Sociology Final Exam
Racism
A belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits
Race
A group of people who share a set of characteristics (typically, but not always, physical ones); A social construct that changes over time
Tracking
A way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans; Intended to tailor a student's educational experience more directly to his or her particular goal
Socioeconomic status can be bas defines as...
An individuals position in a stratified social order
Structural Mobility
Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
Property and Lack of Property
The 2 Basic Categories for all Class Situations
Private Property
The idea that a person has a right to own something; Leads to social inequality which leads to social conflict
Social Capital
The information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Profane
The things of mundane, everyday life
DNA Testing
Used to determine peoples racial makeup
What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?
Women are more likely to seek medical care
Mortality
the state of being subject to death
3 distance types of cultural capital
1. Embodied 2. Objectified 3. Institutionalized
3 theories of how poverty affects children
1. Focuses on the material deprivations caused by a family's low socioeconomic status 2. Parenting Stress Hypothesis 3. Focuses on differences between poor parents and higher-income parents, but without much faith that anything can be done to affect these differences
2 main functions of schools
1. Provide education 2. Socialize them Schools teach general skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as specific skills needed for the workplace
3 Interpretations of the social determinants theory
1. Psychosocial Interpretation 2. Materialist Interpretation 3. Fundamental Causes Interpretation
3 Theories why people with higher socioeconomic status have better health
1. Selection Theory 2. Drift Explanation 3. Social Determinants Theory
Equality of opportunity
A capitalist society with a continuing history of inequality in wealth, income, and power can still have...
Social Inequality
A condition in which no difference in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist
Poverty
A condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual cannot live with dignity in his or her society
Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?
A gendered identity
Secularism
A general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief and toward a rational, scientific orientation
Bureaucracy
A legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and roles and emphasize meritocracy
Relative Poverty
A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location
Patriarchy
A nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
Estate System
A politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
Eugenics
A pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation; "Well born"
Caste System
A religious-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility Ex: Varna System
Sacred things
A set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action in a profane world
Feminism
A social movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle in society and to address gender-based inequalities that intersect with others forms of social identity
Gender
A social position; behaviors and a set of attributes that are associated with sex identities
Bourgeois Society
A society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive Ex: Modern Capitalist Society
Meritocracy
A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement; Most skilled and talented people would reach the governing elite
International State System
A system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states
Welfare State
A system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens
Status Hierarchy System
A system of stratification based on social prestige i.e: Occupational Status
Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
A system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society
Dialect
A two-directional relationship, following a pattern in which an original statement or thesis is countered with an antithesis, leading to a conclusion that unites the strengths of the strengths of the original position and the counterarguments
Mobility Table
A way to examine the process of individual mobility by comparing changes in occupational status between generations
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of color-blind racism?
A white women with a black child being told by her grandmother that she doesn't see the child's race
Parents net worth and parents education
According to the research on status attainment, the best predictors of a person's educational and other socioeconomic outcomes are..
Which of the following statements is true about college admissions decisions?
Affirmative action programs at colleges and universities are designed to provide opportunities to historically underrepresented groups and to increase diversity on campuses.
Adam Ferguson and John Millar
Agreed with Rousseau that inequality arises when private property emerges; saw inequality as good for social improvement and efficiency
Paradox of Authority
Although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat or physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority
What is the significance of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s statement regarding religion and racial segregation in the United States?
Among major U.S. institutions, the church is the most segregated by race.
Class System
An economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility
Rationalizing
An ever-expanding process of ordering or organizing
Sexual Harassment
An illegal form of discrimination revolving around sexuality that can involve everything from inappropriate jokes to sexual "barter" to outright sexual assault; Women face this problem in the working world
Unlike other racial and ethnic groups, white people can reasonably count on seeing themselves represented in movies and series if they were to log onto Netflix or access some other media outlet. This is one of many examples of
An invisible knapsack of privliges
Credentialism
An overemphasis on credentials (college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job; As more and more people meet the qualifications for certain job types, employers upgrade the requirements in order to weed out more people
Status-Attainment Model
Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations
Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so typically because they
Are interest in how scientific facts are socially constructed
Max Weber View on Religion
Argued that Protestantism was a prerequisite for the development of capitalism because it introduced the idea a person fulfilled his or her duty to God through hard work and asceticism; Making money= not frowned upon; Spending money for pleasure= frowned upon
Karl Marx View on Religion
Argued that religion was used to keep workers from questioning their oppressed position in everyday life by promising them riches in the afterlife; all social facts of life are grounded in conflict
Max Weber
Argues that a class is a group that has as its basis the common life chances or opportunities available to it in its market place
Emile Durkheim View on Religion
Argues that religions perform the social function of promoting social solidarity by strengthening the collective conscience; Also felt that sacred symbols become more powerful because people collectively invest them with power through their shared belief
W.E.B DuBois
Argues that the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community was a result of racial oppression and poverty, not a cause of it
Essentialist Arguments
Arguments explaining social phenomena in terms of natural, biological, or evolutionary inevitabilities; Relies on biological determinism
Although it may seem strange for white supremacist groups to make claims about the intellectual superiority and successful economic mobility of Asian Americans, this can be seen as...
As a way to blame other groups for not achieving similar economic success
Drift Explanation
Asserts that reverse causality exists--> that health causes social position Ex: one is sick so they cannot work, causing them to make no income
Materialist Interpretation
Asserts that the differential access to health life-- including all monetary, psychological, and environmental risk factors-- is a result of socioeconomic factors
Biological Determinism
Assumes that what you do in the social world is a direct result of who you are in the natural world
Legal-Rational Authority
Authority based on legal, impersonal rules; The rules rule
Traditional Authority
Authority that rests on appeals to the past or traditions
Charismatic Authority
Authority that rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader
One-Drop Rule
Belief that one drop of black blood makes a perssin black
Karl Marx
Believes social classes boil down to 2 classes 1. Proletariat 2. Bourgeoisie
A researcher wants to study the relationship between childhood poverty and subsequent educational attainment. She designs a study that includes identical twins as well as non-twin siblings in poor and middle class neighborhoods because identical twins share the same genes. Her study design suggests that she is testing the...
Bell curve thesis
Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views?
Biological determinism
Underclass
Building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstreaming society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us; Culture of Poverty supervised for the 1980's
At the local soccer club, Michael is always the center of attention and is very comfortable being a leader. According to Weber's theory, Michael probably has ________ authority.
Charismatic
The decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery
College student Jerry says disease, natural disasters, and even war serve great purpose. His friends say his views are offensive and Jerry replies, "Im a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems wipe out wipe out large numbers is that...
During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in
Competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violence clashes between whites and blacks
Sick Role
Concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual; 2 rights and 2 obligations; Individualistic
You are at a football game with your friends, though you aren't a football fan. Nonetheless, when "the wave" comes your way, you stand up and take part. Afterward, you feel surprised that you did such a silly thing that you don't really even enjoy. A sociologist explains that you were influenced by the behavior of those close to you, which is called ________ theory.
Contagion
Social Ills
Crime, poor education outcomes, and divorce or the result
If Cynthia, an African American woman, earns an advanced degree, she may earn a similar income to Marie, a white woman with the same degree, and yet she may still have fewer economic resources than Marie. What explanation for this economic gap would BEST demonstrate equity inequality?
Cynthia did not inherit any property or other assets from her parents or grandparents
Cisgender
Describes people whose gender corresponds to their birth sex
Transgender
Describes people whose gender does not correspond to their birth sex
Sexuality
Desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior
How did the traditional nuclear family develop?
Developed in response to conditions in a specific time and place-the post-World War II economic boom in the United States; Not a timeless or universal concept
Difference between Domination by Economic power and Domination by authority
Domination by Economic Power: willing obedience of the ruled Domination by Authority: Command of legitimate authority
Michelle is doing a school project that involves visiting a local mosque and interviewing Muslims about life in India. What advice would Jen'nan Read likely give to Michelle?
Don't confuse ethnicity and religion, wrongly assuming "Muslim" and "Arab" are one and the same
Frik Olin Wright
Elaborated the 2-class system model with concept of contradictory class locations
The period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness describes which stage of a social movement?
Emergence
An accident occurs on a busy street, and a pedestrian immediately starts pulling people from cars and instructing others on what to do. This person would be an example of which collective action theory?
Emergent Norm
Aisha has fallen in love with Richard, a man who is outside her ethnic group. Her family shames her and convinces her to marry Adam, a man from their background. When doing so, Aisha is following her ethnic group's rule of
Endogamy
The ____ is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
Estate System
Symbolic Ethnicity
Ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual; Not an identity that they must assume all the time
An example of collective action would be
Everyone walking out an exam
"Gender structures social relationships between people unequally." This is a statement that exemplifies the ________ perspective on gender.
Feminist
Parenting Stress Hypothesis
Focuses on bad parenting practices related to a family's low socioeconomic status
Color-blind Racism
Focuses on cultural and national differences rather than racial ones.
Fundamental Causes Interpretation
Focuses on examine how social factors shape illness and health in order to understand the pervasive link between SES and health; Because resources are differentially distributed across the socioeconomic hierarchy, people of higher social position have more resources at their disposal than those below them and are therefore, better able to maintain good health and avoid disability and death
Psychosocial Interpretation
Focuses on individuals' social class status relative to that of those around them; Feelings of low worth, inadequacy, and stigma causes people stress and wears down their bodies
Straight-line assimilation Model
Four Stages: Contact, Competition, Accommodation, and Assimilation
The Matthew effect is essentially like
Getting promoted because of who you are, not on the basis of merit
Development of civilization
Greatest goal for which human kind can strive
Discrimination
Harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category
C. Wright Mills sees the consolidation of power among small number of institutions and leaders as...
Harmful the interests of the masses
The concept of race...
Has changed over time
The idea that heterosexuality is the default or the normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate is called
Heteronormativity
At 9:05 A.M., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk—book open and pencil ready to write—wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) is referred to, by sociologists, as the
Hidden Curriculum
The effect of globalization has been to bifurcate labor into...
High skilled and low skilled The effect of globalization has been to bifurcate labor into...
Resource Dilution Model
Hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them
Equality of Opportunity
Idea that everyone has an equal chance to each wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone
Nuclear Family
Idealized model of a male breadwinner, a female homemaker, and their dependent children (Traditional Family); Emerged as the dominant, normative, and ethical model for domestic life
Consumption
If a person with a high-paying and prestigious job wants to be sure others are aware of this status, this person might choose to wear very expensive or drive a high-end car. These behaviors are examples of...
Morbidity
Illness in a general sense Ex: Chicken pox
Morbidity means ________; mortality means ________.
Illness; Death
How does inequality cause social improvement and efficiency
In an individual can preserve and accumulate resources and become more powerful by storing up assets, person will have more incentive to work
Relative to earlier decades, direct-to-consumer advertisement of drugs has ________ in the last several years.
Increased
Factors that have brought significant changes in organization of work and family life
Increasing divorce rates, decreasing marriage and fertility rates, and the increased participation of women in the workforce
Paradox of Stratification
Inequality is a result of surplus
In the classroom, compared to girls, boys...
Interrupt the other sex more often
Matrix of Domination
Intersecting domains of oppression that create a social space of domination, and by extension, a unique position within that space based on someone's intersectional identity along with multiple dimensions of gender, age, race, class, sexuality, location, and so on
Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be
Invisible because they are regarded as the norm
Max Weber described bureaucracies as the ________ of modern life.
Iron cage
Religion
Is a system of beliefs and practices around sacred things
One of the reasons the #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) movement is seen as a new form of civil rights movement is because
It has kept its goals to a very narrow set of issues rather than broadening to a larger set of related issues
The concept of a "traditional" nuclear family, such as the homemaker mother and breadwinner father, is one that emerged from American history. Which of the following statements describes the reality about the "traditional" family?
It was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual
Meritocratic
Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tell Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income. Such a system is referred to as...
Authority
Justifiable right to exercise power
Extended Family
Kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
________ authority is based on standard, regular procedures, and it is the type of authority supposedly most pervasive in modern society.
Legal-Rational
Cohabitation
Living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
Longetivity
Marital Status: Married people live longer Gender: Women Family Size: Larger family has higher child mortality rate
Exogamy
Marriage between someone outside one's social group Ex: African American and White
Endogamy
Marriage to someone within one's social group Ex: Caste System of India
In much of the Western world, choice of a marriage partner is influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?
Marrying someone significantly different in age, race, social class, and religion is often met with disapproval from others.
By looking at the anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries of our own system of gender...
May not be stable
The process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such is called
Medicalization
After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?
Medicalization replaced counseling
Exchange Mobility
Mobility resulting from the swapping of jobs; Number of jobs stay the same, with some people moving up into better jobs and others moving down to worse ones
Sheila entered the field of book editing, which had been largely male-dominated. She was optimistic that she had made an inroad to a mostly male profession, but it soon became a more commercial rather than an academic field. This was associated with less autonomy on the job, less prestige, and less job security. As this change in the editing field occurred, we would expect that
More women enter this line of work
Dominant Model for domestic life
Most Americans took to it (86% raised into a two parent family and 60% had breadwinner male and homemaker female)
Race in health world
Most commonly between black and whites; Whites have best overall outcome, even when each race makes same income and has same level of education
Which of the following is mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?
Most of the time, college admissions officers would make the same admissions decisions using information only from students' high school records; furthermore, low SAT scores might disqualify from admission students who are otherwise academically talented.
Study of gender involves looking at the relationship between..
Nature and nurture
Prejudice
Negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group
C. Wright Mills
Negative view on the Elite-Mass Dichotomy System; found it dangerous and detrimental because it consolidates power in the hands of a few who will act to their own interest as opposed to the interest of the masses
Androgynous
Neither masculine nor feminine
Today, most women know that smoking during pregnancy puts their babies in danger. The cause of this "social change" was probably largely due to
New Ideas
What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role? A person in the sick role is
Not looked down on or morally judged if he or she does not work
Equality of Outcome
Notion that everyone in a society should end up with the same rewards regardless of his or her own starting point, opportunities, or contributions; Could lead to a free rider problem Ex: Communism Ideology
Free Rider Problem
Notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shrink responsibility and hope the others will pull the extra weight
Mythical Model for domestic life
Nuclear family existence represents not a natural, timeless, or universal approach to family arrangements but one that appeared in specific historical context
Normative Model for domestic life
Nuclear family was hailed proper form for families; how it ought to be
Sexism
Occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, or other differential treatment against that person; Runs rampant in schools
Which if the following is the reason why sociologists view gender as social construction rather than a biological given?
Our understanding of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or women have changed throughout history
One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents' help) are attempting to attend private schools or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school to improve their chances of getting into prestigious universities. This may be one of the reasons that
Parents are attempting to have their children accepted at the "right" daycare, sometimes even before they are born
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates "stereotype threat"?
Paul, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests.
Intersex
People born with both male and female genitalia
From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty, but rather...
Poverty in the midst of growing wealth
Politics
Power relations among people or other social actors
When Shelly, a white American, sees a Middle Eastern man, she worries that he may be a terrorist. She would never say this and would never take action on these thoughts, but nonetheless, they come into her mind. Despite her commitment to fair treatment, she is harboring
Prejudice
Supplier-induced Demand
Problem caused by medicalization; Doctors have the incentive to over treat
Race vs. Ethnicity
Race= Imposed, based on physical differences, unequal Ethnicity= Voluntary, self-defined, fluid, not so closely linked with power differences
Charles Murray
Reemphasized perverse incentives by arguing that welfare regulations make work and marriage less attractive and rising welfare benefits more attractive
Affirmative Action
Refers to a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population; Has come under attack as constituting preferential treatment and taking opportunities away from more deserving students/candidates
Pluralism
Refers to the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group in the majority
Selection Theory
Relationship between lower income and higher morbidity is spurious (false or not really causal)
Gender Identities
Reproduce the attitudes and values of their society
Lawrence Bobo calls ________ "the structural linchpin of American racial inequality."
Residencial Segregation
Which social movement model suggests that discontent and the availability of resources are the key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce?
Resource Mobilization
Unintended Consequences
Results of a policy that were not fully anticipated at the times the policy was implemented, particularly outcomes that are counter to the intentions of the policy makers
________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society.
Revolutionary
Preverse incentives
Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior Ex: Welfare
Parsons 2 rights and 2 obligations (sick role)
Rights: Sick person has the right (1) Not to perform normal social roles. (2) Not to be held accountable for his or her condition Obligations: (1)To try and get better. (2) Seek competent help and comply with doctors' orders
Thomas Malthus
Saw inequality as good at least necessary for avoiding massive overpopulation and starvation
When a scientific paradigm shifts, this indicates that
Scientific anomalies have amassed to a level that challenges the validity of an existing paradigm.
In the nineteenth century, theories of racism moved from religion-based racism to...
Scientific racism
An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n):
Secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status
Maya believes that our educational system should emphasize rationality and the scientific perspective. She volunteers with a local organization that works to ensure that public schools uphold the church and state separation. What ideology and movement does Maya MOST likely support?
Secularism
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
Sees the emergence of private property as the primary source of social ills
The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine?
Separate but equal
Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. One important consequence is that it
Separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
The Whitehall Study
Shows that social factors such as where you live, what you do for a living, and how much money you earn, have a greater influence on your health than health care and health care systems
Master-Slave Dialect
Slave=dependent on master because the master provides food, shelter and protection Master=dependent on slave because slave performs basic duties of survival until the master can no longer function on his own
While the notion of sex has typically referred to as biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ___ characteristics
Social
Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. Her rationale illustrates how ________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior.
Social Capital
According to Émile Durkheim, one of the key functions of religion was that it fosters
Social Solidarity
According to sex activists, why do surgeons and parents push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?
Social discomfort and fear of difference
Social Determinants Theory
Social status determines health
Many Americans think that the divorce rate in the United States has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but in reality, the divorce rate has actually been
Steadily rising since the nineteenth century
Sociologists worry that the Human Genome Project could position people positively or negatively based on their genetic codes and thus lead to greater
Stigmatization in society
Kinship Networks
Strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage; Network weakened as families became more mobile
Steve is a white American whose family has lived in the United States for 200 years. During the Olympics, Steve cheers for Britain in swimming, because, he says, "I'm British!" During soccer, he cheers for Sweden, saying, "I have some Swedish in me, too!" Steve is displaying
Symbolic Ethnicity
Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to ________ than girls.
Take math and science AP classes and score higher
Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In his research report, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis...
Tends to blame the poor
Milgram Experiment
Tested people to see how far they would go in obeying an authority figure
Family background and Peers
The 1966 Coleman Report showed that two primary factors—____ and ____—explained differences in achievement among schools, rather than differences in school resources as had been expected
Power
The ability to carry out one's will despite resistance
Ethnocentrism
The belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of their ones own
Bourgeoisie
The capitalist Class (Employing Class)
Routinization
The clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
Hegemonic Masculinity
The condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance/privilege is invisible; Not a norm anymore--> show hows gender is not a rigid, unchanging category
Genocide
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
Primordialism
The ethnic ties are fixed in a deeply felt connection to one's homeland culture
In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?
The exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other
Racialization
The formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people. Ex: Anti-Muslim backlash in America since 9/11
Sharika completed her MBA from a prestigious university and got an entry-level position with a financial firm. Although she worked diligently and produced everything that was asked of her, she was not able to advance in the firm as much as male colleagues with similar credentials and job performance. It is likely that Sharika encountered
The glass ceiling
Stratification
The hierarchical organization of a society into groups with differing levels of power, social prestige, or status and economic resources
Equality of Condition
The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Heteronormativity
The idea that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate; Not held as the norm anymore
Contradictory Class Locations
The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between two "pure" classes
Intersectionality
The idea the it is critical to understand the interplay between social indentures such as race, gender, class, ability status, and sexual orientation, even though many social systems and institutions try to treat each category on its own; This creates Matrix of Domination
What does it mean to say that illness is socially constructed?
The identification of a condition or activity as symptomatic of an illness varies by culture
Felicia earns a high income from her job as a financial consultant. She is able to afford healthy organic fresh food, a gym membership, and relaxing trips during her paid vacation time. Josh also earns a high income as a personal chef. Although he knows about nutrition and can afford healthy food, he opts to eat more processed foods and exercises only occasionally. Byron has a modest income, but manages to eat healthy foods and exercise because he works for a health food store that gives generous employee discounts and has an exercise room that employees can use before or after their shifts. In health assessments, Felicia fares the best of the three, followed by Byron and then Josh. What can we conclude from this scenario?
The influence of socioeconomic status on health occurs through diet and exercise, so if these are provided to low socioeconomic status individuals like Byron, it can improve health.
Human Capital
The knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
Segregation
The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
Taylorism
The methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task
Hidden Curriculum
The nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling; Serves to form a more cohesive society but has also been used to impose the values of a dominant culture on outsiders or minorities
Cult of Domesticity
The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
Although the state's authority is derived from the implicit threat of physical force, when the state resorts to physical coercion to enforce its will, its legitimate authority diminishes drastically. This is an example of
The paradox of Authority
Sex
The perceived biological differences that society typically uses to distinguish males from females
Absolute Poverty
The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members
Polygamy
The practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Polyandry
The practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
Polygyny
The practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
Monogamy
The practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Objectified
The prat that requires a significant amount of time and money to acquire Ex: a piano
Domination
The probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group go people
Medicalization
The process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such; How doctors have the power to set their own pay rates and to recommend treatments and follow-up visits at their discretion Ex: Alcoholism
Specialization
The process of breaking up work into specific, delimited tasks
Education
The process through which academic, social, and cultural skills are developed
Core of the debate about poverty in America
The question of whether poverty is the cause of social ills
Embodied
The skill rests in our body Ex: If you learn to play the piano, the competency is this form
Cultural Capital
The symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
Coercion
The use of force, as opposed to authority, to get others to do what you want
Proletariat
The working Class
Culture of Poverty
Theory argues that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances; Was part of the backlash against the policies implemented by President Johnson; Was used to bolster arguments of welfare critics
Your textbook notes that biology researchers have shifted away from using the term "race" to using the term "continental ancestry" for a few reasons, including the fact that
There is no clear genetic line that subdivides the human species.
A sociologist and an environmental scientist are both interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate, while the environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreements are actually due to the fact that
They are working through different frameworks, so they reach different conclusions
Since the 1990s, new laws affecting medical treatment requirements, such as the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, have been significant to the institution of medicine because
They imposed external regulations on the medical profession and thereby eroded the authority of doctors
Civil rights, Political Rights, and Social Rights
Three different types of Citizenship Rights
Which of the statements below best describes the theories of Max Weber and Karl Marx?
To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble if people stopped following religion.
Vince Pareto
Took positive view on the Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
The State
Ultimate example of Domination by Authority; A human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Viewed history in terms of a master-slave dialect
What group sells its labor to the Bourgeoisie in order to receive wages? Proletariat
What group sells its labor to the Bourgeoisie in order to receive wages?
Institutionalized
When it is legitimated through a formal system, such as education Ex: You are accepted into an elite music conservatory because of your piano-playing ability
Stereotype Threat
When members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes Ex: Black student taking SAT, may unconsciously worry they that they will confirm negative stereotypes about African American intelligence
4 ways that groups respond to oppression
Withdrawal, Passing, Acceptance, and Resistance; Acceptance and Resistance are closely linked
Schools—the very institutions that are supposed to help level the playing field for students with different backgrounds—paradoxically sort students based on those same backgrounds. How does this paradox come to be in the United States?
Within a school, students are sorted into different academic tracks
An essentialist would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring?
Women find occupations involving caring more suitable to their nature
Second Shift
Women's responsibility for housework and child care-- everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing halloween costumes
According to Peggy McIntosh (1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate? If you are white,
You don't have to think much about your racial identity
If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?
Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.
Assets
a form of wealth that can be stored for the future
Which of the following is an example of an asset?
a piece of property
Results from the Coleman Report found that
achievement differences between schools could be explained best by the family background of students and peers with whom children attended school.
Collective Action
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
William Julius Wilson
believed factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination are the causes of urban poverty
The stage of a social movement when people start organizing, donating money, and lobbying political officials is
coalescence.
Contagion Theory
collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others
Convergence Theory
collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place
Mass Collective Action
collective action in which close physical proximity is not necessary such as a letter writing campaign
Group behavior has to violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because
collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.
If one individual behaves in a socially inappropriate manner, he or she is considered deviant, but if several individuals behave this way together, it is referred to as a
collective action.
Miscengenation
he technical term for interracial marriage; Exogamy
In 1961, Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure
how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure.
What is the difference between alternative social movements and reformative movements? Alternative social movements focus on ________; reformative movements focus on ________.
individual behaviors; the entire society
Social Movement
is collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.
Convergence theory says that the role of planning in collective action
isn't necessary because collective action can emerge from social circumstances.
Religion can serve some negative social functions. One of these negative functions may be that it can
justify unequal and unfair differences between groups in society.
Revolutionary Movements
movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society
Scientific Racism
nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race
In general, rulers demonstrate their authority by
persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid.
The connection between social movements and religion demonstrates the
powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world.
According to Émile Durkheim, religion is created by ________, and religious expressions represent ________.
social interaction; collective realities
Reformative Social Movements
social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society
Alternative Social Movement
social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people
Redemptive Social Movement
social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior
You have identified yourself as a pet lover all your life, but your involvement with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) has come and gone, depending on your workload at the time. The fact that you love pets would be a ________ identity, but your on-again, off-again involvement with the ASPCA would be a ________ identity.
static; dynamic
Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from the
symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community.
Crowd Collective Action
takes place when members of a group are face to face
Identify which of the following is a belief that characterizes racism
that humans are divided into distinct bloodline and/or physical traits
Authority most explicitly refers to
the justifiable right to exercise power.
Citizenship Rights
the rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state
Emergent Norm Theory
theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms
During European colonialism, ethnocentrism classified whites as normal, and nonwhites as abnormal and inferior, to help justify...
unequal treatment and conquest
Illness is a social construct
what it means to be sick (or healthy) has changed throughout history and differs from one place to another
