Microbiology Chapter 2
branching filaments
multiple branches off a basic rod structure
what is the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces? -cell membrane -cell wall -cilia -glycocalyx -flagella
glycocalyx
the molecule primarily responsible for the strength and stability of the bacterial cell wall is... -cellulose -phospholipid -peptidoglycan -cholesterol -techoic acid
peptidoglycan
ribosomes function primarily to... -synthesize DNA -synthesize proteins -degrade RNA -convert sunlight to chemical energy -modify proteins
synthesize proteins
What types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion mechanisms? - small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2 -ions, such as Na+ and K+ -Small, polar molecules, such as H2O -Hydrophobic molecules such as steroids
- Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2 -Small, polar molecules, suck as H2O
Anatomy of bacterial cells innermost to outermost -glycocalyx -cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasmic matrix
- cytoplasmic matrix -cell membrane -cell wall -glycocalyx
characteristics that define life and living things
- the ability to synthesize new cell components or release energy through chemical reactions -ability to respond to their environment -ability to control the flow of some materials across cell boundaries
proteins
-breakdown of substances -structural support -transport -communication
The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _________________ and ________________ -cell membrane -cell wall -slime layer -flagella -nucleus
-cell membrane -cell wall
Which of the following are found in all cells regardless of cell type... -cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasm -DNA -organelles
-cell membrane -cytoplasm -DNA
nucleic acids
-contains genetic information
carbohydrates
-energy -energy storage -structural support -building block
Characteristics that define life and living things (simplistic version) -heredity -increase in size -growth and development -sexual reproduction -use of energy
-heredity -growth and development -use of energy
Cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells... -cell wall -mitochondria -nucleus -chloroplast -cytoskeleton
-mitochondria -nucleus -cytoskeleton
lipids
-protective membrane -energy storage -communication -HYDROPHOBIC
gram-positive: gram-negative:
-purple -pink
A protein being synthesized by a cell for export would follow which pathway in the cell? -ribosome --> cell membrane -ribosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane -ribosome --> lysosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane -
-ribosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane
What is the function of carbohydrates?
-storage for energy and metabolism in a cell (starches, glucose, glycogen) -cell wall structure provides strength, protection, and rigidity (peptidoglycan)
covalent bonds
Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
Ionic bonds
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What is the function of lipids
Phospholipid bilayer in all call membranes
hydrogen bonds
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
The cytoskeleton... -anchors organelles -provides support -functions in movement of the cytoplasm -helps maintain cell shape
all choices are correct
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells? -Nucleus -Mitochondria -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Lysosomes
all of the choices are correct
mutations
any change to the "usual" DNA sequence; ex) antibiotic resistance
phospholipid
biomolecule that is made up of two long lipid molecules bonded to a glycerol with a charged phosphate head group
peptide bond
bond used by amines to create proteins
organic compound
carbon covalently bonded to other elements
coccus
circular shaped bacteria
vibrio
comma shaped
Nucleotides
form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
Chitin is a chemical component of the cell wall of... -protozoa -algae -fungi -bacteria
fungi
carbon is the fundamental element of life because...
its versatile
nucleotide
monomer, basic building block of DNA and RNA
enzyme
proteins that are biocatalysts; speed up reactions
rod/bacillus
rod shaped
amino acid
simple organic compound composed of an amine and a carbonyl group, links together to make proteins
spirochete/spirillum
spiral shaped bacteria
DNA replication
the process of making a copy of DNA
The primary function of the cell membrane is... -to maintain the shape of the cell -to aid in the motility of the cell -to synthesize proteins -to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell
to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell
