Module 22: Studying and Encoding Memories
recall
Dr. Napleton prefers to test his students with essay and fill-in-the-blank questions, which would more fully test their
a mnemonic device
Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes BEST illustrates the use of:
shallow processing
Encoding information based on the letters or the sound of a word is called _____.
overlearning
Even after we learn material, _____ increases retention
retrieval
Gina adequately studied for her psychology exam. However, while taking the exam she could not remember some of the material. According to the information-processing model of memory, she is having difficulty with:
George Sperling
Research showing that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory, also called iconic memory, was conducted by:
sensory
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.
rehearsal
Shauntae is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class and reviews the chapter covered in the lecture each evening. Rewriting her notes and reviewing the chapter is a form of _____.
temporary; permanent
Short-term memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____.
Iconic
When 9-year-old Jade looks at a picture in a book, then closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.
chunking
When asked to memorize 15 letters Stefanie reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Stefanie used the tactic called _____.
retrieve
While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.
Semantic
_____ encoding is the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
memory
_____ is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.
spacing
Ben distributes his study time rather than cramming. He is using the _____ effect.
short-term memory
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her:
short-term memory
In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without
chunking
It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. The organizational process is known as _____.
automatic processing
James has seen the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has seen the co-worker is known as:
short-term memory
Jules has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said, and she is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Jules is having difficulty with her:
rehearsal
One way that researchers have explored the capacity of short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson.
implicit
Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as _____ memory.
accurately describe the context in which he learned them
Solomon Shereshevskii could remember and recite long strings of digits. When it came to recalling the situations in which he learned the digits, he would:
connectionism
The model that views memories as products of interconnected neural networks is called
George Miller
The psychologist whose research showed that we can store about seven bits of information in our short-term memory was:
short-term memory
This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
