Microbiology for Mortuary Science Ch. 20-24
sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
3 levels in controlling the growth of microorganisms
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; many functional organelles inside the cells
flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
glutaraldehyde
An effective disinfectant and is actually a cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2 percent solution, which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3 to 12 hours.
local infection
An infection, such as a pimple or abscess, that is confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus.
Prokaryotic
An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
biological vector
Animal vectors in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the animal prior to becoming infective for a susceptible person
heterotrophic bacteria
Bacteria that require complex organic nutrients from a carbon source to grow and develop
eukaryotes
Cells that contain nuclei and a cytoskeleton
Sterilization
Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life; highest level of microbial growth control
zoonoses
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
37%
Formalin is a mixture of what percentage of formaldehyde gas by mass in water
Universal Precautions
Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
spontaneous generation
Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.
Fransesco Redi
In 1668, demonstrated that maggots appeared only in decaying meat that had been exposed to flies.
exogenous infection
Infection caused by organisms not present in the body
endogenous infections
Infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope
thermal death time
Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present.
endemic disease
Occur continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, one celled organisms of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free-living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission.
autotrophic bacteria
Self-nourishing bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide.
specific reservoir
The ability of a pathogen to spread depends on what?
scrubbing, heat, cold, and ultraviolet light
The physical methods of controlling the growth of microorganisms
disinfection
The process of destroying pathogens
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms
True
True or False: Alcohols are classified as intermediate level disinfectants.
True
True or False: Not all microorganisms cause disease.
aldehydes
What agent is commonly found in hospital disinfectants?
boiling, free-flowing steam, steam under pressure
What are the 3 methods of moist heat decontamination??
the skin and mucous membranes, the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, the genitourinary tract, and the placenta
What are the 5 portals of entry and exit by which pathogens may enter or exit the body??
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the five kingdoms?
cresols
What chemical is used to produce Lysol?
Mycoplasma
What genus is known as the smallest free living bacteria? (hint: has no cell wall and has sterols in the membrane)
human skin
What is the most important and effective barriers against infection?
natural acquired passive
What is the result of placental transfer of antibodies?
quaternary ammonium compounds
What type of disinfectants include benzalkonium chloride?
horsefly
What would most likely transmit typhoid fever as a mechanical vector??
placenta
Where does congenital disease occur?
steam under pressure
Which of the following is most efficient in destruction of microorganisms?
vector
a carrier, usually an insect or other arthropod that transmit the causative organisms of disease from infected to non infected individuals
sporadic
a communicable disease which occurs in a community only as an occasional case
idophore
a compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine
antigen
a foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies
Quaternary ammonium compounds
a group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap
fungi
a group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll and usually bearing spores.
obligate aerobes
a microorganism that requires oxygen to live
autoclaves
a physical method of sterilization incorporates both free flowing steam and pressure
endotoxin
a poisonous substance produced by bacteria and released only when the bacterial cells die and disintegrate
Glycocalyx
a sticky gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall
endospore
a thick walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions
exotoxin
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.
direct transmission
a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth
indirect transmission
a transmission of disease causing pathogens via and inanimate object: food water air and zoonoses
mechanical vector
a vector in or on which growth and development of the infective agent do not occur
primary infection
acute infection that causes the initial illness
antibodies
also known as immunoglobulins, are glycoprotein substances produced by the body in response to specific antigens
innate immunity
also known as natural immunity, is a form of immunity due to physical characteristics that can be attributed to biological differences such as race or sex
pandemic disease
an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
opportunistic infection
an infection caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract
Virus
an intracellular, infectious parasite, capable of living and replicating only in living cells; smallest category of disease-causing microorganism
Strict saprophyte
an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter
capsule
an organized and firmly attached outer coating on some prokaryotic cells
cell theory
arises from existing cells
epidemic
attacks a large number of people in a community at the same time
bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
facultative
bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition
Streptococci
bacteria that form a chain
mesophiles
bacteria that prefer moderate temps and grow best between 77-104 degree F
heterotrophic
bacteria that require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow and develop
septicemia
blood poisoning
phenol
carbolic acid
staphl
clustered together
diplococci
cocci growing in pairs
strict parasites
completely dependent on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive
virulence
degree of pathogenicity
attenuation
dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism
epidemic disease
diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region
toxemia
distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms
micro
extremely small
formalin
formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% by volume
Louis Pasteur
found that a protozoan cause a silkworm disease that threatened the silk industry throughout Europe
Staphylococci
grape-like clusters
skin and mucosal membranes
host defense mechanism that utilizes physical anatomic barriers
artificially acquired passive
immunity that form the inoculation of immune serum
innate
immunity that is inherited
mixed infection
infection caused by two or more organisms
prions
infectious proteins
fungicides
kills both fungi and their spores
bio
life
absecess
localized collection of pus
thermal death point
lowest temperature that kills all cells in 10 minutes
Obligate anaerobes
microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen
virus
minute organism not visible with an ordinary microscope
steam under pressure
most efficient in destruction of microorganisms
reservoir
natural habitat of the organism
formites
objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens
synergism
occurs when the harmonious action of two microorganisms produce an effect that neither could produce alone
Protozoa
one celled eukaryotes
focal infection
one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary infection
pathogens
organisms that cause disease
strict saprophytes
organisms that only survive on dead or decaying organic matter
refrigeration
primarily bacteriostatic in its action
Joseph Lister
recognized that phenol kills microorganisms
symbiosis
relationship in which two species live closely together
antisepsis
removal of pathogens from living tissue
Microaerophiles
require little free oxygen
drug-fast
resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs
Streptobacilli
rod-shaped bacteria occurring in chains
autotrophic
self nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds
coccus
shaped like a sphere or a ball
morphology
size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria
Mycology
study of fungi
spirochetes
surrounded by an axial filament that allows them to control their movements by turning like a corkscrew
incineration
the burning of solid waste; used most frequently in funeral homes to treat hazardous waste
pathogenicity
the degree of severity of a microorganism to cause disease.
parasitism
the host is harmed while the parasite receives some benefit
germ theory
the idea that microorganisms cause disease
antagonism
the inhibition of one microorganism's growth by the presence of another
host
the organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on
resistance
the relative ability of the body to defend itself against infection
mycoplasmas
the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells
infection
the state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
resistance
the sum total of body mechanism that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents
decimal reduction time
the time, in minutes, in which 90% of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed
viremia
viruses in the blood
Hexachlorophene
what agent is commonly used in soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, talcum powder, mouthwash, and shaving cream?
halogens
widely used disinfectants that work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells; 6 elements found in the next to the last column on the far right side of the periodic table
