Microbiology - Chapter 20

Most cases of malaria occur in the continent of

Africa

HIV enters a target host cell by which of the following methods?

Docking to surface receptors and inducing viral fusion

Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as which of the following?

Hemorrhagic fevers

The primary mode of transmission for HIV in most areas of the world is which of the following?

Heterosexual sex

Which of the following is the causative agent of tularemia?

Francisella tularensis

When should HIV+ patients should receive integrase-inhibiting drugs?

If the virus is resistant to other drugs, If the patient also has tuberculosis

The treatment for malaria is best determined by which of the following?

The drug resistance patterns in the local area

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is named for which of the following?

The location where it was first detected

Brucellosis is also known by which of the following names?

Undulant fever, Bang's disease, Malta fever

PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis involves which of the following?

Use of condoms, A two drug combination

Which of the following represent the typical signs and symptoms of sepsis?

altered mental state, gastrointestinal symptoms, low blood pressure, fever, increased breathing rate

Which of the following results from the rupture of red blood cells in the erythrocytic phase of a Plasmodium infection?

anemia

In cases of severe sepsis with respiratory symptoms, which disease should be considered?

anthrax

What are the primary portals of entry of C. burnetii in humans?

broken skin, conjunctiva, lungs, gastrointestinal tract

Which type of plague enters local lymph nodes due to a bite of a flea?

bubonic

How does Borrelia burgdorferi evade the immune system?

by switching surface antigens in different hosts

The function of which system is to carry blood to all regions of the body to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste?

cardiovascular

___ system includes the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from all regions of the body, and the heart which pumps the blood in a closed circuit.

cardiovascular

Malaria has the highest death rate in the acute phase, especially in which of the following groups?

children

___ is the inner lining of the human heart.

endocardium

Which of the following are typical signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

enlarged spleen, fatigue, high fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy

HIV has a(n) ___ period because it can produce DNA its RNA and silently integrate into the host cell chromosome.

latent

Death of T cells and other white blood by HIV can result in a condition called and loss of essential T4 memory clones.

leukopenia

Identify the planet's dominant protozoan disease?

malaria

Which of the following foods, consumed raw, could carry Brucella?

milk, cheese

The signs and symptoms of malaria include which of the following?

nausea, fatigue, malaise, fever/chills, sweating, aches

Which are the chronic conditions seem in some cases of Lyme disease?

neurological complications, joint inflammation

Complications of malaria include which two of the following?

organ enlargement/rupture, hemolytic anemia

Dendritic cells are a type of __ living beneath the __ .

phagocyte, epithelium

Identify the composition of the tripartite exotoxin produced by Bacillus anthracis.

protein

Which of the following are the main reservoirs for F. tularensis?

rabbits, rodents

Plague was transmitted by what means in the last pandemic in the 1800s?

rats

RMSF stands for

rocky mountain spotted fever

Which of the following have significant levels of free HIV and/or infected white blood cells?

semen, blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions

A life-threatening infection resulting from septicemia due to cascading immune responses and resulting in decreased systemic blood pressure is called which of the following?

septic shock

A systemic infection in which microbes are actively multiplying and circulating in the blood is called which of the following?

septicemia

Which is another term for sepsis?

septicemia

Identify the early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.

stiff neck, dizziness, rash at bite site, headache, fever

Which of the following do not represent the typical signs and symptoms of sepsis?

subcutaneous hemorrhage, stiff neck, high blood pressure, body rash

HIV fuses with the host cell membrane which creates a structure called a ___.

syncytia

An infection that involves the bloodstream is known as which of the following?

systemic

__ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system.

systemic

True or false: There is still a slight risk for HIV infection from blood transfusions.

true

Which of the following is a zoonotic disease caused by a facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterium?

tularemia

Which of the following is the best prevention for HIV infection?

Abstinence

HIV is amplified within which cell type?

Macrophages

Of the 37 million cases of HIV in the world as of 2017, how many are in the United States?

1.1

The disease AIDS was first identified by physicians during which of the following periods?

1980s

There are __ major types of HIV, and each are genetically distinct and exhibit different evolutionary patterns and geographic distribution.

2

Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, approximately how many million people have died worldwide?

30

Which is the typical incubation period for mononucleosis?

30-50 days

What percent of the world's population is threated by malaria annually?

40

How many Plasmodium species have been implicated in causing malaria?

5

Which of the following antimicrobials is currently a good option for treating malaria?

Artemisinin

Identify the primary effects due to direct HIV action.

Central nervous system damage, Harm to T cells

Identify the most common modes of transmission for brucellosis?

Consumption of infected animal products, Contact with infected animal body fluids

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors block viral ___ synthesis.

DNA

Which of the following are characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

Degrades complex macromolecules, Large gram-positive bacillus, Endospore former, Aerobe

Which cells are the first to become infected with HIV?

Dendritic

Identify the virus linked to infectious mononucleosis.

Epstein-Barr

Most cases of malaria occur in which geographical area?

Equatorial regions

Merozoites invade red blood cells, undergo cell division, and develop into a schizont during which phase?

Erythrocytic

Which of the following allow Borrelia burgdorferi to evade the mammalian immune system?

It changes its surface antigens while in the tick, It changes its surface antigens while in the mammalian host.

Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through which of the following?

Maintaining a monogamous sexual lifestyle, Using a condom for every sexual encounter, Screening potential sex partners

The initial symptoms of HIV infection resemble which of the following conditions?

Mononucleosis

Which disease is characterized by a high fever but without any hemorrhagic symptoms?

Nonhemorrhagic fever

PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for which group.

People at risk of infection

Identify the population most at risk for brucellosis?

Persons with occupational hazards

Based upon scientific analysis, HIV in humans was derived from which of the following?

Primate virus

Identify the apicomplexans which lack locomotor appendages in their mature state.

Protozoans

All the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers can be described as which of the following?

RNA enveloped viruses

Once the HIV virus is inside the cell, the enzyme reverse transcriptase catalyzes which of the following?

RNA to double-stranded DNA

Identify the virus that causes AIDS.

Retrovirus

The group of RNA viruses that have the capacity to convert their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted in to a host cell's genome are called which of the following?

Retroviruses

Drugs that prevent the conversion of viral RNA into DNA and inhibit the HIV multiplication cycle are which of the following type of inhibitors?

Reverse transcriptase

Identify the enzyme of retroviruses that copies RNA into DNA.

Reverse transcriptase

The symptoms of malaria occur in 48-72 hour intervals due to which of the following?

Rupturing of red blood cells occurs every 48-72 hours.

What is the Gram reaction and shape of Bartonella henselae?

Small gram-negative bacillus

Identify the people who are most at risk for contracting brucellosis?

Those that work in livestock handling, Veterinarians, Those that work in slaughterhouses

Immediately after diagnosis, an HIV+ patient should receive which of the following?

Three different reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Identify the main virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis.

Tripartite toxin

Malaria has the highest death rate during which phase.

acute

This phase of the Chagas disease infection process is characterized by mild to severe fever, nausea, and fatigue as well as the appearance of a "chagoma" at the site of the insect bite.

acute

Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus ___.

aedes

The dengue fever and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by which vector?

aedes mosquito

Humans usually acquire Q fever from which of the following?

airborne particles, contaminated animal material

The initial symptoms of HIV infection are vague, virus levels are high and ___ levels are low.

antibody

is a gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod that typically inhabits the soil and is the largest of all bacterial pathogens.

bacillus anthracis

is a small gram-negative rod that is present in over 40% of cats.

bartonella henselae

Due to enhanced testing and screening, today there is only a slight risk from contracting HIV from from which of the following?

blood products, blood, organ transplants

HIV is amplified in the macrophages that are located in the skin, lymphoid organs, __, and bone __ .

blood, marrow

The ___ phase of the Chagas disease infection process is characterized by inflammation and disruption of the heart, brain, and intestinal tract.

chronic

Infectious mononucleosis is also called which of the following?

kissing disease, mono

Identify the main rodent reservoirs for Francisella tularensis.

ground squirrels, muskrats

The signs and symptoms of bubonic plague include which of the following?

headache, fever and chills, swollen, necrotic lymph nodes

The lymphatic system is a major source of which of the following?

immune cells, immune fluids

Which of the following describes The lymphatic system?

it returns fluid from the tissue to the cardiovascular system

Identify the two main modes of transmission of HIV.

transfer of blood/blood products, sexual contact

Most cases of endocarditis involve which parts of the heart?

valves

Plague is endemic in which regions of the United States?

west, southwest