Microbiology - Chapter 20
Most cases of malaria occur in the continent of
Africa
HIV enters a target host cell by which of the following methods?
Docking to surface receptors and inducing viral fusion
Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as which of the following?
Hemorrhagic fevers
The primary mode of transmission for HIV in most areas of the world is which of the following?
Heterosexual sex
Which of the following is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
When should HIV+ patients should receive integrase-inhibiting drugs?
If the virus is resistant to other drugs, If the patient also has tuberculosis
The treatment for malaria is best determined by which of the following?
The drug resistance patterns in the local area
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is named for which of the following?
The location where it was first detected
Brucellosis is also known by which of the following names?
Undulant fever, Bang's disease, Malta fever
PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis involves which of the following?
Use of condoms, A two drug combination
Which of the following represent the typical signs and symptoms of sepsis?
altered mental state, gastrointestinal symptoms, low blood pressure, fever, increased breathing rate
Which of the following results from the rupture of red blood cells in the erythrocytic phase of a Plasmodium infection?
anemia
In cases of severe sepsis with respiratory symptoms, which disease should be considered?
anthrax
What are the primary portals of entry of C. burnetii in humans?
broken skin, conjunctiva, lungs, gastrointestinal tract
Which type of plague enters local lymph nodes due to a bite of a flea?
bubonic
How does Borrelia burgdorferi evade the immune system?
by switching surface antigens in different hosts
The function of which system is to carry blood to all regions of the body to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste?
cardiovascular
___ system includes the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from all regions of the body, and the heart which pumps the blood in a closed circuit.
cardiovascular
Malaria has the highest death rate in the acute phase, especially in which of the following groups?
children
___ is the inner lining of the human heart.
endocardium
Which of the following are typical signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
enlarged spleen, fatigue, high fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy
HIV has a(n) ___ period because it can produce DNA its RNA and silently integrate into the host cell chromosome.
latent
Death of T cells and other white blood by HIV can result in a condition called and loss of essential T4 memory clones.
leukopenia
Identify the planet's dominant protozoan disease?
malaria
Which of the following foods, consumed raw, could carry Brucella?
milk, cheese
The signs and symptoms of malaria include which of the following?
nausea, fatigue, malaise, fever/chills, sweating, aches
Which are the chronic conditions seem in some cases of Lyme disease?
neurological complications, joint inflammation
Complications of malaria include which two of the following?
organ enlargement/rupture, hemolytic anemia
Dendritic cells are a type of __ living beneath the __ .
phagocyte, epithelium
Identify the composition of the tripartite exotoxin produced by Bacillus anthracis.
protein
Which of the following are the main reservoirs for F. tularensis?
rabbits, rodents
Plague was transmitted by what means in the last pandemic in the 1800s?
rats
RMSF stands for
rocky mountain spotted fever
Which of the following have significant levels of free HIV and/or infected white blood cells?
semen, blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions
A life-threatening infection resulting from septicemia due to cascading immune responses and resulting in decreased systemic blood pressure is called which of the following?
septic shock
A systemic infection in which microbes are actively multiplying and circulating in the blood is called which of the following?
septicemia
Which is another term for sepsis?
septicemia
Identify the early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.
stiff neck, dizziness, rash at bite site, headache, fever
Which of the following do not represent the typical signs and symptoms of sepsis?
subcutaneous hemorrhage, stiff neck, high blood pressure, body rash
HIV fuses with the host cell membrane which creates a structure called a ___.
syncytia
An infection that involves the bloodstream is known as which of the following?
systemic
__ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system.
systemic
True or false: There is still a slight risk for HIV infection from blood transfusions.
true
Which of the following is a zoonotic disease caused by a facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterium?
tularemia
Which of the following is the best prevention for HIV infection?
Abstinence
HIV is amplified within which cell type?
Macrophages
Of the 37 million cases of HIV in the world as of 2017, how many are in the United States?
1.1
The disease AIDS was first identified by physicians during which of the following periods?
1980s
There are __ major types of HIV, and each are genetically distinct and exhibit different evolutionary patterns and geographic distribution.
2
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, approximately how many million people have died worldwide?
30
Which is the typical incubation period for mononucleosis?
30-50 days
What percent of the world's population is threated by malaria annually?
40
How many Plasmodium species have been implicated in causing malaria?
5
Which of the following antimicrobials is currently a good option for treating malaria?
Artemisinin
Identify the primary effects due to direct HIV action.
Central nervous system damage, Harm to T cells
Identify the most common modes of transmission for brucellosis?
Consumption of infected animal products, Contact with infected animal body fluids
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors block viral ___ synthesis.
DNA
Which of the following are characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?
Degrades complex macromolecules, Large gram-positive bacillus, Endospore former, Aerobe
Which cells are the first to become infected with HIV?
Dendritic
Identify the virus linked to infectious mononucleosis.
Epstein-Barr
Most cases of malaria occur in which geographical area?
Equatorial regions
Merozoites invade red blood cells, undergo cell division, and develop into a schizont during which phase?
Erythrocytic
Which of the following allow Borrelia burgdorferi to evade the mammalian immune system?
It changes its surface antigens while in the tick, It changes its surface antigens while in the mammalian host.
Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through which of the following?
Maintaining a monogamous sexual lifestyle, Using a condom for every sexual encounter, Screening potential sex partners
The initial symptoms of HIV infection resemble which of the following conditions?
Mononucleosis
Which disease is characterized by a high fever but without any hemorrhagic symptoms?
Nonhemorrhagic fever
PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for which group.
People at risk of infection
Identify the population most at risk for brucellosis?
Persons with occupational hazards
Based upon scientific analysis, HIV in humans was derived from which of the following?
Primate virus
Identify the apicomplexans which lack locomotor appendages in their mature state.
Protozoans
All the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers can be described as which of the following?
RNA enveloped viruses
Once the HIV virus is inside the cell, the enzyme reverse transcriptase catalyzes which of the following?
RNA to double-stranded DNA
Identify the virus that causes AIDS.
Retrovirus
The group of RNA viruses that have the capacity to convert their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted in to a host cell's genome are called which of the following?
Retroviruses
Drugs that prevent the conversion of viral RNA into DNA and inhibit the HIV multiplication cycle are which of the following type of inhibitors?
Reverse transcriptase
Identify the enzyme of retroviruses that copies RNA into DNA.
Reverse transcriptase
The symptoms of malaria occur in 48-72 hour intervals due to which of the following?
Rupturing of red blood cells occurs every 48-72 hours.
What is the Gram reaction and shape of Bartonella henselae?
Small gram-negative bacillus
Identify the people who are most at risk for contracting brucellosis?
Those that work in livestock handling, Veterinarians, Those that work in slaughterhouses
Immediately after diagnosis, an HIV+ patient should receive which of the following?
Three different reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Identify the main virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis.
Tripartite toxin
Malaria has the highest death rate during which phase.
acute
This phase of the Chagas disease infection process is characterized by mild to severe fever, nausea, and fatigue as well as the appearance of a "chagoma" at the site of the insect bite.
acute
Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus ___.
aedes
The dengue fever and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by which vector?
aedes mosquito
Humans usually acquire Q fever from which of the following?
airborne particles, contaminated animal material
The initial symptoms of HIV infection are vague, virus levels are high and ___ levels are low.
antibody
is a gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod that typically inhabits the soil and is the largest of all bacterial pathogens.
bacillus anthracis
is a small gram-negative rod that is present in over 40% of cats.
bartonella henselae
Due to enhanced testing and screening, today there is only a slight risk from contracting HIV from from which of the following?
blood products, blood, organ transplants
HIV is amplified in the macrophages that are located in the skin, lymphoid organs, __, and bone __ .
blood, marrow
The ___ phase of the Chagas disease infection process is characterized by inflammation and disruption of the heart, brain, and intestinal tract.
chronic
Infectious mononucleosis is also called which of the following?
kissing disease, mono
Identify the main rodent reservoirs for Francisella tularensis.
ground squirrels, muskrats
The signs and symptoms of bubonic plague include which of the following?
headache, fever and chills, swollen, necrotic lymph nodes
The lymphatic system is a major source of which of the following?
immune cells, immune fluids
Which of the following describes The lymphatic system?
it returns fluid from the tissue to the cardiovascular system
Identify the two main modes of transmission of HIV.
transfer of blood/blood products, sexual contact
Most cases of endocarditis involve which parts of the heart?
valves
Plague is endemic in which regions of the United States?
west, southwest
