Microbiology Ch 8

--- act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.

Enzymes

Complex II of of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called ---

FADH2

Which best describes the function of enzymes?

Facilitate metabolic pathways

Which of the following identifies best the reason for the Krebs cycle must occur twice per glucose molecule?

Glucose will yield two pyruvates

--- refers to the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy

Metabolism

During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, electrons reduce

NAD+

Complex I in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called

NADH

The first release of carbon dioxide during glucose metabolism occurs during the formation of ________.

acetyl CoA

What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?

activation energy

In -- respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.

aerobic

ATP synthase is principally composed of ______.

amino acids

The specific process of ______ incorporates nutrients into larger, complex structures through biosynthesis.

anabolism

A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n)

apoenzyme

What term refers to a biological catalyst that lacks an essential cofactor?

apoenzyme

Which of the following is the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?

catabolism

If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to:

cell death

A --- is an organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional.

cofactor

A(n) --- is an organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional.

cofactor

The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ________.

denitrification

The Kreb's cycle has --- steps

eight

All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form.

energy

True or false: Plants are the principle producers of oxygen on Earth.

false

The addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to begin the Calvin cycle is known as carbon

fixation

--- is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.

glycolysis

Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?

glycolysis

Which term is used to describe a stack of thylakoids?

grana

On land, the primary photosynthesizers are _______.

green plants

Which is NOT one of the main photosynthesizers of aquatic ecosystems?

green plants

Which does NOT undergo oxygenic photosynthesis?

green sulfur bacteria

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to

have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of --- fermentation

heterolactic

An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) --- or a conjugated enzyme

holoenzyme

Typically -- ATP are netted by fermentation.

2

During acetyl CoA formation --- CO2 and --- NADH are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis

2 and 2

What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

38

-- is the cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers (e.g., amino acids are combined to make proteins).

Anabolism

Slight changes occur in the shape of the enzyme in order to guide the substrate into the active site. This is referred to as a(n)

induced fit

In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the --- or citric acid cycle

krebs

Fermentation results in the production of ______ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

less

Compounds that are oxidized will

lose electrons

Typically, the presence of enzymes ____ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed.

lowers

The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the --- matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the ---

mitochondria, cytoplasm

In eukaryotic cellular respiration, the charge gradient that exists between the inner and outer --- membranes during chemiosmosis is called proton motive force

mitochondrial

Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids?

mixed acid

Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation?

organic compounds

What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS?

oxidative phosphorylation

--- is simply NOT part of the fermentation pathway

oxygen

In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to --- along with hydrogen which results in the formation of ---

oxygen, water

What term is used to describe photosynthesis reaction which produce oxygen as a waste product?

oxygenic

In bacteria, protons are moved from the cytoplasm to the --- space during chemiosmosis

periplasmic

Most enzymes are a functional type of

proteins

As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production.

proton motive force

The charged gradient which is formed in the ETS results in the

proton motive force

Typically, once an enzyme performs a "job", it is

ready to work again

A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n)

ribozymes

Which of the following represent cofactors?

small organic molecules, coenzymes, metal ions

The --- is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.

substrate

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions.

transferring electrons, making and breaking chemical bonds

Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturation of cellular enzymes, resulting in blocks to metabolic reactions and ultimately in cell death. true or false

true

The Kreb's cycle must turn --- times for each glucose that entered glycolysis

two

The bonds that form enzyme-substrate complexes are --- and easily reversible

weak

The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to

O2

Which of the following could not be a cofactor?

Organic acids

Which best defines an active site?

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

What is the cellular location of photosynthetic pigments in eukaryotes?

Thylakoid membrane