Mid term

Supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle. Circumflex artery Right marginal artery anterior interventricular artery posterior interventricular artery

Circumflex artery

The second heart sound ( the dup of lub dup) is caused by the____. Opening of the atrioventricular valves Closure of semilunar valves Opening of the semilunar valves Closure of atrioventricular valves

Closure of the semilunar valves

Hypertension is defines as a condition of sustained arterial BP of __ or higher. 120/80 130/90 140/90 130/80

140/90

The diploid chromosome number in humans is 12 23 24 46

46

Steroid hormones are synthesized from____. Amino acids Cholesterol proteins peptides

Cholesterol

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from the deficits in both glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids? Addison's Disease Cushing's disease Cretinism Grave's disease.

Addisons's disease Addison's disease, the major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Its victims tend to lose weight; their plasma glucose and sodium levels drop, and potassium levels rise. Severe dehydration and hypotension are common.

Which one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called___.

Antagonism. When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called antagonism.

Supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles Circumflex artery Right marginal artery anterior interventricular artery posterior interventricular artery

Anterior interventricular artery

Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressue? Angiotensin II Atrial natriuretic peptide antidiuretic hormone Epinephrine

Antidiuretic hormone

Blood type is determined by__. Antibodies present in the plasms Antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes Antibodies present on the surface of erythrocytes Antigens present in plasma

Antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes

Which of the following is true when comparing arteries and veins? Arteries have valves; Veins do not At any given time, there is more blood present in arteries than in veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart. arteries are less muscular than veins.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; Veins carry blood to the heart.

BLood flows directly from ____ into capillary beds. Muscular arteries Venules elastic arteries Arterioles

Arterioles

The superior chamber of the heart are called the ___. ventricles Cavae atria Coronary chambers

Atria

The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents___. Ventricular depolarization Ventricular polarization atrial repolarization Atrial depolarization

Atrial depolarization

Which of the following is considered a type of lymphocyte? B cell Neutrophil Macrophage basophil

B-cell. Lymphocytes are specialized leukocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Bilobed nuclus and dark staining cytoplasmic granules

Basophil

The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the ___. Sinusoid capillaries Capillaries found in the glomerulus of the kidney Fenestrated capillaries Continuous capillaries.

Continuous capillaries Continuous capillaries are the most abundant type of capillary. The lining of these capillaries is continuous; there are tight junctions between the endothelial cells that make up continuous capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries have pores, or fenestrations. These pores make fenestrated capillaries more permeable to small solutes and fluids than continuous capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries are found wherever active filtration or absorption occurs (e.g., small intestines and kidneys). Sinusoid capillaries are leaky capillaries because of large intercellular clefts among the endothelial cells. These capillaries allow large molecules and even blood cells to pass into the surrounding tissue. Sinusoid capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla.

A migration of white blood cells out of the capillary blood vessels is called____. Transcytosis Leukocytosis active transport Diapedesis

Diapedesis

Which of the following are correctly paired? Fibrillation: Premature contraction Ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker Arrhythmia: atrioventricular ( AV) node failure Heart block: Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction

Ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker

The lining of the heart chambers is called the Pericardium Endocardium Epicardium Myocardium

Endocardium

Has a role in killing parasitic worms

Eosinophil

Site of sperm storage

Epididymis

Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure True False

FALSE

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an RH+ woman is pregnant with an RH- baby. True false

False

The main component of semen is perm True false

False

A free-floating blood clot is called a thrombus True False

False A free-floating blood clot is an embolus. A thrombus can detach from a vessel and become an embolus.

The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus. True False

False The anterior pituitary has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland" because many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. In recent years, however, it has been dethroned by the hypothalamus, which is now known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary.

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood. True false

False A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would force fluid out of the blood. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption.

Autocrine are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood throughout the body. True False

False. Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood throughout the body. Autocrines are chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

Choose the true statement about fetal hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin contains four alpha chains Fetal hemoglobin is called hemoglobin A. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is produced until the baby is one year old.

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete production? Thyroid stimulating hormone Growth hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Prolactin

Follicle-stimulating hormone. In both sexes, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production and luteinizing hormone (LH) promotes production of gonadal hormones.

One molecule of hemoglobin can bind a max of __ oxygen molecules. two four six eight

Four Hemoglobin is made of four protein chains and four heme groups. Each heme group is able to bind one molecule of oxygen; this means that each hemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of four oxygen molecules.

The hepatic portal system collects blood from the ___ and then routes it to the ___. liver; kidneys GI Tract; liver liver; GI tract. Kidneys; Liver

GI tract liver

Which of the following stimulate(s) most body cells to increase in size and divide? Pro-opiomelanocortin Melanocyte-stimulating hormone tropins Growth hormone

Growth hormone Growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) is produced by cells called somatotropic cells of the anterior lobe and has both growth-promoting and metabolic actions. Although GH stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide, its major targets are the bones and skeletal muscles.

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone plays an important role? regulating tissue growth and development Maintaining blood pressure. Normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation Helping body avoid dehydration and water overload.

Helping body avoid dehydration and water overload

The percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is called the____. Hemostat Hematocrit Blood volume Buffy coat

Hematocrit

Inhibits coagulation Heparin Thrombin plasmin Platelet- derived growth factor prothrombin activator

Heparin

Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and __________. Paracrines Autocrines hormones neurotransmitters

Hormones.

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? Hypothyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Hyperthyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

In response to warmth, the scrotum ____. Becomes heavily wrinkled Pulls the testes closer to the body Increases its surface area. decreases blood flow to the testes

Increases its surface area.

Blood flow would be increased by Increasing blood vessel length Decreasing vessel diameter Decreasing blood pressure Increasing cardiac imput

Increasing cardiac output

makes testosterone

Interstitial endocrine cells (leydig cells)

Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium? It facilitates heart contraction. It protects the heart. It prevents the heart from overfilling with blood It anchors the heart to surrounding structures.

It facilitates heart contractions.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a mature erythrocyte? It has mitochondria It has a biconcave disc shape. It is composed mostly of albumin and water. it has a nucleus.

It has a biconcave shape.

Which of the following is not a role of albumin? It serves an immune system function. It acts as a carrier molecule. It contributes to plasma osmotic pressure It acts as a blood buffer.

It serves an immune system function. Albumin is the primary protein found in plasma. It constitutes about 60% of plasma protein. It has a significant role in regulating plasma osmotic pressure. It also acts as a carrier protein and a blood buffer. Albumin is not an immunological protein.

Any given hormone will influence the activity of __.

It's target cells.

Which of the following is not a purely endocrine organ? Thyroid gland kidney adrenal gland pituitary gland.

Kidney. Purely endocrine organs include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is made primarily by the Spleen kidneys pituitary gland Pancreas

Kidneys

into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood? Right atrium left atrium left ventricle Right ventricle.

Left atrium

Blood flows from the lungs to the ___ via the ___. Right atrium; Pulmonary veins left atrium; Pulmonary veins right atrium; pulmonary arteries left atrium, pulmonary arteries

Left atrium pulmonary veins

Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the ____, and then passes into the ____ to be pumped into the blood tissues (systemic circuit). Left ventricle, Left atrium Right atrium, Right ventricle Right ventricle, Right atrium. Left atrium, Left ventricle

Left atrium, left ventricle

THe most muscular chamber of the heart is the ____. Left ventricle Left atrium Right ventricle Right atrium

Left ventricle

Overproduction of white blood cells is called

Leukocytosis Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. In contrast, leukocytosis is characterized by an increase in white blood cell numbers as a normal response to infection. Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells. Polycythemia is an abnormally high number of erythrocytes.

Small agranulocyte with a lifespan that ranges from a few hours to decades.

Lymphocyte

highly phagocytic cell with a U- or kidney- shaped nucleus

Macrophage

Platelets are derived from: Band cells monocytes megakaryocytes Lymphocytes

Megakaryocytes

Which of the following is true about meiosis Meiosis is how most cells in the body divide. Meiosis leads to the production of genetically identical cells. Meiosis involves only one cell division event. Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number

Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number

The are of the sperm cell that contains many mitochondria is Midpiece Acrosome tail head

Midpiece

Cardiogenic schock is most likely to result from Multiple heart attacks Large scale blood loss A severe bacterial infection a systemic allergic reaction

Multiple heart attacks

Fluids are likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if ___. Net hydrostatic pressure ( HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP) Net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is less than net osmotic pressure (OP) Net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative Osmotic pressure (OP) in the capillary is high

Net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP)

the most numerous type of white blood cell

Neutrophil

As blood levels of ___ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth. Follicle stimulating hormone prolactin oxytocin Gonadotropins

Oxytocin

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? DAG cGMP PIP 2 calcium signaling mechanism cAMP

PIP 2 calcium signaling mechanism Cyclic AMP is the activating second messenger in some tissues for at least 10 amino-acid-based hormones, but some of the same hormones (such as epinephrine) act through a different second-messenger system in other tissues. In one such mechanism, called the PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator.

Cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temp

Pampaniform venous plexus

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate? Sharply decreased blood volume Norepinephrine Exercise Parasympathetic simulation

Parasympathetic stimulation

The cells found within the parathyroid glands that secrete parathyroid hormone are called ___.

Parathyroid cells.

Which of the following in NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormone? Neural stimuli Humoral stimuli Hormonal stimuli Permissive stimuli

Permissive stimuli Three major types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones: humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli.

A patient who lacks intrinsic factor would likely develop____. Hemorrhagic anemia Pernicious anemia Aplastic anemia Sickle-cell anemia

Pernicious anemia

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? Acromegaly Gigantism Elephantiasis Pituitary dwarfism

Pituitary dwarfism.

Fibrin digesting enzyme Heparin Thrombin plasmin Platelet- derived growth factor prothrombin activator

Plasmin

Stimulates blood vessel healing Heparin Thrombin plasmin Platelet- derived growth factor prothrombin activator

Platelet-derived growth factor

Runs to the apex of the heart Circumflex artery Right marginal artery anterior interventricular artery posterior interventricular artery

Posterior interventricular artery

Mean arterial pressure

Pressure that propels blood through the tissues

Generates thrombin Heparin Thrombin plasmin Platelet- derived growth factor prothrombin activator

Prothrombin activator

Erythropoiesis is best defined as ____. Red blood cell production Platelet production Leukocyte production Albumin production.

Red blood cell production.

Supplies blood into the lateral R side of the myocardium Circumflex artery Right marginal artery anterior interventricular artery posterior interventricular artery

Right marginal artery

Which of the following would experience increased blood flow during excersize? Kidneys Intestines Skin brain

SKIN

Conversion of haplod spermatids to functional sperm is specifically called___. Mitosis Meiosis Spermiogenesis spermatogenesis

Spermiogenesis

Aging red blood cells are fragmented and trapped in the ___. Kidneys Liver spleen intestines

Spleen

Blood from the brain is returned to the heart via the___. Abdominal aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava thoracic aorta

Superior vena cava

Peak of aortic pressure

Systolic pressure

In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix True False

TRUE

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. True False

TRUE Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system? Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. Hormone levels have no effect on additional production of that hormone As hormone levels decrease, further hormone release is inhibited. As hormone levels rise, Further hormone release is promoted.

Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. The synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by some type of negative feedback system. In such a system, some internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion. As hormone levels rise, they cause target organ effects, which then inhibit further hormone release. As a result, blood levels of many hormones vary only within a narrow range.

Which of the following is considered a primary sex organ in males? Scrotum Prostate gland penis testes

Testes

Which of the following is true regarding the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting? The extrinsic pathway is independent of procoagulant The extrinsic pathway is slower than the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting. The extrinsic pathway does not involve calcium ions. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.

The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Heparin Thrombin plasmin Platelet- derived growth factor prothrombin activator

Thrombin

Fibrous capsule of the testes

Tunica albuginea

The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the ___. Tunica media Tunica externa Endothelium Tunica intima

Tunica medulla

Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells do not rely on calcium ions for contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is not striated. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle does not use a sliding filament mechanism for a contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic.

Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhytmic.

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of hemostasis from start to end? Platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, coagulation Vascular spasm, coagulation, platelet plug formation coagulation, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open? During excersize While sleeping When digesting a meal Between meals

When digesting a meal

Lowest lowest level of aortic pressure

diastolic pressure

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

pulse pressures

Site of sperm production in the testes

seminiferous tubules