sexually mature life cycle stage of helminths occurs in the
definitive host.
have very high salt tolerance
halophile
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is made virulent by incorporated prophage genes encoding the diphtheria toxin. What term describes this process?
lysogenic conversion
Which body system is mainly affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
nervous system
An important indicator of evolutionary history is the
nitrogen base sequence of rRNA.
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic flatworms include the __________ with a long, ribbon-like body and the __________ with a flat, ovoid body.
tapeworms; flukes
taxa
taxonomic categories
Please choose the term that describes the system of organizing, classifying, and naming organisms.
taxonomy
A halophile would ______________ in a high salt environment.
thrive
Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?
Archaea
According to current thought regarding the domains of life, which two domains are believed to be the most closely related?
Archaea and Eukarya
Members of Chlamydia and Rickettsia differ in that Chlamydia do not require which of the following?
Arthropods for transmission
Cell culture
Available for viruses with specific host ranges
Which antiviral drug targets the HIV synthesis stage?
Azidothymidine (AZT)
Which of the following is a scientific name?
Bacillus subtilis
Kingdom Monera
Bacteria
Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species?
Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup., Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction., and Bacteria can accept genetic material from others.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a common sexually transmitted disease.
False
In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.
False
Most viral infections result in the death of the host.
False
No cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome linked to eating infected cows have occurred in the United States.
False
Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised.
False
True or false: According to evolutionary theory, the environment changes the genes of an individual organism to help it adapt.
False
True or false: Most of the NTDs are not treatable.
False
Viral infections are easier to treat with drugs than bacterial infections.
False
Viruses are routinely cultured in order to diagnose an infection.
False
Which of the following describe green and purple sulfur bacteria?
Gram-negative and Anaerobic
What general word is used to describe a preference for an environment such as high heat or high levels of salt?
Extremophile
A single female Ascaris can lay approximately how many eggs per day?
200,000
Cyanobacteria have existed in some form for how many years?
3 Billion
Cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Tricholdesium account for how much of global biomass formation?
30-40%
Where are you most likely to find prokaryotes belonging to the domain Archaea?
A hot spring
In order to observe a "plaque" from a bacteriophage, you must begin with which of the following?
A lawn of bacteria
Lysogenic induction
Activation of prophage in lysogenic cell to begin viral replication
Kingdom Protista
Algae and Protozoa
Which describes the bacterial causative agents of cholera, botulism, and diphtheria?
All have undergone lysogenic convergence.
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid
All of these choices are correct.
Live animals
Allows for viral effects on the whole organism to be observed
What type of molecule is Azidothymidine (AZT)?
Altered nucleotide
Polymerase chain reaction
Amplification of viral nucleic acid from a patient sample
Which term describes bacteria that do not use oxygen in their metabolism?
Anaerobic
Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections?
Antibiotics
Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells?
Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions
Where would you find female pinworms depositing their eggs?
Anus
A microoganism has been described to you as living in hot acidic habitats in the waste piles of coal mines that regularly sustain a pH of 1 and a temperature of nearly 60°C. Which type of organism do you immediately assume it is?
Archaea
What is the source of the diphtheria toxin?
Bacteriophage
What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria?
Bacteriophage
If you needed specific information regarding bacterial classification and taxonomy, which one of the following resources should you use?
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Which of the following microbes is named after a Belgian microbiologist who discovered it?
Bordetella pertussis
Which of the following diseases is not caused by a member of Rickettsia?
Cat Scratch disease
Prions affect the normal proteins in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells in which of the following ways?
Causing abnormal folding
Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation?
Chicken, Duck, and Turkey
In which age group is enterobiasis most prevalent?
Children
Which of the following bacteria can cause severe eye infections?
Chlamydia trachomatis
If microbiologists only used the Gram stain and shape to identify bacteria, we could not assign bacteria to a more specific level than which of the following?
Class
The process of grouping organisms into groups which reflect the history and evolutionary relatedness of those organisms.
Classification
Which of the following is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history?
Classification
Lysogeny
Condition in which the host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA
Identify the common modes of transmission of helminths to humans.
Contaminated soil, Contaminated water, Contaminated food, and Infected animals
In the disease known as bovine spongiform encephalitis, what does "bovine" mean?
Cow
Which of the following is mismatched?
Coxiella burnetti: cowpox
Which prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy is marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrolled muscle contractions?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Which is mismatched?
Cyanobacteria-gliding thermophilic bacteria
Rapid tests
Detect virus or cytopathic effects in cells or tissue
Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection?
Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood
Screening
Detection via antibodies in the patient's blood
In the Woese-Fox system of classification,which is the most general category in which an organism is assigned?
Domain
You identify a new species of microorganism in an undersea thermal vent. The microbe is a single cell organism that lacks a nucleus. Which Domain would you classify your new species as belonging to?
Domain Archaea
Which of these terms does not belong in this group?
Embryonic culture
Which of the following are not found in viroids?
Envelope, Capsid, Metabolic pathways, and Mitochondrion
Please choose the correct way to type the scientific name of an organism to demonstrate your understanding of how to correctly write a scientific name.
Escherichia coli
T-even and lambda phages have been studied extensively using which of the following bacteria?
Escherichia coli
Which are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
The ribosomal subunit structures in archaea are similar to which of the following?
Eukaryotic cells
Identify the characteristics of helminths.
Eukaryotic, Unicellular egg forms, and Multicellular in adult form
Which of the following is found in the fertilized eggs of helminths?
Extra food and A protective shell
Which of the following is the route for infection with pinworm transmission?
Fecal-oral
The three life stages of a helminth include which of the following?
Fertilized egg, Larval stage, and Adult
Which are helminths?
Flukes, Tapeworms, and Roundworms
Which of the following is not a sign of viral propagation in inoculated eggs?
Formation of plaques
How does a person become infected with pinworms?
From swallowing eggs of the worm
Kingdom Myceteae
Fungi
What term is used to define the process of a prophage being activated and entering into the lytic cycle?
Induction
What are the usual routes of entry into the human body for helminth infections?
Ingestion and Skin penetration
Where do obligate intracellular parasites live?
Inside a host cell
Lysogeny is best described as which of the following?
Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome
Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans?
Interferon
are natural antiviral proteins produced in humans that have shown some potential for prevention of viral infection and cancer treatment.
Interferons
All members of the same phylum must also be members of which of the following?
Kingdom
In the levels of classification, which is the level just below Domain?
Kingdom
Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
Kingdom
Taxonomy does not involve
Koch's postulates.
Which describes the number of vaccines available against viral infections?
Limited number of vaccines
The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by which of the following scientists?
Linnaeus
During the lytic cycle of bacteriophages, the ultimate destiny of a phage-infected bacterial cell is which of the following?
Lysis
When a bacterium acquires a new trait from a temperate phage, which of the following has occurred?
Lysogenic conversion
Which of the following is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease?
Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages
is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.
Lysogeny, Latency, or Prophage
What is the common name for bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
Mad cow disease
Which of the following populations is most susceptible to helminth infections?
Malnourished children
Members of Chlamydia are similar to those of Rickettsia in that they require host cells for which of the following?
Metabolism and Growth
Which type of organism converts CO2 and H2 into CH4 (methane)?
Methanogens
What is the most common equipment used to identify helminths?
Microscope
Describing the shape of cells and their arrangement would be part of which of the following?
Morphology
Which of the following refers to the study of organism form and structure?
Morphology
The process of assigning names to all levels of an organism's taxonomic ranking.
Nomenclature
Identify the structure that is absent in bacteria and archaea.
Nucleus
Lysogenic conversion
Occurs when a bacterium acquires genes and characteristics from its temperate phage
Bacteriophages infect which of the following?
Only bacteria cells
Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample?
PCR
Bacterial types can differ from other types in the same species in which of the following ways?
Pathogenicity, Susceptibility to bacterial viruses, Antigenic makeup
Bacteria that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize all of their required nutrients are called which of the following?
Photosynthetic
cell culture is the type of tissue culture used when freshly isolated animal tissue is placed in a growth medium.
Primary
Freshly isolated animal tissue in a growth medium is called which of the following?
Primary cell culture
is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.
Prion or Prions
__________ are the only active biological agents lacking any nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
Prions
Which microbial agents are not classified under the Woese system?
Prions and Viruses
50% of oxygen production through photosynthesis in the oceans is produced by which bacteria?
Prochlorococcus and Trichodesium
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?
Prophage
Which antiviral drug targets HIV virion assembly?
Protease inhibitor
Prions are composed of what molecule?
Protein
Gliding bacteria belong to the Phylum
Proteobacteria
Which group of bacteria grow at very low temperatures?
Psychrophiles
Which of the following could be considered identification?
Recognizing Salmonella species based on their ability to produce hydrogen sulfide.
Which groups of bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Which of the following diseases are caused by members of Rickettsia?
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever and Endemic Typhus
Which type of helminth is Enterobius vermicularis?
Roundworm
Which of the following is true regarding scientific names?
Scientific names are italicized in printed documents
What is a problem with viral propagation in embryonic bird eggs?
Seldom visible signs of CPE
Bird embryos
Self-contained unit with its own sterile environment and nourishment
Which describes most viral infections?
Self-limiting
Which of the following are methods used to identify bacteria?
Serological analysis, Genetic techniques, Bacterial biochemistry, and Cell morphology
Which of the following microbes gets its name for the discoverer and a lake?
Shewanella oneidensis
Prophage
Stage in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacterial DNA
Which is correct regarding the writing of an organism's name?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the purpose of vaccines?
Stimulate host immune system
Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system?
The egg contains a tissue monolayer.
Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from cyanobacteria in which ways?
They have bacteriochlorophyll instead of chlorophyll. and They do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
Protease inhibitors have which effect on HIV?
They prevent virus assembly.
halophile
an organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea
methanogen
an organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane
hyperthermophile
an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park
psychrophile
an organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing
Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from the cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called
bacteriochlorophyll
Tapeworms are parasitic helminths that are grouped into a subdivision of flatworms called
cestode or cestodes
Bacteria and Archaea can be differentiated from one another by the
chemical makeup of the cell wall.
Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of __________, which is part of taxonomy.
classification
hierarchy
classification scheme organized in descending ranks
All of the following are sources of human infection with worms except
contaminated air.
Common vectors include all of the following EXCEPT
contaminated food.
A scientist studying similarities in the sequence of nucleotides in rRNA of two bacterial species is working on
determining evolutionary relatedness.
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the __________ with a thin, segmented body and the __________ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
flatworms; roundworms
taxonomy
formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of
helminths.
The nutrition of many bacteria is ______, meaning that they feed primarily off nutrients from other organisms.
heterotrophic
grow at very high temperatures
hyperthermophile
During the life cycle of a parasitic helminth, development of larvae occurs in the __________ host, while mating between adults occurs in the __________ host.
intermediate, definitive
In the Whittaker system, organisms were divided into one of five ______.
kingdoms
convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas
methanogen
Choose all of the techniques commonly used to classify bacteria.
morphology, bacterial physiology, serological analysis, and genetic analysis
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce __________ as a product of photosynthesis, but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
oxygen
The study of eukaryotic organisms that invade the body and cause disease is specifically referred to as ______.
parasitology
Which of the following is a characteristic of green and purple sulfur bacteria?
photosynthetic, contain pigments, contain bacteriochlorophyll, and utilize sulfur compounds in their metabolism
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called
phylogeny.
Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called
pocks.
Which of the following methods can be used to detect viral infections in human patients?
presence of cytopathic effects in tissue sample, presence of viral indicator molecules (antigens), PCR of viral nucleic acid, identification of antiviral antibodies, and culturing virus in cell culture
Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.
prokaryotic, circular chromosome, and contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane
grow at very low temperatures
psychrophile
phylogeny
relatedness between groups of living things
binomial nomenclature
scientific name consisting of genus and species
Charles Darwin labeled the process of evolution as natural
selection
The smallest taxon is
species.
Identify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages.
ssDNA, dsDNA, and ssRNA
Please choose the development that led to the new three domain system of classification.
the discovery of rRNA leading to an understanding of archaeons
Please select all of the following which are forms of evidence that support the occurrence of evolution.
the findings of ancient fossils, the study of the function of organisms and their components, and the study of genetics
Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?
the genus name and then the species name
What is the "bottom billion"?
the people that suffer from 13 common tropical diseases
genetic techniques
these tests use DNA to determine the identity of an organism
serological analysis
these tests use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness
morphology
these tests use cell shape and Gram reaction to classify organisms
bacterial physiology/biochemistry
these tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms
All of the following statements about helminths are correct except
they generally make only a few eggs per day.
The primary purposes of viral cultivation include
to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens., to research viral structure, multiplication, genetics, and effects on host cells., and to prepare viruses for vaccines.
Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called
transduction
Prions are responsible for
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies., Mad Cow disease., and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Which of the following strategies are used by parasitic helminths to ensure their survival?
use of mouth glands to breach host tissues, fertilized eggs are provided with a protective shell, and some worms carry millions of eggs in development
Which of the following statements about lysogeny are true?
viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome, bacteria can acquire new genes from its prophage, and can be induced to enter the lytic cycle
While all of the following techniques or tools have provided information regarding the nature of viruses, which one had to be developed before the genetics, biochemistry, and life cycles of viruses could be thoroughly studied?
viral cultivation techniques
Infectious naked strands of RNA that parasitize plants are called
viroids.
