Microbiology Chapter 21

Leptospirosis

- a zoonotic infection transmitted through animal urine - prevented by avoiding contaminated aquatic environments

L-forms are more likely to arise when

- bacteria cells are exposed to penicillin - bacterial cells are exposed to lysozyme

Gingivitis/Periodontal Disease

- calculus (Tartar) formation - bone resorption

Syphilis

- caused by Treponema pallidum - sexually transmitted - exhibits, primary, secondary, and tertiary clinical stages if left untreated

Dental caries

- damage to enamel - acidification and cavitation - tooth destruction

The methods used to reliably diagnose syphilis

- dark field microscopy - serological tests using cardiolipin - direct and indirect immunofluorescence

Please select all of the organs of the body that can be affected by the genus Chlamydia

- eyes - reproductive organs

Relasping Fever

- fluctuating body temperature - transmitted by soft ticks or live

Characteristics of Treponema pallidum that explain its difficulty in transmission from human to human

- high kill probability when exposed to heat - survives best when in body fluids like blood and mucous - sensitivity to antimicrobial chemicals such as antiseptics and disinfectants

Characteristics exhibited by rickettsiae

- impossible to grow using bacteriological media - obligate intracellular parasites - require insect or arthropod vectors for transmission

Life cycle of Chlamydia

- infections stage of Chlamydia (elementary body) - develops into a reticulate body - reticulate bodies multiple via binary fission - reorganized into elementary bodies

Chlamydia trachomatis

- neonatal conjunctivitis - trachoma - chlamydiosis - lymphogranuloma venereum

The characteristics exhibited by mycoplasmas

- pleomorphic - fastidious - to diagnose a disease, the patient's serum is taken for analysis of specific antibodies to the organism

Microscopic examination of a bacterial culture reveals a variety of curved, motile bacterial cells. What genera could be suspected at this point

- vibrio - camplyobacter - helicobacter

The causative agent of lyme disease is a. Ixodes scapularis b. Borrelia hermsii c. Borrelia burgdorferi d. Ixodes pacificus e. Leptospira interrogans

Borrelia burgdorferi (causative agent)

Owning a pet parrot would put you at increased risk for contracting a. Chlamydophila pneumoniae b. Chlamydia trachomatis c. Bartonella henslae d. Chlamydophila psiittacosis

Chlamydophila psiittacosis

Coxiella burnetii

Q fever

Epidemic typhus and rock mountain spotted fever are all

Rickettsias

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A private in the U.S. army is stationed at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. He has been admitted to the infirmary with complaints of severe headache and high fever. Upon questioning, he revealed that he had received a tick bite several days earlier. Two days after admission, he starts to develop a rash, beginning on his hands and feet and spreading towards his torso. Which of the following should be considered first in the diagnosis

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Helicobacter

S-shaped spiral bacterium

Pinta

a chronic skin infection similar to leprosy

Vibrio

a comma-shaped bacterium

Please choose the correct statement that differentiate L-form bacteria from normal bacteria a. L-forms have no cell wall, whereas most bacteria do b. L-forms do not respond to some antibiotics like other bacteria might c. L-forms can go from a wall-less state to a regular bacterium with a cell wall d. the pathogeneticity of L-forms is different from the pathogenicity of bacteria with cell walls e. all are correct statement that differentiate L-forms from other bacteria

all are correct statements that differentiate L-forms from other bacteria

Which is not a characteristic of spirochetes a. all are pathogenic b. gram-negative c. helical shape d. always motile d. endoflagella enclosed in periplasmic space

all are pathogenic

Which of the following is/are prone to biofilm accumulation a. catheters b. teeth c. artificial heart valves d. all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct (accumulation_

Microenvironments are created within the biofilm based on a. pH gradient b. nutrient concentration c. oxygen gradient d. all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct (biofilm)

Cholera symptoms include a. copious watery diarrhea b. loss of blood volume c. acidosis, sunken eyes, thirst d. hypotension, tachycardia, shock e. all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct (cholera)

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum a. has humans as the reservoir b. can cross the placenta c. is the cause of syphilis d. is transmitted by direct sexual contact e. all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct (pallidum)

relapsing fever involves a. soft bodied ticks transmitting Borrelia hermsii b. initial symptoms of fever, headache, fatigue c. campers and forestry personel d. human body louse transmitting Borrelia recurrentis e. all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct (relapsing fever)

Bejel

also known as novenereal childhood syphilis

The bacterial genus called _______ includes the infectious agent that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a destructive disease resulting in reduction of white blood cells int he body and diminished host resistance

anaplasma

Choose the answers that best explains this statement, "The increased interaction of humans and wild animal populations, due to uncontrolled growth of the animal populations or due to human encroachment into the animals' habitat, has increased in the incidence of rickettsial diseases." a. when animals and humans come into contact humans will more likely get bitten by the animal b. petting wild animals is always dangerous for humans c. rabies is a possibility when human and animal populations are in contact d. animals are the reservoir for the vectors that carry the bacteria

animals are the reservoir for the vectors that carry the bacteria

Yaws, pinta, and bejel are all disease that a. are slow, progressive skin diseases that can spread to deep tissue b. are sexually transmitted c. are caused by arthropod vectors d. are caused by vibrio species e. are respiratory tract infections

are slow, progressive skin diseases that can spread to deep tissues

The pneumonia caused by mycoplasma is referred to as _______ pneumonia because the disease is mild, the bacteria cannot be easily seen nor cultured, and the target population is different than the one for common pneumococcal pneumonia

atypical

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

atypical pneumonia

Please choose the correct statement that accurately describes Rocky Mountain Spotted fever a. the infectious agent is Ehrlichia chaffeensis b. because the tick is a vector for the bacterium, both dogs and humans can get the disease c. the disease is spread from human to human d. the disease presents similar to influenza and is difficult to differentiate

because the tick is a vector for the bacterium, both dogs and humans can get the disease

Which is incorrect about mycoplasma pneomonia a. birds are a reservoir b. it is a common cause of primary atypical pneomonia c. early infections are characterized by fever, malaise, sore throat, headache d. after 2 to 3 weeks it develops into an unproductive cough and earache e. its cells lack a cell wall

birds are a reservoir

Yaws

characterized by a large, abscessed papule

Vibrio cholerae

cholera

The following are characteristics of Chlamydias except a. they are gram-negative b. they are obligate intracellular parasites that need host cells for growth c. elementary bodies are the infectious form d. elementary bodies are metabolically active e. reticulate bodies differentiate into elementary bodies

elementary bodies are metabolically active

The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is due to its

enterotoxin

Rickettsia prowazekii

epidemic typhus

Lyme disease

erythema migrans; transmitted by Ixodes ticks

The production of which substance leads to thickening of the biofilm over time a. exopolymer b. exotoxin c. IL-4 d. lysozyme

exopolymer

True or False: The genera Vibrio, Helicobacter and Camplyobacter are all transmitted by direct contact

false (genera)

True or False: Helicobacter pylori is able to withstand the harsh conditions of the stomach because it develops a thick walled cyst when conditions become highly acidic

false (helicobacter)

Which of the following structures leads to reversible binding of bacterial cells to a surface a. fimbriae and flagella b. fimbriae c. flagella d. spike proteins

fimbriae and flagella

Epidemic Typhus is transmitted through the bites of (v2)

fleas

Vibro parahaemolyticus

gastroenteritis

Camplyobacter jejuni

gastroenteritis; most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

infected cells are white blood cells

The secondary stage syphilis a. is when the patient is not longer infectious to others b. occurs within 10 days of the primary stage c. is a time when the pathogen enters and multiplies in the blood d. has no symptoms e. is when gummas develop in tissues

is a time when the pathogen enters and multiplies in the blood

Ornithosis a. is caused by Chlamoydophila pneumoniae b. is a zoonosis of certain types of birds c. is a mild, upper respiratory tract illnesss d. has humans are a reservoir e. all of these choices are correct

is a zoonosis of certain types of birds

The tertiary stage of syphilis

is when gummas develop in tissues

Leptospiriosis has all of the following characteristics except a. is most common in cattle, horses pigs and dogs b. the pathogen is a spirochete c. it infects kidneys, liver, brain and eyes d. humans acquire it by contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes e. it can be transmitted by animal bites

it can be transmitted by animal bites

What would provide the strongest evidence that the arthritis afflicting children in lyme, Connecticut was due to bacterial infection

it responded to treatment with antibiotics

Which of the following is not transmitted via an arthropod vector a. leptospirosis b. lyme disease c. rocky mountain spotted fever d. epidemic typhus e. human ehrlichosis

leptospirosis

Epidemic Typhus is transmitted through the bites of

lice

Bartonella henselae

local papules; cat-scratch disease

What is the most useful of the definitive diagnosis of Lyme disease

lyme antibody titers

The white footed mouse, deer, and deer ticks are important to maintain the transmission cycle associated with

lyme disease

Which of the following surfaces have nutrients available that encourage the development of biofilms a. biotic surfaces such as plant and animal tissue b. most abiotic surfaces c. dry abiotic surfaces d. most abiotic surfaces and biotic surfaces such as plant and animal tissue

most abiotic surfaces and biotic surfaces such as plant and animal tissue

A patient has a serious lung infection. A sputum sample was taken. The lab technician stated that the lab isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be:

mycoplasma pneumonia

Please choose the best explanation for why Helicobacter is able to live in the harsh conditions of the stomach a. it is peritrichously flagellated b. it is a thermophilic bacterium c. it is a microaerophilic bacterium d. one of its enzymes converts urea into ammonium and bicarbonate e. it is a member of the domain archaea and thrives in harsh areas

one of its enzymes converts urea into ammonium and bicarbonate

Helicobacter pylori

peptic ulcers, gastoenteritis, and duodenal ulcers

If bacterial plaque is not removed, damage will occur at the tooth interface, resulting in loss of tooth attachment and potential erosion of the bone tissue within the jawbones. This is called:

periodontal disease

Gingivitis is

primarily caused by anaerobic oral flora

Which is not a characteristic of Helicobacter pylori a. gram-negative b. produces enterotoxin that causes diarrhea c. curved rods d. lives in the stomach e. produces urease that buffers stomach acidity

produces enterotoxin that causes diarrhea

A vibrio vulnificus infection would be most likely to be contracted from:

raw oysters

All of the follow can positive influence the structure of tooth enamel except, a. fluoride b. lysozyme in saliva c. antibodies in saliva d. refined sugar e. genetics

refined sugar

Based on a patient's medical history, a doctor suspects that the patient may have been exposed to syphilis several years prior. Since the patient is currently asymptomatic, the doctor will be testing to see if the patient is in the latent stage of syphilis. Which of the following would be the most effective way to diagnose syphilis during latency.

serological testing of blood specimens

Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira are all

spirochetes

The RPR, VDRL, MHA-TP, FTA-ABS and TPI tests are used to diagnose

syphilis

Treponema pallidum

syphilis

Which of the following distinguishes syphilis from yaws a. syphilis is caused by a spirochete b. syphilis has primary, secondary, and tertiary stage c. syphilis is sexually transmitted d. syphilis is treated with antibiotics e. syphilis is a slow and progressive disease

syphilis is sexually transmitted

Permanent cardiovascular and neurological damage is seen in whihc stage of syphilis a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. latent e. all of these choices are correct

tertiary

The Argyll-Robertson pupil that is fixed and small, and does not react to light but does accommodate for focusing is associated with

tertiary syphilis

Please choose the correct statement regarding syphilitic symptoms a. one can directly isolate and identify the bacterium in all 3 stages of syphilis b. a rash is usually the first symptom that occurs in syphilis c. the most severe and life-threatening symptoms occur when gummas form in the brain d. if the syphilitic symptoms disappear, it is likely that the disease has spontaneously resolved itself, and if symptoms do not return within a year, the person is cured. e. the organism may be transmitted from women to newborn baby as it travels through the vagina

the most severe and life-threatening symptoms occur when gummas form in the brain

Please choose the answer which best explains the rational behind he best preventative measure for leptospirosis a. the organisms is transmitted via urine b. the organism is a spirochete c. the disease cannot be easily cured d. the organism can be seen using dark-field microscopy e. humans are the only host for the organism

the organism is transmitted via urine

Why are penicillin and other beta lactam antibiotics not used for treatment of primary atypical pneumonia

the organism that causes primary atypical pneumoniae does not have a cell wall, so penicillin and other beta lactam antibiotics will not work

Which of the following is true of biofilms a. they exhibit the same gene expression as nonbiofilm-associated bacteria b. they pose no risk to the health of hospital patients c. they can lead to systemic infections

they can lead to systemic infections

Control of rodent population is important for preventing

tick borne relapsing fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted through the bites of

ticks

Camplyobacter

tight spiral bacterium

Both dental caries and gingivitis/periodontal disease result in

tooth loss

Rickettsia prowazekii is

transmitted by body louse

Which is incorrect regarding Q fever a. transmitted by lice b. pathogen produces resistance spores c. human infected from unupasturized milk and airborne spread d. causes fever, muscle aches, rash, and sometimes pneumonia e. it is a zoonosis

transmitted by lice

Orienta tsutsugamushi

transmitted by mites

True or False: Biofilms typically do not develop on healthy tissue

true (healthy tissue)

infected animals shed leptospira interrogans in their

urine

A strain of Vibrio cholerae has mutated and is no longer able to produce cholera toxin. What is the most likely outcome of infection with this strain

without its toxin, it will not cause diarrhea

Please choose the situation which would increase your probability of getting q fever a. you are sexually promiscuous b. you eat salads and drink the water while vacationing in an underdeveloped country c. you are a veterinarian d. because you area an avid gardener, you get bitten by mosquitoes frequently e. you raise cockatiels and parakeets in your home

you are a veterinarian

True or False: Biofilms are composed of a single bacterial species

False (biofilms)

Leptospira interrogans

Leptospirosis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease

The bacterial genus called ____________ includes the infectious agent that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, a destructive disease resulting in reduction of white blood cells in the body and diminished host resistance

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Ehrlichia spp.

Ehrlichiosis

True or false: biofilms are often more sensitive to antibiotics

False (antibiotics)

An organism found in costal waters that cuases a food infection and gastroenteritic due to a variet of contaminated raw and undercooked seafood

Vibrio parahaemolyticus