Microbiology Lecture Exam 2

Which of the following, if any, is NOT an example of cellular work? a. ATP synthesis b. anabolism c. active transport d. motility e. all are examples of cellular work

D

Which microbes were the first to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis following the evolution of porphyrin rings, and thus were responsible for first converting Earth's atmosphere from anaerobic to an aerobic environment?

cyanobacteria

Strict (obligate) anaerobes

- can't grow in aerobic environments - did not evolve SOD, cataylase, or peroxidase to live in high O2 environments (O2 toxic to these microbes) - survives in aerobic environments as endospores - example: Clostridium

Describe ROI: Superoxide anions

- free radicals with negative charges and extra electrons - produces enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) to turn toxic oxygen into hydrogen peroxide

How does temperature influence bacterial growth?

- higher temperature= more growth - higher kinetic energy-> more bacterial collisions -> more substrate & enzyme binding

microbe aerophiles

- low levels of protective enzymes in aerobic environments - protected by and survives by biofilm that keeps a steady, low O2 concentrated environment liveable - example: Campylobacter

What are the benefits of the Thioglycolate Medium in test tubes?

- reduces molecular O2 and creates an anaerobic environment - test anaerobic growth of microbes/ microbial- O2 relationship

Why would a cell shut down it's metabolic pathway?

- save/ control resources (ATP, energy, nutrients) due to limited supply

Strict/ Obligate aerobes

- uses aerobic respiration for ATP - makes superoxide dismutase and cataylase to survive in O2 environment - example: psedomonas

aerotolerant anaerobes

- can't do aerobic or anaerobic respiration, relies on Lactic Acid Fermentation - yields 2 ATP/glucose - developed peroxidase to survive in different environments but does not need O2. - example: Streptococcus

Evolution of porphyrin rings was essential before the evolution of which of the following? 1. chlorophyll a 2. cytochromes 3. ETC's, Electron transport chains 4. oxygenic photosynthesis 5. aerobic respiration

1,2,3,4,5

Which process(es) would help farmers grow more vegetables per acre of land?

1. Nitrogen fixation 2. nitrification

In which direction is DNA synthesized and in which orientation relative to its template?

5'->3' ; antiparallel to template

The potential energy source used to drive ATP Synthase function is ______________.

the proton gradient across the membrane, the proton motive force

Which bacterium: When the toxin this pathogen makes is ingested, can cause "projectile vomiting"

Staphylococcus aureus

Name an example of aerotolerant anaerobes

Staphylococcus pyogenes

MRSA are resistant to _________________________ because they have a __________________

beta-lactam antibiotics including methicillin; mutant bacterial transpeptidase

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: bacterial enzymes that can hydrolyze penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin

beta-lactamases

Green beans part 5: Which toxin does the pathogen make and is is heat-stable? (this is new info so do not panic!)

botulinum toxin is heat-sensitive

Describe the function of Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

breaks down toxic O2 in all living cells in aerobic environments only,

Which of the following are NOT properties of enzymes? a. made of proteins b. can be denatured by heat, extremes of pH, heavy metals c. are permanently changed during catalysis d. organic catalysts e. can be re-used over and over f. slow down chemical reactions g. have a substrate binding site called the allosteric site h. increase activation energy required for a reaction i. exhibit substrate saturation j. usually have optimal activity within a narrow range of temperature and pH

c, f, g, h

What is the function of enzyme helicase in DNA replication

conversion of double-stranded DNA into a single-strand template

What is the function of enzyme ligase in DNA replication

covalently links Okazaki fragments

What function do antibiotics penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin inhibit?

cross-linking of peptidoglycan

Green beans part 3: The pathogen identified earlier makes the protective enzyme(s)______________________:

no protective enzymes

If your classmate is correct, you wonder if you had re-heated the potato salad at 2 pm, if this would have prevented the vomiting episode? Your classmate tells you ___________

no, the enterotoxin is relatively heat stable

Within the cell, some organic molecules can lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction. If made of protein, these molecules are called ____ and if made of RNA, they are called _________.

enzymes; ribozymes

If you are a farmer, you know _________________ will encourage plant growth whereas _________________ would decrease plant growth

nitrogen fixation and nitrification; denitrification

Which antibiotics target the enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis?

sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim

facultative anaerobes

- Can make enough ATP to survive using using fermentation or respiration (flexible) - 32 ATP/ glucose in aerobic environments - example: E. Coli

Which bacterial group thrives in acidic environments? (pH 7-> pH4)

- acidophiles - lactic acid bacteria, good and bad stomach bacteria

What are fastidious microbes? Why are many pathogens classified as fastidious?

-bacteria with simple of deficient enzyme systems - can't make their own organic molecules or growth factors so they must invade (people) to survive - requires sufficient media in lab environments

Features of the lag phase

-synthesizing chromosomal DNA proteins -adapting to new environment -transporting nutrients into the cell -copying DNA

Frequently following broad spectrum antibiotic therapy to treat bacterial cystitis (bladder infections), women frequently may suffer from "secondary yeast infections" of the vaginal mucosa. Why does broad spectrum antibiotic therapy often lead to secondary yeast infections of mucous membranes? Choose the correct statement(s) below: 1. Antibiotics kill protective lactic acid bacteria which live on mucous membranes. Without the lactic acid bacteria lowering the pH and competing for nutrients, opportunistic pathogens such as the yeast Candida albicans may overgrow, causing infections 2. Antibiotics lower the pH of the mucous membrane, inhibiting growth of bacteria and selecting for growth of yeast 3. Antibiotics cause human cells to secrete more sugars which selects for growth of yeast 4. Antibiotics can trigger increased mutations in yeast which can there over come the natural defenses of the human.

1

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ->light, chla ->C6H12O6 + 6 O2 is a summary reaction for ______________________ and C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy is a summary reaction for ___________________. Chose the correct pair in correct order below: 1. anoxygenic photosynthesis; anaerobic respiration 2. oxygenic photosynthesis; aerobic respiration 3. aerobic respiration; oxygenic photosynthesis 4. oxygenic photosynthesis; antioxygenic photosynthesis

2

What does glycolysis produce? Where?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate; cytoplasm of cells

Starting with 1 molecule of glucose, the endproducts of lactic acid fermentation would be ____________

2 lactic acid and gain of 2 ATP

In lactic acid fermentation, the final/terminal electron acceptor is _______________. In aerobic respiration, the terminal/final electron acceptor is __________. Choose the correct answer from below: 1. NAD+; ETC 2. ATP; ATP 3. pyruvate; O2 4. ADP; H2O Correct!

3

Describe ROI: Peroxide anion

3% KOH can produce either catalyse or peroxidase enzymes

Lactic Acid Bacteria (such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, some Streptococcus species) can be beneficial to humans in all of the following ways EXCEPT (which statement(s) is/are false)? 1. Preservation of dairy products in the absence of refrigeration through lactic acid fermentation 2. Preservation of vegetables in the absence of refrigeration through lactic acid fermentation 3. When growing on the mucous membranes of humans, protection against infections by opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans 4. Production of acids which can help de-calcify teeth, causing dental cavities/caries

4

In aerobic respiration, a gain of approximately ____ ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the Krebs' Cycle and approximately ___ATP are made through oxidative phosphorylation (theoretical maximums)

4; 34

E.coli is replicating its chromosome. If the template DNA sequence is: 3' TTT CGC TTA CGA 5' , what would be the base sequence of the complementary new DNA strand?

5' AAA GCG AAT GCT 3'

A structure labeled "X" could be a protein with a heme/iron-containing porphyrin ring. Another name for this structure is a(n): a. cytochromes b. lipid-A c. ATP synthase d. NAD molecule e. Alpha-ketoglutarate

A

Anabolism requires ______________________ A: an input of extra energy B: an output of extra energy

A

In bacteria, ________ form the peptide bonds between amino acids during translation a. ribozymes of ribosomes b. protein catalysts c. protein enzymes d. tRNA e. Both "c" and "d

A

The label on a bottle of niacin vitamins stated "niacin promotes energy". What is your explanation for this statement? a. niacin is a precursor for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which plays an important role in aerobic respiration and thus ATP production within cells b. niacin is an important enzyme used in the first steps of glycolysis c. niacin is an important part of cytochromes d. niacin inhibits ATP synthase e. NONE of the above are correct

A

What is one beneficial use of nucleoside analogs? a.can cause premature termination of nucleic acid synthesis and are used as antiviral drugs b. act as competitive inhibitors of 80S ribosomes and are used as antiprotozoal drugs c. act as ETC toxins and used as antifungal drugs d. used to stop active transport in Mycobacterium tuberculosis e. NONE of the above _____Which molecule acts as the "transl

A

Which antibiotic matches this description: broad/extended spectrum, sensitive to beta lactamases, irreversible competitive inhibitors of bacterial transpeptidases A. ampicillin, amoxicillin B. penicillin C. carbapenems

A: ampicillin, amoxicillin

Which molecule acts as the "translator" molecule of a cell? a. tRNA b. mRNA c. ssDNA d. rRNA e. BOTH "c" and "d"

A: tRNA

Which organisms synthesize "nitrogenase"? a. legume-symbiotic Rhizobium b. plants c. algae and protozoa d. ALL of the above e. BOTH "a' and "b"

A; Rhizobium

During active oxidative phosphorylation, which side of the membrane has the lowest pH, side A above or side B below? a. side A (outside the cytoplasmic membrane) b. side B (inside of the cell) c. both sides have the same pH

A; choice "a" (outside of the cytoplasmic membrane) would have the lower pH= higher concentration of hydrogen ions/protons.

In aerobic respiration, as electrons are slowly removed from what was once glucose, energy will be released. Some of this energy can be used to drive _____________ synthesis C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

ATP

Which molecule frequently "links" catabolism with anabolism?

ATP

Which molecule is often described as the "energy currency" of the cell and can be use to supply energy for cellular work?

ATP

When glucose is oxidized completely (during aerobic respiration), 1/3 of the released energy can be used to make ____________ and 2/3 will be released as ____________

ATP; heat

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid/ clavulanate

Augmentin

Who were the people involved in the Double Helix description of DNA that led to a Nobel Prize in 1962?

Watson, Crick, Rosalind Franklin

The significant difference(s) between anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxygenic photosynthesis: a. anoxygenic requires water and oxygenic requires carbon dioxide b. anoxygenic does not produce molecular oxygen and oxygenic does produce molecular oxygen c. anoxygenic requires molecular oxygen and oxygenic does not d. anoxygenic produces molecular oxygen and oxygenic does not e. BOTH "c" and "d"

B

Name one very common examples of hyperthermophiles living in environments over 70 degrees celsius

Yellowstone glaciers colorful hot pools

Which antibiotic matches this description: narrow spectrum sensitive to beta-lactamases, irreversible competitive inhibitors of bacterial transpeptidases A. ampicillin, amoxicillin B. penicillin C. carbapenems

B. penicillin

During which of the labeled phases are bacteria most sensitive to antibiotics? a. phase a: lag phase b. phase b: log/exponential phase c. phase c: stationary phase d. phase d: death phase e. BOTH phase "a" and "b"

B: log/exponential phase

What do antibiotics nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones target?

Bacterial gyrase

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: irreversible competitive inhibitor of bacterial transpeptidase

Beta-lactam antibiotics

During the "Krebs Prep", which process(es) DO NOT occur? a. oxidation b. decarboxylation c. phosphorylation d. ALL of the above e. Both "a' and "b" above

C

When describing ATP production, what is "chemiosmosis"? a. use of an ATP gradient to drive biosynthetic reactions in the cell b. use of nitrogenase to produce ammonia in nitrogen -fixing bacteria c. use of a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis d. use of NAD and FAD as electron carriers during substrate level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP e. BOTH "a" and "d"

C

Which antibiotic matches this description: extended spectrum/broad spectrum, resistant to bacterial beta lactamases, irreversible competitive inhibitor of bacterial A. ampicillin, amoxicillin B. penicillin C. carbapenems

C. carbapenems

What is being pumped across the membrane by the ETC? a. ATP b. Na ions c. H ions d. Both Na and K ions e. BOTH "a" and "b"

C: H ions

Chemoheterotrophs are: a. organisms which use light for energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source b. organisms which use inorganic molecules for energy and as a carbon source c. organisms which use organic molecules for energy and as a carbon source d. organisms which "eat" rocks

C: organisms which use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

Which pair below is INCORRECT if any? a. SSBP: protects ssDNA b. helicase: forms ssDNA templates from ds DNA c. Primase: synthesizes short DNA primers d. DNA polymerases: synthesizes complementary DNA e. ALL of the above are correct

C; primase synthesizes a short RNA* primer

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: frequently pan resistant to antibiotics

CRE; Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae;

Which bacterium: A leading cause of food-borne infections, grows on fecal contaminated raw poultry (e.g. raw chicken), forming a biofilm. A microaerophile

Campylobacter

Name a common microbe aerophile

Campylobacter: -raw poultry -survives by biofilm with a perfect O2 concentration

What is the name of the psychrophile that is found in the Sierra Nevadas and is pigmented red?

Chlamydomonas nivalis

Name an example of a strict/obligate anaerobe

Clostridium

Which bacterial enzyme is involved in DNA replication

DNA polymerase

On the standard bacterial growth curve above, the x axis= ______ and the y axis = ____ (fill-in blanks appropriately) a. x=number of living cells; y=time b. x= log time; y= log number living cells c. x= log time; y=number of living cells d. x= time; y= log number living cells e. NONE of the above are correct

D

Over-use of Beta-lactam antibiotics and carbapenems led to selection of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Beta-lactamase producing _Staphylococcus aureus_ b. MRSA c. CRE d. tetracycline resistant _E. coli_

D

The enzyme which has a final mistake rate of 1 mistake / 109 nucleotides is __________ and the enzyme which has a final mistake rate of 1 mistake/105 nucleotides is _______

DNA Polymerase; RNA Polymerase

Name examples of facultative anaerobes

E.Coli Salmonella

What advantages are there to phosphorylation of glucose at the start of glycolysis? a. makes it easier to pass into the mitochondria b. helps "trap" glucose within the cell c. initiates destabilization of glucose in preparation for "lysis" d. helps to stabilize glucose so it won't lose electrons too quickly e. BOTH "b" and "c"

E: Both B and C are correct

Trimethoprim and sulfa drugs such as sulfamethoxazole (the combination found in "Bactrim") are sequential inhibitors of bacterial enzymes involved in _______________synthesis which indirectly inhibits _____________synthesis.

Folic acid; nucleic acid

Which acidophile: - consists of protective bicarbonate and urease (protective ammonia) enzymes - lives in the stomach mucosa - protects against esophageal and duodenal cancers

Helicobacter pylori

Match description of endproducts with specific stage in aerobic respiration starting with one molecule of glucose: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 Carbon dioxide, 2 NADH

Krebs "Prep"

Match description of endproducts with specific stage in aerobic respiration starting with one molecule of glucose. 4 carbon dioxide, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

Which bacterium: Can grow as a mesophile in humans, but also can grow as a psychrophile in refrigerators

Listeria monocytogenes

Which bacterium: Grows in intestine of ruminants like cows. Can be found in raw milk. If ingested, can casue spontaneous miscarriage in women, neonatal sepsis and meningitis

Listeria monocytogenes

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: has mutant transpeptidase to which beta-lactams can't bind

MRSA; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Name a strict/ obligate aerobe

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Which bacterial enzyme is involved in transcription?

RNA polymerase

What do retroviruses (such as HIV) do in relation to DNA replication? What enzyme is involved in this process?

Retroviruses initiate reverse translation, enzyme reverse transcriptase inserts its RNA into the DNA and is irreversible.

Transcription is ___

Use of DNA as a template to make RNA

Which alkalinophiles: - lives in adaptable places - up to pH 9 (VERY basic) What well known disease does this pathogen cause?

Vibrio cholerae; Cholerae

As you are chopping the eggs for potato salad, you notice a small abscess on your thumb, it is painful, red and swollen. You decide to ignore it for the time being. Why would people get sick if you didn't when you tried it before adding eggs to the potato salad?

_Staphylococcus aureus_ from your abscess may have contaminated the potato salad as you were slicing and mixing the ingredients. In the morning, when you tasted the salad, the _S. aureus_ may have been in the lag phase of growth, with no enterotoxin made. After sitting for several hours on the picnic table at warm temperatures, the _S. aureus_ may have entered log phase of growth with enterotoxin production. People who ate the salad later in the day would have ingested large amounts of enterotoxin, causing the projectile vomiting.

If ATP is dephosphorylated, what will be released? a. ADP b. inorganic phosphate group, Pi c. energy d. dexoyadenosine

a, b, c

Which test tube environment has SOD, lacks catalase but makes peroxidase, and performs fermentation only

aerotolerant anaerobe

Which bacterial group thrives best in more basic environments?

alkalinophiles

Describe allosteric inhibition

allosteric site = non-competitive inhibitor binding site - distorts the enzyme shape -> the active site shape -> and doesn't allow for the substrate to bind (no induced fit)

Which antibiotics target 70s ribosomes?

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides

If it rains excessively or if a farmer over-irrigates fields, the water logged soil becomes __________, leading to ____________

anaerobic; denitirification

list other protective substances from toxic O2

antioxidants, Vitamins C and E

Methicillin and oxacillin are semisynthetic Beta-lactams, chemically modified so they no longer fit into the active site of ____________

bacterial Beta-lactamases

Which bacterial enzyme leads to relief in supercoiling of chromosomes?

bacterial gyrase

In aerobic respiration, once glucose is completely oxidized, what is left of the carbon skeleton? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

carbon dioxide

Metabolism consists of all the chemicals reactions in the cell. The break down of large molecules into smaller subunits is called ________________ and _________energy

catabolism; will release energy

What type of reaction is this: (2)H2O2 + 2H20 +O2 How would you know if you were looking at the reaction take place?

catalyase reaction; catalyase positive means that bubbles will appear as O2 is being released

Organisms which require pre-formed organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy are called _______________ and include animals, protozoa, fungi, and bacteria which are not photosynthetic

chemoheterotrophs

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: irreversible competitive inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamases

clavulanic acid/ clavulanate

NAD+ and FAD are examples of ______

coenzymes which can transfer electrons from one molecules to another

NAD+ and FAD can accept and carry high energy electrons/H atoms during metabolism. They are called___________ and, in humans, are made using _______________.

coenzymes; vitamins

What permits precise replication of DNA; What links nucleotides together?

complementary base pairing rules; phosphodiester bonds

Match the description to the correct phase in a standard bacterial growth curve: phase in which one would see the highest concentration of endospores

death/decline phase

If you are working at a sewage treatment plant, which microbial process would you use to reduce nitrates in sewage before releasing into rivers? Why?

denitrification; to reduce HAB's

Why is optimal temperature important to maintain in regard to proteins?

depending on the type of bacteria, if the temp/kinetic energy is too high, the proteins will start denaturation and lead to a rapid decrease in growth

You are treating a patient with a Staphylococcus aureus infection and you know the S. aureus makes a "penicillinase"/Beta-lactamase. You decide to double the dose of ampicillin you give the patient, hoping to overcome the ampicillin resistance through____________

enzyme: substrate saturation

Which statement(s) below is/are INCORRECT? a. obligate/strict aerobes require molecular oxygen to survive b. obligate/strict anaerobes are killed in a molecular oxygen rich environment c. facultative anaerobes cannot use molecular oxygen d. aerotolerant anaerobes are killed in molecular oxygen rich environments e. BOTH "c" and "d" are incorrect

e: both "c" and "d" are incorrect

Why should we use the catalase test?

easy was to distinguish between Staphylococcus (always catalyase positive) and genus Streptococcus (always catalyase negative)

You have isolated a bacterium which is a strict, obligate aerobe. You expose the bacterium to hydrogen sulfide at high levels. What will first happen to the bacterium, if anything?

electron transport will stop

Green beans part 4: How did the pathogen survive boiling during the canning process and exposure to air?

endospores are not inactivated by boiling nor molecular oxygen

NCI's, non-competitive inhibitors, are often ______________________ of metabolic pathways

endproducts

What is the function of nucleoside triphosphates in bacteria like E.Coli?

energized precursors for cells to make DNA

How do Clostridium survive in aerobic environments?

ex. Rusty nail- Clostridium tetani - endospores can survive in aerobic environments for a long time

True or false: RNA Polymerase requires a primer to function?

false

When the endproduct of a metabolic pathway inhibits one of the first enzymes in the pathway (must be an allosteric enzyme), the process is called_____________

feedback or endproduct inhibition

What function do antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole inhibit?

folic acid synthesis in bacteria; folic acid in necessary for nucleic acid synthesis

You have isolated a beta-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus (not a MRSA strain) from an infected surgical site on your patient. If for genetic reasons, your patient is allergic to all antibiotics except beta-lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin ( they can only take Beta-lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin), which strategy could you use to treat this Staphylococcus aureus infection in your patient?

give the patient a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

In the redox reaction summarizing the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration, which reactant is oxidized?

glucose

Match description of endproducts with specific stage in aerobic respiration starting with one molecule of glucose: 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, gain 2 ATP

glycolysis

Which bacterial group thrives in salty environments?

halophiles

Which bacterial group is not killed in salty environments?

halotolerant microbes ex: Staphylococcus aureus

The energy source used to drive Electron Transport Chain (ETC) function is____________. The function of the ETC is ________________

high energy electrons from glucose (or other organic molecules); proton-pumping across a membrane

Anaerobic respiration using sulfates as terminal electron acceptors might result in production of _____________, causing the "rotten egg" smell of anaerobic swamps

hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur bacteria making bacteriochlorophyll can use ______ instead of water as an electron donor, consequently ___ is made instead of oxygen

hydrogen sulfide; elemental sulfur

Which bacterial group thrives in very hot environments and is considered "heat lovers"?

hyperthermophiles

Canned green beans: You are going through your stores of canned goods and notice one can of green beans appears to be "swollen" as indicated by a bulging lid, what pathogen caused this?

improper canning, not heated sufficiently to kill endospores of _ Clostridium botulinum_ on the harvested green beans

At what phase does endospore production occur?

in the transition phase between the Log/exponential phase and the Stationary Phase

Beta-lactam antibiotics are _______________________

irreversible competitive inhibitors of bacterial transpeptidases

Match the description to the correct phase in a standard bacterial growth curve: phase in which bacteria are most sensitive to antibiotics

log/exponential phase

Match the description to the correct phase in a standard bacterial growth curve: best time to perform Gram stains

log/exponential stage

How do enzymes speed up chemical reaction rates?

lower activation energy by rearranging electrons for more efficient enzymatic activity

Which bacterial group do most pathogens fall under because they prefer the moderate temperatures provided by the human body?

mesophiles

Most human bacterial pathogens are__ and ____

mesophiles and neutrophiles

Which antibiotic targets Beta-lactamase resistant, irreversible competitive inhibitors of bacterial transpeptidase?

methicillin

Matching mechanisms to antibiotics and bacterial enzyme activities: Beta-lactamase resistant beta-lactams

methicillin, oxacillin

Why is aerobic respiration called "aerobic"? Because the final/terminal electron acceptor is __________. In the absence of this final, terminal electron acceptor, aerobic respiration cannot occur.

molecular oxygen

Which bacterial group thrives in environments with neutral pH, such as the human body?

neutrophiles

Chemiosmosis is described as an "energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion/proton gradient across a membrane (the "proton motive force") to drive cellular work such as active transport, motility and ______________"

oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of ATP

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -l>ight, chla>C6H12O6 + 6 O2 is a summary reaction for ______________________ and C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy is a summary reaction for ___________________.

oxygenic photosynthesis; aerobic respiration

What type of reaction is this: H2o2 + NADH + H+ --> 2 H2O + NAD+

perioxidase reaction: no molecular O2 is made, no bubbles

Organisms which can make chlorophyll a are called __________ and include cyanobacteria, algae and plants

photoautotrophs

What bacterial group thrives in cold environments? Example?

psychrophiles

Which antibiotics target Bacterial Gyrase?

quinolones, fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin

What function does antibiotic ciprofloxacin inhibit?

relief of chromosome supercoiling in bacteria; indirectly inhibits DNA replication and transcription

What is the function of enzyme DNA Polymerase 1 during DNA replication?

replacement of RNA with DNA

Which structure in bacteria is involved in translation?

ribosome

Which antibiotics target Bacterial RNA Polymerase?

rifamycin, rifapin

Which bacterium: Can grow in high salt environments. Makes a heat stable enterotoxin

staphylococcus aureus

Match the description to the correct phase in a standard bacterial growth curve: many bacteria in biofilms are in this phase, thus are more resistant to antibiotics

stationary phase

Match the description to the correct phase in a standard bacterial growth curve: stage at which "carrying capacity" is reached

stationary phase

Which test tube environment lacks both SOD and catalase?

strict/ obligate anaerobe

Green beans part 2: The pathogen identified in the previous question is a(n)_______________

strict/obligate anaerobe

Allosteric enzymes have 2 binding sites, one for _________ and the other for_______________

substrate binding; NCI or allosteric inhibitor binding

What happens if the supply of NAD+ runs out during glycolysis?

switch to fermentation otherwise the cell will die - NADH oxidized back to -> NAD+ = lactic acid fermentation begins

What is the function of enzyme Primase in DNA replication?

synthesis of short primer

Which bacterial group thrives in slightly higher temperatures?

thermophiles

Which function does rifampin inhibit?

transcription in bacteria

What function do antibiotics tetracycline and aminoglycosides inhibit?

translation in bacteria

True or False: Bacteria reproduce asexually using binary fission.

true

In photosynthesis, what is the source of electrons which will be energized by light and eventually end up as high energy electrons of glucose (which molecule is oxidized in photosynthesis?) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ->light, chla ->C6H12O6 + 6 O2

water

HAB part 2: Some of the farmers you are working with do not want to use alternatives to artificial fertilizers for their crops. What is another suggestion you can make to help reduce run-off of "usable" nitrogen from fields into water ways? Correct!

water running off of fields can be passed through a bioreactor for denitrification, reducing concentrations of "usable" nitrogen before release into water ways.

You are also aware that during severe storms, excess rainfall may overwhelm storm drains and may flood sewage treatment plant "holding ponds" used in sewage treatment and can wash large amounts of animal feces into water ways.. Would excess rainfall thus increase the chance of HAB's?

yes

Your job is to develop a plan to reduce Domoic Acid Poisoning in California. The next several questions relate to your "Plan of Action". Part 1: Is there an "ecologically friendly" alternative to nitrate/ammonium containing artificial fertilizers which farmers could use to reduce nitrogen run-off from fields into water ways?

yes; use of _Rhizobium_ and legumes to fix nitrogen into usable ammonia/ammonium