Microbiology 20 Advanced Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6

Which group of bacteria has a high tolerance for salt?

Halophiles

Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses?

Hamsters, White mice, and Rats

Which of the following eukaryotes are multicellular animals?

Helminths

Which term describes a worm having both male and female organs?

Hermaphroditic

Which of the following are commonly used to help identify helminths?

Hooks, Size, Shape, and Eggs

What 2 factors are changing the patterns of worm infections worldwide?

Human migration and Air travel

Which group of bacteria grows at very high temperatures?

Hyperthermophiles

The process of determining the characteristics of an organism which will be used to place the organism into its taxonomic ranks.

Identification

Which of the following characteristics does not pertain to helminths?

In kingdom Protista

Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of a living organism?

In vitro

Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following?

In vivo

Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing within a living organism or tissues?

In vivo

small thermophilic rods found in underwater volcanoes

Phylum Aquificae

obligate intracellular parasites that are extremely small in size

Phylum Chlamydiae

green sulfur bacteria

Phylum Chlorobi

depend on sulfur for growth, found in extreme habitats like hot springs or extreme cold

Phylum Crenarchaeota

photosynthetic bacteria that may be green, yellow, red, or orange in color

Phylum Cyanobacteria

highly resistant to radiation and desiccation

Phylum Deinococcus

produce methane and can withstand high salt environments

Phylum Euryarchaeota

mostly Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content

Phylum Firmicutes

extremely small archaea found in salt mines

Phylum Nanoarchaeota

Gram-negatives including rickettsias and enterics

Phylum Proteobacteria

slender, twisted cells that move by means of periplasmic flagella

Phylum Spirochetes

thermophilic halophiles found in deep sea vents

Phylum Thermotogae

Describing the process of cell division in bacteria would be part of which of the following?

Physiology

The helminth Enterobius vermicularis causes which disease?

Pinworm infection

Which of the following describes a "clear" area where a phage-infected cell lysed and infected all of the other cells and lysed them?

Plaque

Which of the following are components of T-even phages?

Tail pins and fibers, DNA, and Icosahedral capsid head

Cell culture, embryo, animals

Takes a long time to get diagnosis

is the science of organizing, classifying and naming living things.

Taxonomy

Which is true regarding evolutionary theory?

Those traits that favor survival are passed on.

Which of the following are the extensive internal membranes that function in photosynthesis.in cyanobacteria?

Thylakoids

Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation?

Tissue culture

Identify 3 purposes of viral cultivation.

To prepare vaccines, To identify viruses in clinical specimens, and To study effects on host cells

It is possible for a lysogenized bacteria to produce which of the following that are harmful to people?

Toxins

Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred by bacteriophages between bacteria during which process?

Transduction

A flat, ovoid body is characteristic of which of the following?

Trematodes

Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

True

Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.

True

The ease of global travel and increased immigration has affected the worldwide distribution of helminth infections.

True

True or false: Helminths range in size from 1mm to 25 m.

True

True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions.

True

True or false: It is possible for a bacterial cell infected with a temperate phage to replicate before induction occurs.

True

True or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism.

True

True or false: Prions are resistant to high temperatures.

True

True or false: Some photosynthetic bacteria produce sulfur granules or sulfates.

True

True or false: Virus cultivation is an important skill because viral stocks are needed for vaccines.

True

Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915?

Twort and d'Herelle

Which step is present in bacteriophage multiplication but not in multiplication of an animal virus?

Viral genetic material is injected directly into the host cell.

Which of the following is composed of only RNA?

Viroid

Please select all the accurate statements about the importance of prions and viroids and the diseases they cause.

Viroids pose significant problems in many economically important crops., Prions induce abnormal folding in normal proteins., and Prion infections have long latent periods.

Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others?

Virus-specific animal receptors

AAV can only replicate in cells infected with

adenovirus

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

blood agar cultures

When assigning a scientific name to an organism,

both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.

Of the 13 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), the majority are caused by

both helminths and protozoans.

The sexually mature life cycle stage of helminths occurs in the

definitive host.

have very high salt tolerance

halophile

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is made virulent by incorporated prophage genes encoding the diphtheria toxin. What term describes this process?

lysogenic conversion

Which body system is mainly affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

nervous system

An important indicator of evolutionary history is the

nitrogen base sequence of rRNA.

Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic flatworms include the __________ with a long, ribbon-like body and the __________ with a flat, ovoid body.

tapeworms; flukes

taxa

taxonomic categories

Please choose the term that describes the system of organizing, classifying, and naming organisms.

taxonomy

A halophile would ______________ in a high salt environment.

thrive

Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?

Archaea

According to current thought regarding the domains of life, which two domains are believed to be the most closely related?

Archaea and Eukarya

Members of Chlamydia and Rickettsia differ in that Chlamydia do not require which of the following?

Arthropods for transmission

Cell culture

Available for viruses with specific host ranges

Which antiviral drug targets the HIV synthesis stage?

Azidothymidine (AZT)

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Bacillus subtilis

Kingdom Monera

Bacteria

Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species?

Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup., Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction., and Bacteria can accept genetic material from others.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a common sexually transmitted disease.

False

In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.

False

Most viral infections result in the death of the host.

False

No cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome linked to eating infected cows have occurred in the United States.

False

Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised.

False

True or false: According to evolutionary theory, the environment changes the genes of an individual organism to help it adapt.

False

True or false: Most of the NTDs are not treatable.

False

Viral infections are easier to treat with drugs than bacterial infections.

False

Viruses are routinely cultured in order to diagnose an infection.

False

Which of the following describe green and purple sulfur bacteria?

Gram-negative and Anaerobic

What general word is used to describe a preference for an environment such as high heat or high levels of salt?

Extremophile

A single female Ascaris can lay approximately how many eggs per day?

200,000

Cyanobacteria have existed in some form for how many years?

3 Billion

Cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Tricholdesium account for how much of global biomass formation?

30-40%

Where are you most likely to find prokaryotes belonging to the domain Archaea?

A hot spring

In order to observe a "plaque" from a bacteriophage, you must begin with which of the following?

A lawn of bacteria

Lysogenic induction

Activation of prophage in lysogenic cell to begin viral replication

Kingdom Protista

Algae and Protozoa

Which describes the bacterial causative agents of cholera, botulism, and diphtheria?

All have undergone lysogenic convergence.

Uncoating of viral nucleic acid

All of these choices are correct.

Live animals

Allows for viral effects on the whole organism to be observed

What type of molecule is Azidothymidine (AZT)?

Altered nucleotide

Polymerase chain reaction

Amplification of viral nucleic acid from a patient sample

Which term describes bacteria that do not use oxygen in their metabolism?

Anaerobic

Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections?

Antibiotics

Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells?

Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions

Where would you find female pinworms depositing their eggs?

Anus

A microoganism has been described to you as living in hot acidic habitats in the waste piles of coal mines that regularly sustain a pH of 1 and a temperature of nearly 60°C. Which type of organism do you immediately assume it is?

Archaea

What is the source of the diphtheria toxin?

Bacteriophage

What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria?

Bacteriophage

If you needed specific information regarding bacterial classification and taxonomy, which one of the following resources should you use?

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Which of the following microbes is named after a Belgian microbiologist who discovered it?

Bordetella pertussis

Which of the following diseases is not caused by a member of Rickettsia?

Cat Scratch disease

Prions affect the normal proteins in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells in which of the following ways?

Causing abnormal folding

Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation?

Chicken, Duck, and Turkey

In which age group is enterobiasis most prevalent?

Children

Which of the following bacteria can cause severe eye infections?

Chlamydia trachomatis

If microbiologists only used the Gram stain and shape to identify bacteria, we could not assign bacteria to a more specific level than which of the following?

Class

The process of grouping organisms into groups which reflect the history and evolutionary relatedness of those organisms.

Classification

Which of the following is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history?

Classification

Lysogeny

Condition in which the host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA

Identify the common modes of transmission of helminths to humans.

Contaminated soil, Contaminated water, Contaminated food, and Infected animals

In the disease known as bovine spongiform encephalitis, what does "bovine" mean?

Cow

Which of the following is mismatched?

Coxiella burnetti: cowpox

Which prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy is marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrolled muscle contractions?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Which is mismatched?

Cyanobacteria-gliding thermophilic bacteria

Rapid tests

Detect virus or cytopathic effects in cells or tissue

Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection?

Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood

Screening

Detection via antibodies in the patient's blood

In the Woese-Fox system of classification,which is the most general category in which an organism is assigned?

Domain

You identify a new species of microorganism in an undersea thermal vent. The microbe is a single cell organism that lacks a nucleus. Which Domain would you classify your new species as belonging to?

Domain Archaea

Which of these terms does not belong in this group?

Embryonic culture

Which of the following are not found in viroids?

Envelope, Capsid, Metabolic pathways, and Mitochondrion

Please choose the correct way to type the scientific name of an organism to demonstrate your understanding of how to correctly write a scientific name.

Escherichia coli

T-even and lambda phages have been studied extensively using which of the following bacteria?

Escherichia coli

Which are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea

The ribosomal subunit structures in archaea are similar to which of the following?

Eukaryotic cells

Identify the characteristics of helminths.

Eukaryotic, Unicellular egg forms, and Multicellular in adult form

Which of the following is found in the fertilized eggs of helminths?

Extra food and A protective shell

Which of the following is the route for infection with pinworm transmission?

Fecal-oral

The three life stages of a helminth include which of the following?

Fertilized egg, Larval stage, and Adult

Which are helminths?

Flukes, Tapeworms, and Roundworms

Which of the following is not a sign of viral propagation in inoculated eggs?

Formation of plaques

How does a person become infected with pinworms?

From swallowing eggs of the worm

Kingdom Myceteae

Fungi

What term is used to define the process of a prophage being activated and entering into the lytic cycle?

Induction

What are the usual routes of entry into the human body for helminth infections?

Ingestion and Skin penetration

Where do obligate intracellular parasites live?

Inside a host cell

Lysogeny is best described as which of the following?

Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans?

Interferon

are natural antiviral proteins produced in humans that have shown some potential for prevention of viral infection and cancer treatment.

Interferons

All members of the same phylum must also be members of which of the following?

Kingdom

In the levels of classification, which is the level just below Domain?

Kingdom

Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?

Kingdom

Taxonomy does not involve

Koch's postulates.

Which describes the number of vaccines available against viral infections?

Limited number of vaccines

The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by which of the following scientists?

Linnaeus

During the lytic cycle of bacteriophages, the ultimate destiny of a phage-infected bacterial cell is which of the following?

Lysis

When a bacterium acquires a new trait from a temperate phage, which of the following has occurred?

Lysogenic conversion

Which of the following is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease?

Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages

is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.

Lysogeny, Latency, or Prophage

What is the common name for bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

Mad cow disease

Which of the following populations is most susceptible to helminth infections?

Malnourished children

Members of Chlamydia are similar to those of Rickettsia in that they require host cells for which of the following?

Metabolism and Growth

Which type of organism converts CO2 and H2 into CH4 (methane)?

Methanogens

What is the most common equipment used to identify helminths?

Microscope

Describing the shape of cells and their arrangement would be part of which of the following?

Morphology

Which of the following refers to the study of organism form and structure?

Morphology

The process of assigning names to all levels of an organism's taxonomic ranking.

Nomenclature

Identify the structure that is absent in bacteria and archaea.

Nucleus

Lysogenic conversion

Occurs when a bacterium acquires genes and characteristics from its temperate phage

Bacteriophages infect which of the following?

Only bacteria cells

Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample?

PCR

Bacterial types can differ from other types in the same species in which of the following ways?

Pathogenicity, Susceptibility to bacterial viruses, Antigenic makeup

Bacteria that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize all of their required nutrients are called which of the following?

Photosynthetic

cell culture is the type of tissue culture used when freshly isolated animal tissue is placed in a growth medium.

Primary

Freshly isolated animal tissue in a growth medium is called which of the following?

Primary cell culture

is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.

Prion or Prions

__________ are the only active biological agents lacking any nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).

Prions

Which microbial agents are not classified under the Woese system?

Prions and Viruses

50% of oxygen production through photosynthesis in the oceans is produced by which bacteria?

Prochlorococcus and Trichodesium

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?

Prophage

Which antiviral drug targets HIV virion assembly?

Protease inhibitor

Prions are composed of what molecule?

Protein

Gliding bacteria belong to the Phylum

Proteobacteria

Which group of bacteria grow at very low temperatures?

Psychrophiles

Which of the following could be considered identification?

Recognizing Salmonella species based on their ability to produce hydrogen sulfide.

Which groups of bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites?

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

Which of the following diseases are caused by members of Rickettsia?

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever and Endemic Typhus

Which type of helminth is Enterobius vermicularis?

Roundworm

Which of the following is true regarding scientific names?

Scientific names are italicized in printed documents

What is a problem with viral propagation in embryonic bird eggs?

Seldom visible signs of CPE

Bird embryos

Self-contained unit with its own sterile environment and nourishment

Which describes most viral infections?

Self-limiting

Which of the following are methods used to identify bacteria?

Serological analysis, Genetic techniques, Bacterial biochemistry, and Cell morphology

Which of the following microbes gets its name for the discoverer and a lake?

Shewanella oneidensis

Prophage

Stage in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacterial DNA

Which is correct regarding the writing of an organism's name?

Staphylococcus aureus

What is the purpose of vaccines?

Stimulate host immune system

Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system?

The egg contains a tissue monolayer.

Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from cyanobacteria in which ways?

They have bacteriochlorophyll instead of chlorophyll. and They do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

Protease inhibitors have which effect on HIV?

They prevent virus assembly.

halophile

an organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea

methanogen

an organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane

hyperthermophile

an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park

psychrophile

an organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing

Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from the cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called

bacteriochlorophyll

Tapeworms are parasitic helminths that are grouped into a subdivision of flatworms called

cestode or cestodes

Bacteria and Archaea can be differentiated from one another by the

chemical makeup of the cell wall.

Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of __________, which is part of taxonomy.

classification

hierarchy

classification scheme organized in descending ranks

All of the following are sources of human infection with worms except

contaminated air.

Common vectors include all of the following EXCEPT

contaminated food.

A scientist studying similarities in the sequence of nucleotides in rRNA of two bacterial species is working on

determining evolutionary relatedness.

Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the __________ with a thin, segmented body and the __________ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.

flatworms; roundworms

taxonomy

formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of

helminths.

The nutrition of many bacteria is ______, meaning that they feed primarily off nutrients from other organisms.

heterotrophic

grow at very high temperatures

hyperthermophile

During the life cycle of a parasitic helminth, development of larvae occurs in the __________ host, while mating between adults occurs in the __________ host.

intermediate, definitive

In the Whittaker system, organisms were divided into one of five ______.

kingdoms

convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas

methanogen

Choose all of the techniques commonly used to classify bacteria.

morphology, bacterial physiology, serological analysis, and genetic analysis

Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce __________ as a product of photosynthesis, but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.

oxygen

The study of eukaryotic organisms that invade the body and cause disease is specifically referred to as ______.

parasitology

Which of the following is a characteristic of green and purple sulfur bacteria?

photosynthetic, contain pigments, contain bacteriochlorophyll, and utilize sulfur compounds in their metabolism

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called

phylogeny.

Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called

pocks.

Which of the following methods can be used to detect viral infections in human patients?

presence of cytopathic effects in tissue sample, presence of viral indicator molecules (antigens), PCR of viral nucleic acid, identification of antiviral antibodies, and culturing virus in cell culture

Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.

prokaryotic, circular chromosome, and contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane

grow at very low temperatures

psychrophile

phylogeny

relatedness between groups of living things

binomial nomenclature

scientific name consisting of genus and species

Charles Darwin labeled the process of evolution as natural

selection

The smallest taxon is

species.

Identify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages.

ssDNA, dsDNA, and ssRNA

Please choose the development that led to the new three domain system of classification.

the discovery of rRNA leading to an understanding of archaeons

Please select all of the following which are forms of evidence that support the occurrence of evolution.

the findings of ancient fossils, the study of the function of organisms and their components, and the study of genetics

Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?

the genus name and then the species name

What is the "bottom billion"?

the people that suffer from 13 common tropical diseases

genetic techniques

these tests use DNA to determine the identity of an organism

serological analysis

these tests use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness

morphology

these tests use cell shape and Gram reaction to classify organisms

bacterial physiology/biochemistry

these tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms

All of the following statements about helminths are correct except

they generally make only a few eggs per day.

The primary purposes of viral cultivation include

to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens., to research viral structure, multiplication, genetics, and effects on host cells., and to prepare viruses for vaccines.

Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called

transduction

Prions are responsible for

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies., Mad Cow disease., and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Which of the following strategies are used by parasitic helminths to ensure their survival?

use of mouth glands to breach host tissues, fertilized eggs are provided with a protective shell, and some worms carry millions of eggs in development

Which of the following statements about lysogeny are true?

viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome, bacteria can acquire new genes from its prophage, and can be induced to enter the lytic cycle

While all of the following techniques or tools have provided information regarding the nature of viruses, which one had to be developed before the genetics, biochemistry, and life cycles of viruses could be thoroughly studied?

viral cultivation techniques

Infectious naked strands of RNA that parasitize plants are called

viroids.