Structure & Function of DNA and RNA

what is a promoter

specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

Steps for DNA replication

-DNA Replication begins at the Origin of Replication -Helicase cuts hydrogen bonds and separates DNA in half(unwinds) -Single Strand Binding Proteins attach to the halfs and keep the DNA molecules separated (they are needed because the sides are attracted to each other and with out the Single Strand Binding Proteins they would move back together) -The Replication Fork is forms with the Leading and Lagging strands. -In the leading strand, RNA Primase moves along nucleotides and coats with a RNA Primer that will be used as a homing beacon for the DNA Polymerase. -DNA polymerase attaches post primase to DNA nucleotides and move along towards the Replication Fork in 5 prime --> 3 Prime direction. It adds nucleotides to the half DNA molecules. -Another type of Polymerase replaces the primer with DNA nucleotides so all DNA is there. -Ligase stitches up the gaps.

similarities between DNA and RNA

-DNA and RNA are made up of monomers called nucleotides. - DNA and RNA both contain pentose sugars. - DNA and RNA both have 3 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine. - DNA and RNA both have a phosphate groups in their nucleotides. Sometimes called phosphoric acid. - They both have the base pair of Guanine and Cytosine. - They are both necessary for the cell to produce proteins. - DNA makes mRNA which then is translated into protein.

differences between DNA and RNA

-DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded. - DNA contains a pentose sugar Deoxyribose, RNA contains the pentose sugar Ribose. A pentose is a 5-carbon sugar molecule. - DNA is limited to the nucleus, RNA is made in the nucleus, but can travel outside of it. - DNA has a nitrogenous base called Thymine, but RNA doesn't. Instead, RNA has Uracil. In DNA thymine pairs with adenine, but in RNA uracil pairs with adenine. - There is only one type of DNA but 3 kinds of RNA (messenger, transfer and ribosomal RNA)

steps for transcription

-DNA unwinds -one side of DNA "codes for a protein" -genetic code of DNA is a triplet code of 3 nucleotides or bases -each triplet is specific for the coding of a single amino acid -sequence of triplet codes on DNA will specify the amino acid sequence on the protein -the synthesis of the coded "messenger" molecule - mRNA -mRNA is "transcribed" from DNA by complementary base pairing (mRNA has no thymine, which is replaced by uracil) -mRNA passes out of the cytoplasm to the ribosome

What is deoxyribose?

-Pentose sugar found in DNA nucleotides

What is ribose?

-Pentose sugar found in RNA nucleotides

steps for DNA replication(simple)

-The double helix must "unwind" -nucleotides must be added in the correct order to create a complentary strand -new strand must be sealed up

steps for translation

-mRNA attaches to the ribosome. -tRNA's attach to free amino acids in the cytoplasmic "pool" of amino acids. -tRNA carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome. -tRNA "delivers" its amino acid based on complementary pairing of a triplet code (anticodon) with the triplet code (codon) of the mRNA. -enzyme "hooks" the amino acid to the last one in the chain forming a peptide bond. -protein chain continues to grow as each tRNA brings in its amino acid and adds it to the chain.

What is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil and thymine?

-nitrogen containing bases that pair together in RNA and DNA

What is a phosphate?

-part of nucleotide backbone in DNA and RNA

What are nitrogenous bases?

-part of nucleotides in DNA and RNA

What is a sugar-phosphate backbone?

-part of nucleotides in DNA and RNA

What are the functions of DNA?

-stores an organisms genetic material in the nuclei -replicates itself when dividing -provides code or template for the particular sequencing of amino acids that bond together and make a protein

What is DNA?

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all modern living organisms. DNA's genes are expressed, or manifested, through the proteins that its nucleotides produce with the help of RNA.

Base Pairing of DNA: Adenine links to thymine (A-T) and cytosine links to guanine (C-G).

Base Pairing of RNA: Adenine links to uracil (A-U) and cytosine links to guanine (C-G).

What are pyrimidines?

Bases that have a single ring structure (thymine and cytosine)

What are purines ?

Bases the have a double ring structure (adenine and guanine)

where is DNA located

DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and in mitochondria.

where is RNA located

Depending on the type of RNA, this molecule is found in a cell's nucleus, its cytoplasm, and its ribosome.

What is the structure of DNA?

Double-stranded. It has two nucleotide strands which consist of its phosphate group, five-carbon sugar (the stable 2-deoxyribose), and four nitrogen-containing nucleobases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

What is the structure of RNA?

Single-stranded. Like DNA, RNA is composed of its phosphate group, five-carbon sugar (the less stable ribose), and four nitrogen-containing nucleobases: adenine, uracil (not thymine), guanine, and cytosine.

What is RNA?

The information found in DNA determines which traits are to be created, activated, or deactivated, while the various forms of RNA do the work

What is the Watson and Crick model of DNA

They found that the structure of the DNA polymer was a two-stranded double helix. They deduced that it was made of nucleotides that consisted of a phosphate group attached to a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) attached to one of four nitrogenous bases. These monomers are linked to one another between the phosphate group and the sugar which form the sugar-phosphate "backbone" of the molecule. Each base has a complimentary one that it lines up with in the sequence of nucleotides. The two strands run antiparallel to each other and H-bond into a double helix.

what are the different types of mutations

frameshift and base and chromosomal

What does Transfer RNA do?

is found in a cell's cytoplasm and is closely related to mRNA as its helper. tRNA literally transfers amino acids, the core components of proteins, to the mRNA in a ribosome.

What does Ribosomal RNA do?

is found in a cell's cytoplasm. In the ribosome, it takes mRNA and tRNA and translates the information they provide. From this information, it "learns" whether it should create, or synthesize, a polypeptide or protein.

What does messager RNA do?

transcribes genetic information from the DNA(TEMPLATE) found in a cell's nucleus, and then carries this information to the cell's cytoplasm and ribosome.