Microbiology Chapter 2

branching filaments

multiple branches off a basic rod structure

what is the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces? -cell membrane -cell wall -cilia -glycocalyx -flagella

glycocalyx

the molecule primarily responsible for the strength and stability of the bacterial cell wall is... -cellulose -phospholipid -peptidoglycan -cholesterol -techoic acid

peptidoglycan

ribosomes function primarily to... -synthesize DNA -synthesize proteins -degrade RNA -convert sunlight to chemical energy -modify proteins

synthesize proteins

What types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion mechanisms? - small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2 -ions, such as Na+ and K+ -Small, polar molecules, such as H2O -Hydrophobic molecules such as steroids

- Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2 -Small, polar molecules, suck as H2O

Anatomy of bacterial cells innermost to outermost -glycocalyx -cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasmic matrix

- cytoplasmic matrix -cell membrane -cell wall -glycocalyx

characteristics that define life and living things

- the ability to synthesize new cell components or release energy through chemical reactions -ability to respond to their environment -ability to control the flow of some materials across cell boundaries

proteins

-breakdown of substances -structural support -transport -communication

The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _________________ and ________________ -cell membrane -cell wall -slime layer -flagella -nucleus

-cell membrane -cell wall

Which of the following are found in all cells regardless of cell type... -cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasm -DNA -organelles

-cell membrane -cytoplasm -DNA

nucleic acids

-contains genetic information

carbohydrates

-energy -energy storage -structural support -building block

Characteristics that define life and living things (simplistic version) -heredity -increase in size -growth and development -sexual reproduction -use of energy

-heredity -growth and development -use of energy

Cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells... -cell wall -mitochondria -nucleus -chloroplast -cytoskeleton

-mitochondria -nucleus -cytoskeleton

lipids

-protective membrane -energy storage -communication -HYDROPHOBIC

gram-positive: gram-negative:

-purple -pink

A protein being synthesized by a cell for export would follow which pathway in the cell? -ribosome --> cell membrane -ribosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane -ribosome --> lysosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane -

-ribosome --> endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> cell membrane

What is the function of carbohydrates?

-storage for energy and metabolism in a cell (starches, glucose, glycogen) -cell wall structure provides strength, protection, and rigidity (peptidoglycan)

covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

What is the function of lipids

Phospholipid bilayer in all call membranes

hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

The cytoskeleton... -anchors organelles -provides support -functions in movement of the cytoplasm -helps maintain cell shape

all choices are correct

Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells? -Nucleus -Mitochondria -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Lysosomes

all of the choices are correct

mutations

any change to the "usual" DNA sequence; ex) antibiotic resistance

phospholipid

biomolecule that is made up of two long lipid molecules bonded to a glycerol with a charged phosphate head group

peptide bond

bond used by amines to create proteins

organic compound

carbon covalently bonded to other elements

coccus

circular shaped bacteria

vibrio

comma shaped

Nucleotides

form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

Chitin is a chemical component of the cell wall of... -protozoa -algae -fungi -bacteria

fungi

carbon is the fundamental element of life because...

its versatile

nucleotide

monomer, basic building block of DNA and RNA

enzyme

proteins that are biocatalysts; speed up reactions

rod/bacillus

rod shaped

amino acid

simple organic compound composed of an amine and a carbonyl group, links together to make proteins

spirochete/spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

The primary function of the cell membrane is... -to maintain the shape of the cell -to aid in the motility of the cell -to synthesize proteins -to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell

to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell