Microbiology Final Quiz Questions

Influenza vaccines do NOT provide lifelong immunity on account of __________. -antigenic shift in the capsid of the influenza virus -antigenic shift in the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins -antigenic drift in the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins -antigenic drift in the capsid of the influenza virus

antigenic drift in the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins

After tuberculosis, malaria causes more annual deaths worldwide than any other single disease. Recent research has attempted to control the spread of malaria by genetically-modifying a bacterium (Pantoea agglomerans) commonly found in the guts of mosquitos to produce a toxin that kills the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. If this project is effective it could significantly decrease the incidence of malaria because__________. -malaria is a vectorborne disease -Pantoea agglomerans would be killed -malaria is a person-to-person disease -the mosquitoes will die

malaria is a vectorborne disease

The incidence of disease in a population is termed the __________. -mortality -morbidity -prevalence -outbreak

morbidity

About half of the clinical cases of severe sore throat are due to Streptococcus pyogenes, and most of the rest are due to viral infections. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of a severe sore throat is important because untreated group A streptococcal infections can lead to __________. -pertussis or diphtheria -pneumonia -tuberculosis -scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Part complete Diptheria is caused by bacteria that have been infected by a bacteriophage. This bacteriophage is a lysogenic phage and contains the genes to produce the diphtheria toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis. Which of the following is the correct term for the phage while its genetic material is integrated into the bacterial chromosome? -The genetic material is called a transposon and the change in the host cell's properties is called competence -The genetic material is called a prophage and the change in the host cell's properties is called lysogenic conversion -The genetic material is called a viroid -The genetic material is called a prion

The genetic material is called a prophage and the change in the host cell's properties is called lysogenic conversion

Most people experience several colds each year. Why is it that people do NOT develop immunity to the viruses that cause the common cold? -Even when only the colds caused by rhinoviruses are considered, there is enough variation in the antigens presented by these viruses that they are often not recognized by the immune system even in an individual who has only recently recovered from a cold -Cold viruses produce capsules, shielding them from recognition by the immune system. -Cold viruses do not stimulate T cells, which means that memory cells are not produced. Memory cells are needed to allow a more rapid response to future infection -Cold viruses do not stimulate B cells, which are responsible for producing memory cells to allow a more rapid response to future infection.

Even when only the colds caused by rhinoviruses are considered, there is enough variation in the antigens presented by these viruses that they are often not recognized by the immune system even in an individual who has only recently recovered from a cold

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication. What might its mechanism of action be? -It binds to ergosterol -It prevents synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls -It binds to ribosomes -It binds to phospholipids in fungal membranes.

It binds to ergosterol

Meningococcal meningitis is definitively diagnosed from cultures isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs, blood, or cerebrospinal on Thayer-Martin medium, a selective medium for the growth Neisseria. However, preliminary diagnosis is often based on clinical symptoms, and treatment with antibiotics is started before culture tests confirm infection with N. meningitidis. Why? -Meningococcal meningitis often occurs in epidemics, usually in populations living in close proximity, such as in military barracks or college dormitories -There are no naturally occurring antibodies formed -Life-threatening symptoms can develop very rapidly -There is no danger of antibiotic resistance developing

Life-threatening symptoms can develop very rapidly

Corynebacterium diphtheria and Bordetella pertussis cause respiratory diseases. Which statement below is true regarding these infections? -Diphtheria endotoxin causes symptoms of diphtheria -Antibiotic treatment for pertussis is available, but there is no pertussis vaccine -Diphtheria vaccine is available, but there is no antibiotic treatment for the disease -Pertussis exotoxin causes tissue damage

Pertussis exotoxin causes tissue damage

Superficial mycoses are caused by a group of fungal pathogens called __________. -dimorphic -dermatologic -dematiaceous -dermatophytes

dermatophytes

Fungi that can grow in a yeast or a mold form depending on the conditions are termed __________. -morphic -pleomorphic -dimorphic -amphimorphic

dimorphic

Which of the following is the correct progression of a herpes simplex 2 infection? -direct contact with infected tissue occurs; lesions develop; virus goes dormant in nerve cells; virus is reactivated to cause lesions -direct contact with infected tissue containing only active lesions occurs; lesions develop; virus goes dormant in nerve cells; virus is reactivated to cause lesions -direct contact with infected tissue without active lesions occurs; lesions develop; antiviral treatment is received; infection is cured -direct contact with infected tissue containing active lesions occurs; lesions develop; antiviral treatment is received; infection is cured

direct contact with infected tissue occurs; lesions develop; virus goes dormant in nerve cells; virus is reactivated to cause lesions

Part complete The emergent H5N1 strain of avian influenza can occasionally be transmitted from birds to humans with a resulting 60% mortality rate (compared with a 2.5% mortality rate for the 1918 pandemic influenza). In 2012, after a single dead chicken in a wholesale market in Hong Kong tested positive for H5N1, all 17,000 chickens in the market and surrounding area were culled. This was an attempt to__________. -eliminate a vector -quarantine -prevent migration -eliminate a reservoir

eliminate a reservoir

For many years the CDC focused its seasonal influenza vaccination efforts on those groups in the population who suffered the highest influenza mortality rates, including the elderly aged 65 years and older. However, starting in 2008 the CDC shifted their focus to school-aged children and began recommending the vaccine for everyone aged at least 6 months. Research had shown no evidence for any protective effect of the vaccine in the elderly. By changing the recommendations for who should be vaccinated, the CDC planned to better protect the elderly by means of__________. -direct contact -vaccination -herd immunity acquired immunity

herd immunity

Appropriate action to control infectious disease where humans are the reservoir would include __________. -control of the vehicle -eliminate breeding grounds -control of the vector -immunization

immunization

The most common method of contracting a systemic mycosis is through __________. -sexual contact -inhalation -person-to-person contact -ingestion

inhalation

Toxic shock syndrome __________. -is life-threatening because of the endotoxin produced -is life-threatening because of the superantigen toxin produced -is always associated with tampon usage -is associated only with Staphylococcus species

is life-threatening because of the superantigen toxin produced

Part complete What is the term used for the filamentous body found in many fungal species? -protonema -mycelium -gametophyte -dikaryote

mycelium

The ideal bioweapon would be __________. -one with low morbidity -one that requires safety equipment to handle -one that is cheap to produce, even if it is difficult to disseminate -one that is easily spread in aerosol form

one that is easily spread in aerosol form

During the early 20th century, pandemics typically took months to years to span the globe, while the 2009 H1N1 swine flu spread globally within weeks and had affected most countries within 6 months. This difference in the rate of spread is mainly due to__________. -the emergence of antibiotic resistance -the increased virulence of the pathogens -the increased volume and speed of global transportation -more human contact with wild and domestic animals worldwide

the increased volume and speed of global transportation