Mid Term

Russian-British rivalry for control of Central Asia, particularly Afghanistan, was known as______________.

"The Great Game"

Jethro Tull

(1674-1741) An important English innovator who tried to develop better farming methods through empirical research, such as using horses rather than oxen for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment for even distribution at the proper depth. Not the greatest innovator but did contribute to the spread of these new ideas. (editor of an agricultural journal)

How did colonial markets boost Europe's economic and social development, and what conflicts and adversity did world trade entail?

(possible essay question pg 569)

What important developments led to the agricultural revolution, and how did these changes affect peasants?

(possible essay question)

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

-Believed that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment -He believed that characteristics that parents acquired over the course of their lives could be inherited by their children

Robert Koch

-Developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria and described their life cycles

Victor Emmanuel

-King of Piedmont-Sardinia -became king of the unified Italy

Austro-Prussian War of 1866

-Prussia defeated Austria

In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households recived

50 to 60 percent of all national income

In almost every advanced country around 190, the wealthiest 20% of households received ____ of all national income.

50-60%

Robert Clive

A British East India Company agent who had led its forces in battle. Became the first British governor general of Bengal, northeast India, with direct authority over the province.

The Romantic movement was characterized by

A belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination

Soil-Exhaustion

A big problem from everyone plowing and using the same land year after year

The primary cause of the English glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

What characterized the middle-class single family home?

A special drawing room used to entertain guests

A.

According to the ____________ theory of disease, people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay. A) miasmatic B) putrification C) degeneration E) effluvial E) Lister

E.

According to the text, which of the following major powers was unable to harness the strength of modern nationalism? A) Great Britain. B) France. C) Germany. D) Italy. E) Austria-Hungary.

The following territories were successfully conquered by European powers in the 19th and 20th centuries:

Algeria, Libya, Tunisia

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin

D.

All of the following are consequences of the FrancoPrussian War except A) the completion of German unification. B) the collapse of the French Second Empire. C) an upsurge of German nationalistic pride. D) a wave of social reform in Germany. E) French patriots in Paris declared another republic.

A.

All of the following were part of Prussia before 1866 except A) Schleswig-Holstein. B) Westphalia. C) Pomerania. D) Brandenburg. E) Silesia.

What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?

Always adhere to a strict moral code

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

By violent revolution

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing.

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

A.

Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in A) discovery of the eternal laws of human behavior. B) social revolution. C) economic growth. D) the establishment of socialism. E) travel to other planets.

The cruelties in this African colony became the basis for Joseph Conrad's 1902 novel Heart of Darkness:

Congo

Until the mid-19th century, European colonists were largely confined to coastal outposts in Asia and Africa for which of the following reasons?

Europeans were highly vulnerable to the tropical diseases in these regions.

Leader in urban planning was

France, and Baron George Haussmann

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France, and Russia

B.

In 1881, __________ was assassinated by a small group of terrorists. A) Alexander III B) Alexander II C) Nicholas II D) Nicholas I E) Alexander I

D.

In 1900, __________ Europe was the most urbanized area. A) southern B) southeastern C) southwestern D) northeastern E) northwestern

D.

In order to force Austria to give up its territory in Italy, Cavour secured an alliance with A) the pope. b) Prussia. C) the Hungarians. D) France. E) Russia.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Marquis de Montcalm

Leader of the French and Canadian armies in the battle of the Seven Years' War in North America

In 1848 France, the Bloody June Days brought

Louis Napoleon as President

Gustavo Flaubert tells the story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has a sordid and adulterous love affair in his masterpiece,

Madame Bovary

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the 19th century?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home

Missionary activity increased in Asia and Africa for which of the following reasons?

New evangelical currents were developing among European Protestants and the Catholic Church was experiencing a revival in France after the fall of Napoleon.

Until at least 1750 the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant

In most European countries, how was out migration related to population growth in the late 19th century?

Out migration increased about 20 years after rapid population growth as land became scarce.

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

Power of the state of the church

Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late 19th century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to 19th century life?

Rebuilding Paris

The spinning of thread for the loom?

Required the work of several spinners for each loom,which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at low terrible wages

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class

Tended to merge with the old aristocracy

What market employed the most workers in Europe up to the 19th C?

Textiles

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...?

The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

Which book by the Baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

Between 1650 and 1760, what crucial component of the global economy was established when nations developed?

The atlantic economy

In the late 19th century, what was the central tension in how non-scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology?

The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity.

Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century?

The emergence of scientific racism

What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the 19th century?

The expansion of individual liberty

What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

What was the core concept of social Darwinism

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

What was the main set back for agriculture in the Middle Ages?

The pattern of farming in the Middle Ages sustained fairly large numbers of people, but did not produce material abundance

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

From 1701-17-63,what was at stake in the warfare between great Britain and france?

The position as european leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.

Which of the following best expresses the British rationale for ruling India in the 19th century?

The rationale for rule shifted among these ideas over time.

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy' strict moral code?

To maintain their unstable social and economic position

The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and

Vegetables

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was

Viewed with horror

Which of the following was an outcome of British imperial policies in the first half of the 19th century?

War with China over permitting free importation of opium

Within the family, the operation of the loom?

Was considered a man's job reserved for the male head of the household

D.

Which of the following events occurred first? A) "Bloody sunday" rocked Russia. B) Bismarck launched his Kulturkampf. C) The U.S. Civil War began. D) napoleon III claimed the throne in France. E) The first social security laws were passed in Germany.

B.

Which of the following events prompted liberals in the Prussian parliament to reconcile with Bismarck? A) The 1864 war against Denmark. B) The 1866 defeat of Austria and formation of the North German Confederation. C) The 1870 defeat of France and formation of the German Empire. D) The Kulturkampf of 1870-1878. E) The passage of social security laws in 1883-1884.

D.

Which of these events occurred last A) Italy is unified. B) France and Prussia fright the Franco-Prussian War. C) Austria and Prussia fight the Austro-Prussian War. D) Dostoevski publishes The Brothers Karamazov. E) Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

Who was allowed to become a member in a guild?

While women were occasionally admitted to guilds, the majority of guilds only admitted local men who were good Christians, had several years of work experience, paid stiff membership fees, and completed a masterpiece. They also favored family connections. Masters' sons enjoyed automatic access to their fathers' guilds, while outsiders were often barred from entering.

Gustave Flaubert

Wrote Madame Bovary-far narrower in scope than Balzac's work but unparalleled in depth and accuracy of psychological insight-tells ordinary story of a frustrated middle class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover-portrays provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical

B.

__________'s sympathy with socialism is evident in the novel Germinal. A) Tolstoy B) Zola C) Dreiser D) Flaubert E) Eliot

Benthamite

a follower of Jeremy Bentham

The Boxer Rebellion wqs

a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all westerners from china.

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except

a single, distinct industrial use.

The typical European immigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson.

The birthrate declined in the later 19th century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT the

acceptance of birth control practices by the Catholic Church

Charles Darwin concluded that

all life gradually emerged from common roots as a result of the struggle to survive

The "open door policy":

allowed all nations to trade in China on equal terms.

William Cockerill was...?

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

an advocate of improved oublic sanitation

Edwin Chadwick gained fame as...

an advocate of improved public sanitation.

Georges Haussmann

an authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both buildings and opposition

Revisionism

an effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time

To preserve their political power and economic privileges, the white elite of South Africa eventually enforced a policy of racial ______________, or "separateness."

apartheid

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

the doctrine of laissez-faire holds that there should be

as little government intervention in the economy as possible

Edwin Chadwick

charged the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834; believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment

Peter Stolypin

chief minister who pushed through important agrarian reforms designed to break down collective village ownership of land and encourage the more enterprising peasants

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as a kin to a

clockmaker who set the universe and motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Cottage industry

consisted of manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds, grew to become a crucial feature of the European economy. Was often organized through the putting-out system. Paid by the piece; textiles are the main thing manufactured.

After 1850, the illegitimacy rate in Europe

decreased

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefitting the aristocratic landowners in Britain

The English navigation acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

Third Reform Bill of 1884

gave the vote to almost every adult male

Edward Bernstein

in his Evolutionary Socialism, argued that Marx's predictions of ever-greater poverty for workers and ever-greater concentration of wealth on ever-fewer hands had been false

Japan opened its shores to western trade

in response to US military pressure.

The all important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration was to

meet the threat posed by outside powers.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek revolution for all of the following reasons except

merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade

All of the following correctly characterizes middle-class morality except...

morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity.

The theory of the multiple origins of the races of humankind was known as ______________.

polygenesis

In the 19th century, what the most important consideration for marriage by the working class

romantic love

The ____ movement was the revolt against classism & Enlightenment, as it shows emotional exuberance

romanticism

Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe

students and urban workers

William David Lloyd George

substantially raised taxes on the rich as part of the People's budget

pasteurization

suppressing organisms by heating a beverage

The single most important weapon in colonial warfare by 1900 was:

the machine gun.

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848

the right to vote for all adult men

the romantic William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as

the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to

the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races

Why did romantics and early nationalists investigate folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs

they sought to find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture

Karl Marx argues that socialism would be established

through electoral victories and control of legislatures

According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was

to maintain their unstable social and economic position

According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy' strict moral code was...

to serve as an example to lower-paid, unskilled workers.

The Return of the Native

written by Thomas Hardy

Max Weber

wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism." He argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. He is one of the founders of sociology and wrote the book in 1905.

Henrik Ibsen

wrote A Doll's House

The War of the Spanish Succession

(1701-1713)As the Netherlands began to fall behind in international trade, France stood as England's most serious rival in the competition for overseas empire. This war started in 1701 when Louis XIV accepted the Spanish crown willed to his grandson Phillip. This upset the continental balance of power. This union with France and Spain also threatened to encircle and destroy the British colonies in North America. This was the first of a series of wars to decide who would become the leading maritime and colonial power. During this first conflict, Louis XIV was defeated by a coalition of states and was forced in the Peace of Utrecht (1713) to cede France's northernmost American holdings to Britain. Spain was compelled to give Britain control of its West African slave trade (asiento) and to let Britain send one ship of merchandise into the Spanish colonies annually.

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) A professor of philosophy and a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. Developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics in his work, "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). Criticized monopolies and privileged companies for their restrictions. Preferred free competition. Proposed that the government should limit itself to only three duties: defense, order, and sponsoring the public. Supported economic liberalism and stated that there is the law of supply and demand. Capitalism.

The War of the Austrian Succession

(1740-1748) Started when Frederick the Great seized Silesia from Austria's Maria Theresa. Included Anglo-French conflicts in India and North America, but it ended with no change in the territorial situation in North America. This war helped set the stage for the Seven Years' War. English had been smuggling into Spain; Spain sets up a coast guard to protect from this; English become very upset with this interference. If a ship was caught, goods and ships were confiscated and the captain would have his ear cut off. A captain named Jenkins testifies before parliament and drops his ear in 1739. Starts a war known as "the war of Jenkins ear" which merged into the war of the Austrian succession. Pretty much a stand off.

The Seven Years' War

(1756-1763) This war was the decisive round in the Franco-British competition for colonial empire. Austria's Maria Theresa sought to win back Silesia and crush Prussia, thereby restablishing the Habsburg's leadership in German affairs. The battle was inconclusive in Europe and the fate of the battle to North America to be decided. Allied with many Native American tribes, the French built more forts in 1753 in what is now western Pennsylvania to protect their claims on fur-trading regions. A Virginia force attacked a small group of French soldiers and then the war to conquer Canada was on. French and Canadian forces under the experienced marquis de Montcalm fought well and scored major victories against the British and colonists until 1758. Beginning in 1758, Britain, led by William Pitt, used its superior sea power to destroy the French fleet and choke off French commerce around the world; a four-month siege of Quebec in 1759 by British naval and land forces sealed Britain's victory.

1763 Treaty of Paris

(1763) In this treaty, which brought an end to Franco-British competition, France lost its remaining possessions on mainland North America (Canada and all land East of Mississippi River) as well as most of its holdings in India. Britain then realized its goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire.

"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations"

(1776) Criticized monopolies and privileged companies for their restrictions. Preferred free competition. Proposed that the government should limit itself to only three duties: defense, order, and sponsoring the public. Supported economic liberalism and states that there is the law of supply and demand. Capitalism. Written by Adam Smith

Compare and contrast views on the effects of rural industry.

(pg 564. possible essay question)

Why was the role of women in the Industrious Revolution controversial?

(pg 566) When women entered the labor market, they almost always worked at menial, tedious jobs for very low wages. Yet it seems that women who earned their own wages also took a greater role in household decision making. Women's use of their occasional surplus income helped spur the rapid growth of the textile industries.

What were guilds, and why did they become controversial in the eighteenth century?

(possible essay question pg 566)

Dreyfus Affair

-Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason -His family never doubted his innocence and fought to reopen the case, enlisting the support of prominent republicans and intellectuals such as novelist Emile Zola -In 1898 and 1899 the case split France apart -On one side was the army, which had manufactured evidence against Dreyfus joined by Anti-Semites and most of the Catholic establishment -On the other side stood the civil libertarians and most of the more radical republicans -Dreyfus was declared innocent

Count Leo de Tolstoy

-Combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing -Wrote War and Peace -Tolstoy went to great pains to develop his fatalistic theory of history, which regards free will as an illusion and the achievements of even the greatest leaders as only the channeling of historical necessity -His message was human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values

Charles Lyell

-Effectively discredited the long-standing view that the Earth's surface had been formed by short-lived cataclysms, such as biblical floods and earthquakes -Instead, according to his principle of uniformitarianism, the same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the Earth's surface over an immensely long time

Crimean War

-France defeated Russia

Louis Pasteur

-Germ theory: fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heating the beverage - by pasteurization

Charles Darwin

-He began to doubt the general belief in a special divine creation of each species of an animal -Ha concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending "struggle for survival" -He wrote On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection -Argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die -The variations that prove useful in the struggle for survival are selected naturally and gradually spread to the entire species through reproduction

Sigmund Freud

-He noted that the hysteria of his mentally ill patients appeared to originate in bitter early-childhood experiences wherein the child had been obliged to repress such feelings -When these painful feelings were recalled and reproduced under hypnosis or through the patient's free association of ideas, the patient could be brought to understand his or her unhappiness and eventually deal with it -He postulated that most of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs who nature and origins are kept from conscious awareness by various mental devices he called defense mechanisms -He concluded that much unconscious psychological energy is sexual energy, which is repressed and precariously controlled by rational thinking and moral rules -He exaggerated that sexual and familial roots of adult behavior, that exaggeration was itself a reflection of the tremendous emotional intensity of family life in the nineteenth century

Zollverein

-Modern industry grew rapidly within the German Customs Union founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenues of the member states -it did not include Austria -it's tariff duties were substantially reduced so that Austria's highly protected industry could not bear to join

Emile Zola

-Most famous for his seamy, animalistic view of working class life -Sympathized with socialism -Wrote Germinal

antiseptic principle

-Reasoned the a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would "destroy the life of the floating particles"

Joseph Lister

-Reasoned the a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would "destroy the life of the floating particles" -Also called the antiseptic principle

Herbert Spencer

-Saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the brutal economic struggle -This unending struggle effectively determined that "survival of the fittest" -Was a Social Darwinist

Jeremy Bentham

-Taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the "greatest good for the greatest number" -Believed that disease and death actually caused poverty because a sick worker was an unemployed worker and orphaned children were poor children

Karl Lueger

-The popular mayor of Vienna -Combined severe Anti-Semitic rhetoric with municipal ownership of basic services, and he appealed especially to the German-speaking lower middle class

Alexander II

-Tsar of Russia -began modernization -assassinated by a radical group

John Stuart Mill

-What will make the largest number of people happy -utilitarianism

Mary Ann Evans

-Write under the name George Eliot -Her great novel Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life examines masterfully the ways in which people are shaped by their social medium as well as their own inner strivings, conflicts, and moral choices

Gustave Flaubert

-Wrote Madame Bovary -About a middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover -Portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical

Auguste Comte

-Wrote System of Positive Philosophy -It was largely overlooked during the romantic era, but when the political failures of 1848 completed the swing to realism, his philosophy came into its own -Believed that by applying the scientific method, also called the positivist method, his new discipline of sociology would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations

Thomas Hardy

-Wrote Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of the Native -Depicts men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck

Honore de Balzac

-Wrote a vastly ambitious panorama of prerevolutionary French life -Called Human Comedy -Vividly portrays more than two thousand characters from virtually all sectors of French society -Also wrote Le Père Goriot

Battle of Sadowa

-battle where Prussia decisively defeated Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War

Otto Von Bismarck

-chancellor to Wilhelm I

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon)

-elected president of France -became emperor of France -rebuilt Paris

Second Reform Bill

-extended the vote in England to all middle-class males and the best-paid workers

William Gladstone

-introduced bills to give Ireland self-government in 1886 and in 1893 -They failed to pass

Giuseppe Garibaldi

-invaded Rome in an effort to unify Italy

Wilhelm I

-king of Prussia

Sergei Witte

-minister of finance to Alexander III -built railroads

Bloody Sunday Massacre

-people were killed outside the Winter Palace in Russia

The Will of the People

-radical group that killed Alexander II

Alexander III

-reactionary tsar

Kulturkamf

-struggle for civilization -Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church

Emile Zola

-supported Dreyfus

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

-wanted to unify Italy -realist

What three duties did Adam Smith propose the government limit itself to?

1. It should provide a defense against foreign invasion 2. It should maintain civil order with courts and police protection 3. It should sponsor certain indispensable public works and institutions that could never adequately profit private investors

What caused a decrease in mortality?

1. One of the primary reasons for this was a mysterious disappearance of the bubonic plague 2. Improvements in the water supply and sewage resulted in somewhat better public health and helped reduce diseases in some urban areas of western Europe 3. People also became more successful in their efforts to safeguard the supply of food 4. Advances in transportation lessened the impact of local crop failure and famine 5. Emergency supplies could be brought in and localized starvation became less frequent 6. Wars became less destructive than in the 17th C and spread fewer epidemics 7. Nutritious new foods from the New Worlds were introduced 8. Simply put: Famines, epidemics, ad wars continued to occur and to affect population growth, but their severity moderated

What new identities and communities emerged in the 18th C?

1. Over time the colonial elite came to feel that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those of their home population. 2. Creole traders and planters increasingly resented the regulation and taxes imposed by colonial bureaucrats. 3. Since most European migrants were men, much of the population of the Atlantic world descended from unions-forced or through choice-of European men and indigenous or African women. 4. Colonial attempts to classify and systematize racial categories greatly influenced developing Enlightenment thought on racial difference. 5. Mixed-race populations sometimes rose to the colonial elite. 6. Free people of color established their own proud social hierarchies based on wealth, family connections, occupation, and skin color. 7. Religions such as Christianity took on a distinctive character

Economic liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

The new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s included all of the following except

A closing of foundling hospitals

What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform.

Debt Peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. Developed by Spanish landowners.

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except?

A large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield

The consumer revolution of the eighteenth century led to

A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

The Agricultural Revolution

A term encompassing a number of improvements in farming. Technological progress offered a different way for peasants to improve their position. Improvements in farming had multiple effects: new crops made ideal feed for animals, which allowed peasants to build up their herds of cattle and sheep, which in turn meant more meat and better diets, as well as more manure for fertilizer and therefore more grain for bread and porridge. Advocates of the new crop rotations argued that innovating agriculturalists needed to enclose and consolidate their scattered holdings into compact, fenced-in fields in order to farm more effectively. Encompasses the movement known as enclosure. Landlords imposed newer farming techniques in order to increase productivity.

Composers in the romantic movement

Abandoned well-defined structures and use a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America

Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About ninety percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the carribean with only three percent brought to North america

C.

According to the text, German Social Democrats recovered their losses of the 1907 election and became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912 in part because A) they endorsed Marx's call for a violent revolution. B) they accepted trade unions' call for evolutionary rather than revolutionary socialism. C) they took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base. D) they began courting Catholics in south Germany. E) they merged with the German Liberal Party.

C.

According to the text, one of the social functions of the "labor aristocracy's" strict moral code was A) to convince the middle classes that they "belonged." B) to create a strong barrier against socialist influences. C) to maintain their unstable social and economic position. D) to prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes. E) to serves as an example to lower-paid unskilled workers.

E.

According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they A) generally made the heroes of their novels scientists. B) turned toward science fiction. C) denied the importance of emotion in determining human action. D) were generally optimistic. E) attempted to observe and record life in an "objective" manner.

D.

According to the text, working-class leisure typically included all of the following except A) drinking in taverns. B) watching spectator sports. C) attending music hall performances. D) hosting dinner parties. E) gambling.

What changes in organization did intensification of 18th C slave trade result in?

After 1700, Britain became the undisputed leader in shipping slaves across the Atlantic, European governments and ship captains cut back on fighting among themselves and concentrated on commerce. Some African merchants and rulers who controlled exports profited from the greater demand for slaves, often gaining access to European and colonial goods as well as firearms with their new found wealth.

D.

After 1850, husbands and wives, in the cities, were able to work together only in A) factories. B) sweated industries. C) whitecollar jobs. D) small-scale retail trade. E) mines.

A.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia A) imposed a harsh peace on France. B) imposed a generous peace on France. C) asked for international participation in the formation of the peace treaty. D) acknowledged its own role in starting the war. E) made the status quo before the war the basis of the peace treaty.

Mercantilism

Aimed particularly at creating a favorable balance of foreign trade in order to increase a country's stick of gold. A country's gold holdings served as an all-important treasure chest that could be opened periodically to pay for war in a violent age.

In the 19th century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

An advocate of improved public sanitation

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

An advocate of improved public sanitation

The Faubourg Saint-Antoine

An eastern suburb of Paris that maintained freedom from guild privileges through an old legal loophole, acting as a haven for the "false-workers" bitterly denounced by masters.

In the eighteenth century, sugar and tea became commonly consumed products by all social classes for all the following reasons except

An effort to support colonial expansion by consumption of colonial products

Olaudah Equiano

An eloquent spokesman for the mixing of African and European cultures. Came to the Americas as a slave and became a free man.

The war of the Austrian succession could best be described as?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

What was the result of the war of the Austrian succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

the flying shuttle

An invention that allowed weavers to weave faster; they started to run out of thread faster, this lead to the employment of spinsters (usually widowed/old women)

Physiocrats

Anti-guild group; followed Adam Smith; criticized guilds, or "corporations," for their restrictions, a critique he extended to all state-approved monopolies and privileged companies.

In 1848, how did the Hungarians revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?

As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

A.

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class A) tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B) formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C) expressed a high degree of social conscience. D) retained its frugal attitudes. E) increasingly turned towards socialism.

Realist writers fit within the late 19th century glorification of science because they

Attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner

Realist writers fit within the late nineteenth century glorification of science because they

Attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner

Why did Klemons Von Metternich, as Austrian Foreign Minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threaten to dissolve the empire

D.

Between 1906 and 1914, the Liberal party in Britain was able to accomplish all of the following except A) eliminate the House of Lords as a real power in British politics. B) substantially increase taxes on the rich. C) pass a national health-insurance program. D) resolve the violent problems of Ireland. E) pass a program of old-age pensions.

B.

Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to A) his drive to make German workers more "cultured." B) his attack on the Catholic church in the German Empire. C) his attempt to stamp out anti-German attitudes in France following the Franco-Prussian War. D) his 1864 war against Denmark. E) his promotion of the German Empire's new National Theater.

D.

Bismarck's constitution for the North German Confederation featured all of the following except A) a lower house elected by a universal, male suffrage. B) local control of local affairs. C) Prussian control of the federal government, army, and foreign affairs. D) an elected president. E) an upper house of delegates appointed by different German states.

E.

Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by A) the Long Depression. B) his goal of stimulating the economy. C) humanitarian concern for the suffering of the urban poor. D) the failure of his Kulturkampf against German Catholics. E) his fear and distrust of socialism.

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century?

Both legal and illegal work in the guilds became more accessible to women

What was Britains decisive advantage of in its war with China?

Britain had control of the seas

Which of the following characterizes 18th century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

By1914,which of the following was true?

British colonization touched North, South, East, and West Africa.

Which of the following statements is true concerning colonization in Asia from 1880-1914?

British dominance in Asia grew from 1880 to 1914.

What was the result of the agricultural revolution in England?

By 1870 English farmers were producing 300 percent more food than they had produced in 1700, even though the number of people working the land had increased by only 14%. This provided food for England's rapidly growing urban population.

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port.

By the 18 century, the lead of Spanish colonial society

Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

Describe British settlment in Australia

Captain James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for England in 1770, naming it New South Wales. The first colony was established there in the late 1780's, relying on the labor of convicted prisoners forcibly transported from Britain. Settlement of the western portion of the continent followed in the 1790's. Settlement soon aroused hostility from the aboriginal peoples.

In the eighteenth century what problems were faced by the Church of England?

Church and state officials used the church to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could access new, improved, & less congested housing.

What problems could commonly occur before the agricultural revolution?

Climactic conditions produced poor or disastrous harvests every eight or nine years, unbalanced and inadequate food in famine years made people extremely susceptible to illness, eating material unfit for human consumption during times of crop failure, such as bark or grass, resulted in intestinal ailments of many kinds, influenza and smallpox preyed on populations weakened by malnutrition.

Quadruple Alliance

Collection of countries (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) whose goal was keep France in line

What idea did Heinrich von Treitschke promote in relationship to colonies?

Colonies were essential to great nations, who would weaken without coloniallands.

The Quadruple Alliance met at the "____ of ____" in 1815 to make plans of peace from French issues

Congress of Vienna

The greatest achievement of eighteenth century medical science was the

Conquest of smallpox

Describe Religion and conversion efforts in North America

Converting indigenous people to Christianity was a key ambition for all European powers in the New World. Conversion efforts in North America were less effective due to the scattered nature of settlement and the lesser integration of native people into the colonial community. Protestants were less active as missionaries although some dissenters, like Quakers and Methodists, did seek converts among native people. Slavery presented a limitation to conversion however, as some slave owners would not baptize their slaves fearing that baptism would give them more rights. Elements of African religion and practice often in endured, especially in the Caribbean. It even was often incorporated with Christian traditions. Jews did not share equal status with Christians, even though they were considered white Europeans.

Who provided the labor force for britians initial colonization of Australia

Convicted prisoners

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot

Created a law that abolished French guilds, deciding they were outmoded and exclusionary institutions that obstructed technical innovation and progress and that they did not allow the common people to earn a living and exclude females.

How did the culture of sports change in the late 19th century?

Cruel Sports such as cockfighting declined, well commercialized spectator sports became popular

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular

How did the culture of sports changes in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

How did the culture of sports change in the late 19th century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, whose commercialized spectator sports became popular.

In Great Britain, the great reform bill of 1832

Days greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation

Well the Spanish Landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

The Karlsbad decrees of 1819

Defined an idea of German nationalism Bill around a common language, culture, and set of values

How was the attention of the National Assembly meeting in Frankfurt diverted from the task of writing a German federal constitution

Delegates turned attention to Denmarks claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein

Why was the Frankfurt parliament in 1849 unable to create a "greater Germany"?

Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for

Discovering the cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

Use of nitrogen-storing crops

Discovery of nitrogen producing crops creates as use for fallow fields [crops like clover which provides excellent food for livestock; manure helps make the fields fertile again] Their use was pioneered by the dutch.

What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled

What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

C.

Edwin Chadwick believed that A) poverty was the result of lower-class immorality. B) individuals were responsible for their economic success. C) death and disease caused poverty. D) Christian morals should be the basis of urban reform. E) regulating the food-processing industry would rapidly reduce urban mortality rates.

The principe by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin conference was known as

Effective Occupation

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

Electricity

Peace of Utrecht

Ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis XIV was defeated by a coalition of states and was forced in the ________ to cede France's northernmost American holdings to Britain. Spain was compelled to give Britain control of its West African slave trade (asiento) and to let Britain send one ship of merchandise into the Spanish colonies annually.

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise to Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized

How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the middle ages and renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

As literacy expanded, the common people read all of the following except

Enlightenment works on social and political issues

Navigation Acts

Established first by Oliver Cromwell; required that goods imported from Europe be carried on British-owned ships or on ships of the exporting country. These laws gave British merchants and ship owners a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. Were a form of economic warfare that initially targeted the Dutch, who were far ahead of the English in shipping and foreign trade. Eventually the Dutch began to fall behind, leaving France as England's main competitor.

The largest share of European foreign investment went to

European states and North America.

How did the idea of race transform Europeans idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China unto near the end of the century?

Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.

What was a central component of the improvements and sanitation in the 19th century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost

In the 19th century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato

Migration out of Europe often followed what pattern?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

What were the main causes of death in the 17th C? Why?

Famine, plague, and war

In 1898 British- and French-led forces encountered each other at this outpost, but did not decisively engage each other:

Fashoda

Fallow

Fields left uncultivated to cope with soil-exhaustion. Greatly inhibited efficient production and lead to even greater burdens on the peasants.

Romantics an early nationalists investigated folksongs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

Find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture

Stephan Zwieg on Middle Class Youth and sexuality: how does Zwieg describe the situation faced by young middle class men in what he termed the "Pre-Freudian era"?

For a young middle class man, prostitution was the major possibility for an erotic life outside of marriage.

The British corn laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

Forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reach very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain

The Dutch East India Company

Formed in 1602, it took control of Portuguese spice trade, eliminating Portugal from the the race for spices. Batavia (Jakarta) was its main port in the Indian Ocean. While the Portuguese had treated the Indian states and people as business partners, the Dutch established outright control and reduced them to dependents. The Dutch's hold in Asia faltered in the 18th C due to the company's failure to diversify to meet changing consumption patterns. Spices continued to compose much of the Dutch's shipping. Fierce competition from the English East India Company also severely undercut the Dutch.

As a result of the idea of seperate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home

Found that they could not gain well paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women Who sought to work outside the home

Found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to uprisings of 1648 to 1653, known as the

Fronde

B.

Garibaldi was the leader of the A) Black Shirts. B) Red Shirts. C) White Shirts. D) Green Shirts. E) Black Shorts.

The english navigation acts mandated that all english imports and exports be transported on english ships, and that also?

Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonists

C.

Generally, Freud postulated that A) people were motivated by reason. B) sexual desires are a minor component in people's behavior. C) human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs. D) heredity was the key factor in explaining incidences of mental illness. E) human behavior had its origin in natural selection.

B.

Georges Haussmann is remembered for A) developing the antiseptic method. B) rebuilding Paris. C) his realistic novels of lower-class life. D) enunciation of the positivist philosophy. E) pioneering the use of anesthesia.

All of the following correctly characterize a young woman's period as a servant except

Girls were required to attend weekly religious lessons at the local church

Why did Great Britain choose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late 19th century ?

Great Britain feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, and Great Britain would lose future economic opportunities.

In their war of independence against the ottoman empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France, and Russia

B.

Gustave Droz is cited for his A) discoveries in the fields of biology. B) Mr., and Mrs., and Baby, a family manual. C) leadership of the realist movement. D) rebuilding Paris. E) advocacy of women's rights.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, foundling homes

Had horribly high death rates

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?

Having servants

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the junker nobility to except taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the junkers privileges, including their authority over the serfs

How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?

He drafted illiterate peasants and hired french and Italian any officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?

He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.

John Wesley's Methodism was particularly appealing because

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose a new prayerbook modeled on the Anglican book of common prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

First impressions of the World's Biggest City: how did the anonymous man from the country view life in London?

He was struck by how competitive were in London

All of the following correctly characterize a young man's period of apprenticeship except

He would automatically become a master after seven years of training

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by

High infant mortality rates

George Haussmann

Hired by Napoleon III, responsible for rebuilding Paris. Made wider streets (boulevards) which encouraged expansion and caused less traffic. Also built aqueducts, improved sewers, put zoning laws in place, and created open spaces.

What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution?

His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity.

Reasons for Dutch leadership in farming?

Holland was densely populated, and in order to feed themselves the Dutch sought maximum yields from their land and strove to increase the cultivated area through the steady draining of marshes and swamps. Stimulated by commerce and overseas trade, the growing urban population provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize.

The concept that amassing any good thing to excess would lead to arrogant pride and violence is denoted by which term?

Hubris

In his essay concerning human understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?

Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values.

E.

Ignorance and ______________ were most responsible for the poor conditions in early industrial cities. A) governmental indifference B) poor hygiene C) an unhealthy water supply D) air pollution E) the legacy of rural housing conditions

Which describes the relationship between illegitimacy rates and percentages of pregnant brides in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Illegitimacy rates when down while the percentage of pregnant brides stayed the same.

C.

Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to A) more job opportunities for women outside the home. B) more women remaining single. C) the expectation that married women would not work outside the home. D) a mass exodus of women from domestic service. E) extension of the vote to women in much of Europe.

What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased at the market?

Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

What types of goods could wife at home produce that could not be purchased in the market?

Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

B.

In 1846, Marx played a key role in establishing the A) Russian Communist party. B) the First International of socialists. C) German Communist party. D) British Communist party. E) the Second International of socialists.

A.

In 1912, the ____________ party was the largest party in the Reichstag. A) German Social Democratic B) German Christian C) Blood and Iron D) National Socialist E) Liberal

Decembrist Revolt

In St. Petersburg in December 1825, a group of about 3,000 army officers inspired by liberal ideals staged a protest against the new Tsar Nicholas I

The conditions of serfs in Eastern Europe

In eastern Europe, the percentage of the population drawing their livelihood from agriculture was significantly higher than others. As such, serfdom was even more common than ever and working conditions remained dismal. As the base of an entire economy, serfs were heavily burdened.

Which of the following correctly characterize 18th century colonial trade in europe?

In england, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as british trade with its colonies grew substantially

E.

In his Evolutionary Socialism, ____________ suggested that socialists should reform their doctrines and tactics. A) Wilfred Smith B) Robert Owen C) Karl Marx D) Jean Jaurès E) Edward Bernstein

Describe 18th century colonial trade for Britain

In the 18th C, London grew into the West's largest and richest city. The mainland colonies provided and expanding market for English manufactured goods. English exports of manufactured goods to the Atlantic economy came to the rescue. To America and Africa went a large quantity of metal items. Thus, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success for England in the 18th C and by the 1770's England stood on the thresh hold of the Industrial Revolution.

B.

In the Balkans, white-collar workers (clerks, store managers, and so on) grew their fingernails very long because A) they were imitating fashion in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. B) they wished to separate themselves from those who worked with their hands. C) long fingernails were thought to be a mark of good hygiene. D) they could not afford nail clippers. E) they viewed long nails as a sign of asceticism and hence saintliness.

A.

In the decades before 1848, ____________ pushed for a centralized democratic Italian republic. A) Mazzini B) Garibaldi C) Cavour D) Bismarck E) Victor Emmanuel

How did England benefit from the Dutch involvement in the agricultural revolution?

In the first half of the seventeenth century the English invited Dutch experts to drain the extensive marshes, or fens, of wet and rainy England; their efforts converted swampy wilderness into thousands of acres of productive land. Charles Townshend: English ambassador to the Netherlands; very impressed by Dutch farming techniques. Came back to England and began to use these new techniques on his land. When his land began producing greater profits, people started to pay attention.

What backlash occurred as a result of black prosperity?

In the second half of the eighteenth century, the prosperity of some free people of color brought a backlash from the white population of Saint-Domingue in the form of new race laws prohibiting nonwhites from marrying whites and forcing them to adopt distinctive attire.

D.

In which episode in the unification of Italy did Guiseppe Garibaldi play a key role? A) Austria's defeat of Mazzini's republicanism in 1848. B) The defeat of Austria at Solferino in 1859. C) The peace negotiations at Villafranca in 1859. D) The conquest and annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. E) The annexation of Rome in 1870.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

Increased Road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Which of the following empires did NOT span areas of both Asia and Europe?

Indian

Indian Hindus organized the______________in 1885 with the goals of modernizing Indian life and liberalizing British policy.

Indian National Congress

B.

Industrial and urban development made nineteenth-century society A) less diverse and less unified. B) more diverse and less unified. C) more diverse, but more unified. D) less diverse and more unified. E) more rigid and less open.

During the 19th century, Britain pursued the development and eventual autonomy of settler colonies in all of the following EXCEPT:

Ireland.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

What reform did France's second republic institute in 1848?

It established national workshops to provide employment and public works projects

How did the union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa ?

It functioned as a largely self governing colony

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century?

It permitted Europeans to move Easley along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

The British Empire in the 19th century was distinguished from other historic empires by which of the following elements?

It required remarkably little money and effort to rule.

Which of the following best characterizes the new imperialism?

It resembled the old European colonial empires of the 17th century.

What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period

It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom

What was the effect of France's constitutional charter in the post Napoleonic period?

It secured most of the grains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom

The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected

Its importance in community life.

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was

James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of western expansion ?

Japan completely adopted western forms and traditions, imposing them on the poor and uneducated.

What did Colbert attempt to do for the guilds and why?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the French finance minister under Louis XIV, revived the urban guilds and used them to encourage high-quality production and to collect taxes. Guild masters in Paris received exclusive rights to produce and sell certain goods, access to raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices and open shops. Guilds also served social and religious functions, providing a locus of sociability and group identity to the middling classes.

Founder of utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham

What was the status of jews in european colonies in the 18th century?

Jews faces numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus couldnt be enslaved

Describe the treatment of Jews in the New World

Jews were eager participants in the new Atlantic economy and established a network of mercantile communities along its trade route. Jews in European colonies faced discrimination. They were considered to be white Europeans and thus ineligible to be slaves, but they sis not enjoy equal status with Christians

In music, the Baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

The glorious Revolution and the concepts of representative government found it's best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke

C.

Joseph Lister is responsible for the A) development of the germ theory. B) popularization of the miasmatic theory. C) practice of antiseptic sterilization. D) theory of genetics. E) theory of the separation of powers.

E.

Karl Lueger, the popular mayor of Vienna, espoused A) Hungarian nationalism. B) evolutionary socialism. C) revolutionary Marxism. D) parliamentary democracy. E) anti-Semitism.

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Land holdings and common clans needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

In the 18th century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that?

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

William Pitt

Leader of the British armies in the battle of the Seven Years' War in North America

C.

Louis Napoleon's election as a president of the Second Republic and then hereditary emperor was a product of all of the following except his A) famous name. B) protection of property. C) antiCatholic beliefs. D) positive program. E) image as a strong leader who would override special interests.

Who was the founder of the germ theory?

Louis Pasteur

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish would never be united

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

What was companionate marriage?

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

How did the nature of marriage change by the late 19 century?

Married couples increasingly develop stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction

How did the nature of marriage change by the late 19th century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home

How were mixed race relationships viewed in the British colonies of the Caribbean and the southern mainland?

Masters tended to leave their mixed-race progeny in slavery, maintaining a stark discrepancy between free whites and enslaved people of color. British colonial law forbade marriage between English men and women and Africans or Native Americans.

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes

How did the goals of middle class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution.

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution.

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle-class women fought for the rights of those, will socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

Military dictatorship

Effects of improvements in farming

More productive farming led to a surplus of food, surplus of food led to less demand for agricultural workers, less demand for agricultural workers led to the opportunity for ecconomic and urban growth

In africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in?

More wars and likely fewer people

How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?

Most people began to wear underwear.

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

B.

Napoleon III believed that rebuilding Paris would lead to all of the following except A) increased employment. B) a more equitable division of wealth. C) glorification of his empire. D) improved living conditions. E) greater control over revolutionary crowds.

Which of the following correctly characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for building, leaving no parks or open areas.

Which of the following correctly characterizes early 19th century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, leaving no parks or open areas.

Which of the following characterizes early 19th century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks are open areas were almost nonexistent

Which of the following characterizes early nineteenth century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.

The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the

Necessary precondition of economic independence

In the 19th century, the 3000 mile archipelago that is today Indonesia came under the domination oc

Netherlands

Population growth in Europe in the 18th century?

Occurred in all regions

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek revolution because

Of a love of Greek classical culture

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the 19th century saw form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

Oil

At the battle of______________,11,000 Sudanese troops were killed, and 16,000 were wounded, compared to only 48 British troops lost.

Omdurman

What was the effect of rural industry on the guild system?

One consequence of the growth of rural industry was an undermining of the traditional guild system that protected urban artisans.

C.

One positive aspect of the rigide separation of men and women was A) that women were no longer exploited in sweated industries. B) a decline in the rape and abuse of young women. C) a larger role for women in managing the household. D) the relative decline of prostitution. E) the appearance of women doctores to care for women patients.

How did the British have access to the opium that they smuggled into china?

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

This French physician measured the skulls of human beings from different races and assigned them intellectual capacity on the basis of brain size:

Paul Broca

Roman spokesmen felt that their empire expressed which of the following principles?

Peace and prosperity should be spread by Roman rule.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasant in western Europe in the 18th century

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

This nation was divided into Russian- and British-dominated zones:

Persia

A striking feature of the salons was that

Philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper-middle-class intermingled

What was the religious sensibility of Pietism?

Pietism called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience

Laissez-Faire

Policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference

The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of?

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods

The industrious revolution was a result of

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

How and why did rural industry intensify in the eighteenth century?

Population growth meant that the poor in the countryside increasingly needed to supplement their agricultural earnings with other types of work. Rural industry provided employment for laid off workers (victims of Proletarianization) thus allowing for the rapid expansion in England .Most continental countries developed rural industry more slowly.

The British Empire in the early 19th century sought to extend its power and influence primarily through which means?

Promoting imperialism through free trade

Which of the following correctly describes late 19th century prostitution?

Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

Free Competition

Protected consumers from unfair prices or terms and gave everyone equal right to sell

Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to

Protestantism in Northern Europe

Which powers participated in the partial name of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

How did wages in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased.

Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late nineteenth century ?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease,

How did wages change in the late 19th century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but they gap between the rich and poor did not reduce

What was Georges Hausmann's contribution to nineteenth century life?

Rebuilding paris

Creole

Refereed to people of Spanish ancestry who were born in the Americas

According to recent scholarship, during the 18th century guild system?

Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

The spinning of thread for the loom

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which lef merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls who were living away from in domestic service was

Risk sexual attack by males in the households they served

In his pioneering work of quantitive sociology, Suicide, Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suited rates were caused by widespread feelings of

Rootlessness

Nicholas I

Russian Tsar that succeeded Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.

Leo Tolstoy

Russian realist-combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing, which came to dominate his later work-War and Peace: monumental novel set against historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812-probed deeply into lives of a multitude of unforgettable characters-central message: human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values

C.

Sardinia Piedmont became the leader of the Italian unification as a result of all of the following factores except A) the failure of Mazzini's style of democratic nationalism in 1848. B) Pope Pius IX's rejection of Italian unification. C) Austrian suport. D) Victor Emmanuel's granting of a liberal constitution. E) the able leadership of Court Camillo Benso di Cavour.

Which of the following best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

A.

Serge Witte was A) the Minister of Finance who led Russian industrialization in the 1890s. B) the assassin of Alexander II. C) the founder of Russian Marxism. D) the architect of Russia's Great Reforms in the 1860s and early 1870s. E) Nicholas II's chief minister who passed laws encouraging individual ownership of land.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Shift from reading religious texts out loud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

Why did the western world fashion the global economic system?

So that the largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the west and its propertied classes.

The englishman jethro tull?

Sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research

How did Spain fare in colonial trade in the 18th C?

Spain gained Louisiana from France in 1763. Also Spanish influence expanded westward all the way to northern California through the efforts of Spanish missionaries and ranchers. Its mercantilist goals were boosted by a recovery in silver production.

B.

THe term labor aristocracy in this text refers to A) trade union leadership. B) highly skilled workers and foremen. C) Karl Marx's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. D) wealthy industrialists. E) nobles who became involved in the socialist movement.

The British East India Company and the conquering of India

The British originally struggled for a foothold in Asia with the Dutch monopolizing the Indian Ocean, causing the British to return to India, a source of trade in silks, textiles, and pepper. Throughout the 17th C, the British relied on trade concessions from the Mughal emperor, but when the Mughals conceded world-wide trading privileges in 1716, the British increasingly intervened in local affairs and made alliances or even waged war against Indian princes. Britain's great rival for India was France. Their rivalry was resolved with the Treaty of Paris which granted all France's possessions in India to the British with the exception of Pondicherry, an Indian Port city.With the elimination of France, British trading power increased. In 1764 company forces defeated the Mughal emperor. Robert Clive became the first British governor general of Bengal with direct authority over any province. By about 1805 the British had overcome Indian resistance to gain economic and political dominance of much of the subcontinent and India was named the jewel of the British Empire in the 19th C.

C.

The Dreyfus Affair A) revived the prestige of the French army. B) drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C) revived republican distrust of CAtholicism. D) fanned the flames of French imperialism. E) created a witch-hunt for German spies in the French army and intelligence services.

Why did the Dutch failed to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet change in consumption patterns in Europe

A.

The Great Reforms in Russia included all of the following except A) a national parliament. B) the abolition of serfdom. C) establishment of a new institution of local government. D) reform of the legal system. E) relaxation of censorship.

India was formally ruled by which of the following until 1857?

The Mughal emperor

Where did the new methods of the agricultural revolution originate?

The Netherlands

Which countries benefited the most from colonial development and world trade?

The Netherlands, France, and above all Great Britain. Great Britain thus became the leading maritime power but they competed ruthlessly wit France and the Netherlands for trade and territory.

E.

The Russian Revolution of 1905 resulted from all of the following causes except A) business and professional classes' desire for political modernization. B) the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 C) a radicalized and unhappy working class. D) growing nationalism among subject peoples of the empire. E) the assassination of Alexander III.

C.

The Russian zemstvo was the A) peasant commune that owned the land distributed by the Great Reforms. B) new Russian parliament established after the Revolution of 1905. C) institution for local government established by the Great Reform. D) ame of the currency issued when Russia adopted the gold standard. E) state-run investment bank set up to promote railroad construction.

The European power attempt to maximize their strategic control of African territory, markets, and raw materials was known as:

The Scramble for Africa.

C.

The Second International declared ___________ an annual international one-day strike. A) December 10 B) June 1 C) May 1 D) January 1 E) March 15

Why did the European population rise dramatically in the eighteenth century?

The basic cause of European population increase was a decline in mortality as well as a marginal increase in birth rates. Birthrates went up because: i. Children were profitable ii. No birth control iii. Social security (children take care of parents when they're too old to work) iv. Death rates for children are still high

B.

The breatkthrough development of germ theory was the work of A) Georges Haussmann. B) Louis Pasteur. C) Joseph Lister. D) Robert Koch. E) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

In the 18th century, the biggest increase in british foreign trade was with?

The british colonial empire

What was the second Industrial Revolution?

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the 19th century

What was the second industrial revolution?

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century.

C.

The cash crop that revitalized the slave economy of the southern United States in the nineteenth century was A) tobacco. B) sugar cane. C) cotton. D) rice. E) potatoes.

Britain's interest in ruling India had which of the following effects?

The chief concern of British military and diplomatic strategy would be protecting routes to India, Other nations sought to affect British actions by threatening India, Britain became involved in Africa as a way of protecting its Indian possessions.

With the development of spanish colonial society, by the 18th century?

The colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain

B.

The common aspects that united the middle classes included all of the following except A) keeping servants. B) commitment to frugal living. C) belief in education. D) a strict code of behavior. E) commitment to hard work.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

The considerable road and canal building of the 18th century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local family crop failure

A.

The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of A) higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers. B) decreased premarital sexual activity. C) urban renewal. D) increased availability of contraception and abortion. E) the increased influence of religion among the lower classes.

A.

The decline in working-class church attendance has been attributed to all of the following except A) the influence of Auguste Comte's writings. B) a decline in religious belief and faith. C) the growth of secularism and the vibrant, materialist urban environment. D) the identification of organized religion with the ruling elite. E) the fact that construction of churches in cities failed to keep up with growing populations.

Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

A.

The discoveries of Michael Faraday in ___________ led to the development of a host of important inventions. A) electromagnetism B) organic chemistry C) thermodynamics D) inorganic chemistry E) genetics

The british won the American component of the seven years war because ?

The diverted men and money from Europe to the american theater

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

The economy as little as possible

What did English Parliament do during the revolution and how did it affect peasants?

The eighteenth century enclosure movement. It led to an uneven distribution of land in favor of the nobles because they ruled in their own interest. As such, nobles became wealthier land lords while peasants lost land and were forced to work for the nobles at meager wages.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of english and Scottish country side in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landowning wage earners

A.

The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was A) defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. B) the Revolution of 1905. C) the Russo-japanese War of 1904-1905. D) the assassination of Alexander Ii in 1881. E) The Lena Goldfields Massacre of 1912.

What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?

The family's desire to improve its economic and social position.

A.

The first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia was the A) abolition of serfdom B) creation of the zemstvos, the local, elected governmental councils. C) granting of a constitution. D) nationalization of church property. E) modernization of the legal system.

B.

The first state to enact social welfare legislation was A) England. B) Germany. C) France. D) the United States. E) Austria-Hungary.

A.

The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was A) his assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity. B) his denial that human beings had evolved from other primates. C) his claim that genetic mutations were random. D) his assertion that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment. E) his assertion that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of grater complexity.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th C and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans. This practice intensified with the growth of trade and demand for slave-produced goods like sugar and cotton. The plantations of Portuguese Brazil received the largest number of enslaved Africans-45% of the total.

Which of the following bets characterizes the economic gains of the new imperialism?

The gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote

The greatest good for the greatest number

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bethan's ideas that social policies should promote

The greatest good for the greatest number

According to the text, the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 750-1850 was

The growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities.

The growth in eighteenth century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

John Kay

The inventor of the flying shuttle

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the middle ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently

B.

The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the A) Zemstvo. B) Zollverein. C) Reichstag. D) North German Confederation. E) Sadowa.

Max Weber Critiques Industrial Capitalism: what does Weber mean by " a shell as hard as steel"?

The material goods produced by industrial capitalism have become all important, driving out the "spirit" of capitalism that made this productivity possible.

What was the core concept of the enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the worklife of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialization knowledge and advance education

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the middle class's work life?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

How did the expansion of the industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

What factor was ultimately shown to be most responsible for the spread of yellow fever?

The mosquito

The leadership of the dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to?

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Which of the following best expresses Russian imperial attitudes toward the nomadic societies to the south and east in the late 18th and 19th centuries?

The nomads needed to be raised up the "ladder of civilization."

guild system

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. Reached its peak in most of Europe in the 17th and 18th C. The second half of the 18th C, critics attacked the systems as outmoded institutions that obstructed technical progress and innovation.

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

The parish church

From a merchant capitalist's point of view, what was the problem with rural labor?

The problem was not low wages but the control of rural labor. Cotton workers were difficult to supervise They accused workers-especially female spinners- of laziness, drunkenness, and immorality. If workers failed to produce enough thread, it must be because their wages their wages were too high and they had little incentive to work. Merchants then insisted on maintaining the lowest possible wages to force the "idle" poor into productive labor

Crop-Rotation

The process of rotating crops through fields and allowing one or two fields to lay fallow so that they can regain nutrients.

C.

The program followed by many middle-class feminists followed in the footsteps of A) Laura Cereta. B) Christine de Pisan. C) Mary Wollstonecraft. D) Franziska Tiburtius. E) Gustava Droz.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in the wealth of Nations was the belief that

The pursuit of self interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

At the center of Adam smith's arguments in the "wealth of nations" was the belief that?

The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve living conditions of citizens

Catherine the great's goal of domestic reform never came into fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in1773

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

A.

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was in large part caused by A) the family's desire to improve its economic and social position. B) the effectiveness and availability of birth control. C) women wanting to pursue careers outside the home. D) oppressive Victorian morality. E) an epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination.

What were the two major historical developments that came from the enclosure movement in England?

The rise of a market-oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of a landless rural proletariat.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rulal poor worked for low wages

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the 19th century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.

Industrious revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods. This occurred as Europe reduced leisure time, stepped up the pace of work, and directed the labor of women and children away from production of goods for house consumption and toward wage work.

Why did european salve traders in africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century?

The shore method permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

E.

The success of Napoleon III's system was based on all of the following except A) his recruitment of local notables to stand as government candidates in elections. B) economic intervention. C) close attention to electoral politics. D) sensitivity to public opinion. E) a successful foreign policy.

Putting-out system

The system in which a merchant loaned, or "put out," raw materials to cottage workers, who processed the raw materials in their own homes and returned the finished products to the merchant. Variations on this basic relationship included workers buying their own raw materials, whole families participating in domestic industry, or several workers banding together to perform a complicated process in a workshop outside the home. As industries grew in scale and complexity, production was often broken into stages. The system grew because it was not restricted by rigid guild standards and because underemployed labor was abundant, with poor peasants and landless laborers willing to work for low wages.

Enclosure

The system of dividing up land rather than having communal fields. This movement meant a revolution in village life and organization, but it appeared to be the necessary price of technical progress. Began as early as the 16th century, when parliament imposed the system on England.

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meat, vegetables, and fruits

A.

The trait shared by Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Auguste Comte was A) the evolutionary aspect of their theories. B) that they were all French social reformers. C) their rejection of positivist science. D) their role in the biological revolution. E) their faith in a divine purpose in history.

What was the result of the "June days" in France in 1848?

The triumph of the Republican army under general Louis Cavaignac, after streetfighting and the death or injury of more than 10,000 people

E.

The white-collar employees identified with the A) clergy. B) union movement. C) working class. D) aristocracy. E) middle class.

The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except?

The workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses

According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French Utopian socialists was that

Their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about?

Their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

What did Klemons Von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau conference in 1820?

Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French Utopian socialist?

Their utopian schemes were not realistic

D.

Theodore Herzel was A) the anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna. B) speaker of the Reichstag during much of Bismarck's tenure. C) the creator of modern psychoanalysis. D) the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement. E) a German socialist and author of Evolutionary Socialism.

What did the early French Socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?

They believed that industrial society for minted selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?

They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people

Anthropologists in the 19th and early 20th centuries did which of the following?

They created zoo-like "native villages" for people in Europe and America.

As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?

They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions. Of their income on food?

They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Botanists played a profound role in which of the following imperial ventures?

They helped transform local crop production to serve the needs of the empires' home countries.

Which of the following best describes the attitude of most colonial administrators toward missionaries?

They often feared that missionaries would be a destabilizing factor.

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except...?

They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.

Which best describes the ultimate outcome of the Russian wars of conquest in Central Asia?

They resulted in formal Russian control but much hostility and resistance to Russian rule.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor

What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle-class?

They were fiercely committed to the middle class ideal of upward social mobility

What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower class?

They were fiercely committed to the middle-class ideal of upward socially mobility.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

How did the French fare during the 18th C in colonial trade?

Thought France lost much to the English, they still profited from the colonies of Saint-Domingue and Martinique and Guadalupe. They provided immense fortunes in plantation agriculture and slave trading during the second half of the 18th C. Saint-Domingue became the world's leading producer of coffee and sugar and the most profitable plantation colony in the New World.

The Three Year System

To deal with the problems of field exhaustion, peasants staggered the rotation of crops every three years to make production more even

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?

To maintain their unstable social and economic position

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas?

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made christianity more comprehensive to indigenous peoples

Christianity and colonial societies in the Americas

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made it Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

In addition to supervising labor and birth midwives generally

Treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems

The Charist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

Universal male suffrage

What was the European view of the slave trade in the 18th C?

Until the early part of the 18th C, Europe considered the slave trade a legitimate business. But as details of the plight of slaves became know, a campaign to abolish slavery developed in Britain. In 1807 Parliament abolished the British slave trade, although slavery continues in British colonies and the Americas for decades.

All of the following correctly characterize wet-nursing practices except

Upper-middle-class women nursed their own children to prove their motherly devotion

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payment

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Among the laboring classes, guild masters?

Were a small minority of the population who jealously regarded their membership

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

Were guided by the principle of the balance of power

How successful were the European peasants' attempt of revolt in protest of the land laws?

When the small landholders and the village poor could effectively oppose the enclosure of the open fields and the common lands, they did so. However, the option of peasant revolt was a poor one because the social and political conditions that sustained the ruling elites were ancient and deeply rooted, and powerful forces stood ready to crush protest. So not very successful

E.

Which statement below best characterizes Napoleon III's economic policies? A) They were mercantilist. B) They were laissez-faire. C) They aimed at nationalization of major industries. D) They favored the interests of landed aristocrats. E) They used government action to stimulate railroad building and investment.

How were the same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men

E.

Witte's approach to industrialization was inspired by A) the German socialist Karl Marx. B) the classical economist David Ricardo. C) the French emperor Napoleon III. D) the English industrialist Robert Owen. E) the German economist Friedrich List.

Which of the following marked changes in child rearing practices?

Women had fewer children.

What causes population growth and an increase in birth rates?

Women had more babies than before because new opportunities for employment in rural industry allowed them to marry at an earlier age. The basic cause of European population increase as a whole was a decrease in death rates. 1.) One of the primary reasons for this was a mysterious disappearance of the bubonic plague. 2.) Improvements in the water supply and sewage resulted in somewhat better public health and helped reduce diseases in some urban areas of western Europe. 3.) People also became more successful in their efforts to safeguard the supply of food. 4.) Advances in transportation lessened the impact of local crop failure and famine Emergency supplies could be brought in and localized starvation became less frequent. 5.) Wars became less destructive than in the 17th C and spread fewer epidemics. 6.) Nutritious new foods from the New Worlds were introduced. 7.) Simply put: Famines, epidemics, ad wars continued to occur and to affect population growth, but their severity moderated

Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of hear in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year

The conditions of serfs in Western Europe

Working class was better off in western Europe, where peasants were generally free from serfdom and sometimes owned land that they could pass on to their children.

D.

Working-class children probably were under less parental control than middle-class children in the later nineteenth century because A) socialist thinkers believed in allowing children more freedom. B) rates of illegitimacy continued to rise among the working class. C) members of the working class attended church less often than members of the middle class. D) working-class children went to work and became independent earners earlier. E) working-class women had to work outside the home.

System of Positive Philosophy

Written by Auguste Comte

As a result of the

a

Vincenzo Gioberti

a Catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope

Edwin Chadwick

a commissioner charged with administration relief to paupers under the revised Poor Law of 1834

the romantic movement was characterized by all of the following except

a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue

How did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary

as a unified, centralized Hungarian nation

The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was his

assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity.

The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was his...

assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring.

According to the text, realist writers fit within the late 19th century glorification of science because they

attempted to observe and record life in an objective matter

realism

based on the idea that literature should depict life exactly as it was

At ______________, visitors could experience different parts of the empire in a pleasant setting of flowerbeds, trees, and greenhouses.

botanical gardens

When African or Asian states obtained modern European weaponry, they:

could either defeat European armies or carry out prolonged resistance

People's Budget

designed to increase spending on social welfare services

Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in

discovery of the eternal laws of human relations.

Wilhelm II

dismissed Bismarck

Imperialism may be achieved by one nation through territorial acquisition or through ______________ and political hegemony over other nations.

economic

Recent appraisals of the causes of the New Imperialism stress the following:

economic causes and the reactive nature of European leaders.

According to Marx, the driving force in history was the

economic relationship between classes

By the 20th century, European dominance had brought every part of the globe into a single world ______________.

economy

One of the most important scientific and technological development in the 19th century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the 19th century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the

establishment of limited liability investment

Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that

excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost

Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that...

excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low costs.

The Frankfurt Assembly failed because the delegates

failed to convince the king of Prussia to accept the crown

Pius IX

felt fear and hostility towards unification of Italy

Germ theory

fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heating the beverage

The "June Days" in France in 1848 refers to

fighting between workers and the army in Paris

Jen Juares

formally repudiated the revisionist doctrines in order to establish a unified socialist party

As a result of the gendered system created by the idea of separate spheres, middle class married women who sought to work outside the home

found that they could not gain well playing jobs and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

The dominant power often established different degrees of political control, the most complete being:

full annexation as a colony.

Which of the following states did NOT undertake overseas imperial ventures during the years 1870-1914?

full annexation as a colony.

October Manifesto

granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power

Possession of colonies was often seen as an indicator of status as a ______________.

great power

All of the following correctly characterize Charles Darwin and his work except

he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations.

All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of Sigmund Freud except

he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.

Ismail transformed Egypt in all of the following ways except

he refused to borrow money from western banks.

Benjamin Disraeli

him and the conservatives extended the vote to all middle-class males and the best-paid workers in the Second Reform Bill, in order to broaden the Conservative Party's traditional base of aristocratic support

The crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?

industrial dominance of Britain.

In the New Imperialism, European powers usually:

invested in another country and then used political power to protect these investments.

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

it formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

Which of the following best describes France's Constitutional Charter

it secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom

Which of the following describes late nineteenth century prostitution?

it was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?

it was rejected by Austrian leaders

Open-Field System

land isn't organized for efficiency but rather fair distribution; primary crop is grain, but grain pulls nutrients [primarily nitrogen] out of the fields. As such, crops had to be rotated so that one field would be left uncultivated, or fallow; this left a significant portion of land uncultivated and thus unproductive. Also, peasants were extremely heavily taxed.

How did the landlord leasing patterns in Ireland encourage population growth

land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited from improving their land and encouraged them to have many children as their only source of support in old age

All of the following correctly characterizes middle class morality except

morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?

ollowing the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production

In 1848 in France, the Second Republic institutionalized all of the following reforms except

persuading both men and women to file for divorce

Although advocates of imperialism suggested that colonies would absorb surplus ______________, it rarely worked out that way.

population

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...?

population always grew faster than the food supply.

Guiseppe Mazzini

preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people

An arrangement in which a Western nation placed officials in a foreign state to oversee its government without formally assuming responsibility for administration is known as a ______________.

protectorate

Georges Haussmann is remembered for

rebuilding Paris

Georges Haussmann is remembered for...

rebuilding Paris.

The most extensive resistance to European imperial power in the 19th century, the ______________, broke out against British rule in India in 1857.

sepoy mutiny

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

set up te terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial,powers.

In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

Devices for informally controlling the destiny of nations during the period 1870-1914 included:

sphere of influence, protectorates, annexation, territorial division.

Polish Revolt

started in warsaw, nationalistic mvmnt depose tsar. -crushed by Nicholas I --Organic Statute poland= integral part of Russia. example of nick suppressing liberalism/nationalism

As the 19th century progressed, the upper middle class

tended to merge with the old aristocracy

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class...

tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

The breakthrough implication of Louis Pateur's work was...

that diseases passed to human through airborne agents that could be eliminated by moving sources of filth and decay away from humans.

The breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work was

that diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled

Miasmic theory

the belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement

Improved economic conditions in the 19th century led to

the expectation that married women would not work outside the home

Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led too...

the expectation that married women would not work outside the home.

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by

the family's desire to improve items economics and social position

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was in large part caused by:

the family's desire to improve its economic and social position

The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of

the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that

the key to progress was proper social organization

The primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands was

the possibility of buying land in the home country

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforst to compete with the British included all of the following except

the scarcity of human capital

European dominance was based on all of the following EXCEPT:

the submissive nature of non-Western cultures.

Proletarianization

the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. By the early nineteenth century a minority of wealthy landowners held most of the land in England and leased their holdings to middle-size farmers, who relied on landless laborers for their workforce; not only was the small landholder deprived of his land, but the large farms required fewer laborers, which led to widespread unemployment.

Fundamental Laws

the tsar retained great powers; the Duma, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage, and a largely appointive upper house could debate and pass laws, but the tsar had an absolute veto

Middle class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because

they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity

Middle-class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because...

they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Theodor Herzl

turned from German nationalism and advocated political Zionism and the creation of a Jewish state

Germaine de Stael on Germany

urged the French to embrace German Romanticism

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

Jews made up one of the immigrant groups least likely to return to their native land, primarily because of

violent anti-antisemitism in Eastern Europe

It is most likely that kinship ties within the typical nineteenth-century working-class family

were greater than often believed

All of the following marked changes in child-rearing practices except

women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children.

On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection

written by Charles Darwin

War and Peace

written by Count Leo de Tolstoy

Evolutionary Socialism

written by Edward Bernstein

Germinal

written by Emile Zola

Madame Bovary

written by Gustave Flaubert

A Doll's House

written by Henrik Ibsen

Human Comedy

written by Honore de Balzac

Le Pere Goriot

written by Honore de Balzac

Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life

written by Mary Ann Evans

Syllabus of Errors

written by Pope Pius IX

Interpretation

written by Sigmund Freud

Tess of the D'Ubervilles

written by Thomas Hardy