Mid-Term Texas History study guide

El Camino Real

"The Royal Road" led from East Texas to southern Rio Grande and then south to Mexico City

Siege of the Alamo

13 day conflict that ended with the defeat of the Texas forces

Pueblo Revolt

1680 revolt of Pueblo Indians against the Spanish brought to the Americas

Fredonian Rebellion

1816 rebellion that declared part of East Texas as the Independent Republic of Fredonia

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty setting the boundary between New Spain and the United States

Louisiana Purchase

1830 land deal in which France sold Louisiana to the US for $15 million

Battle of Velasco

1832 battle between a group of Texans and Mexican groups at Velasco;Texas victory

Battle of the Neches

1839 battle between Texans and Cherokee in East Texas, Texas Victory

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 document that freed those slaves in areas of rebellion against the United States

Treaty of Medicine Lodge

1867 peace treaty in which some Texas Plains Indians agreed to stop raiding and to move onto a reservation

Salt Creek Raid

1871 Kiowa and Comanche attack of a wagon train near Salt Creek

Fault

A break in Earth's crust

Balanced Budget

A budget in which spending does not exceed revenue

Drought

A long period without much rain

Offensive

A major troop advance

Guadalupe Peak

A peak in the Guadalupe Mountains and the highest point in Texas

Cynthia Parker

A settler who was captured by the Comanche; mother of Quanah Parker

Crop Rotation

A system of growing different types of crops on the same land over a period of years

North Wright Cuney

African American leader of the Republican Party in Texas from 1872 to 1892

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers in the 9th and 10th Cavalries and the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments

John O. Meusebach

Agent for the German Emigration Company

Compromise of 1850

Agreement under which Texas gave up it's claims to a part of New Mexico in exchange for $10 million ;created present state borders

Confederacies

Allied groups

Alabama-Coushatta

American Indian group who helped Texans in the Runaway Scrape and have a reservation in Texas

James Long

American filibuster who led two unsuccessful expeditions to Texas in 1819 and 1821

Moses Austin

American who was the first to get permission to bring U.S settlers in Texas

Free Enterprise

An economic system in which business operate with minimal government control

Abolition

An end to slavery

Victorio

Apache chief who led raids into Texas from Mexico

Hunting Grounds

Areas of groups of people traditionally hunted for food

Natural regions

Areas with common physical environment

States' Rights

Argument that state power is greater than federal power

Lively

Austin's supply ship, which failed to locate the rendezvous pint and later wrecked

Battle of Plum Creek

Battle between Texas Volunteers and Comanche on August 11, 1840; Texas victory

Henri Castro

Brought French settlers to Texas

Tourism

Business of attracting visitors to a region or place

Tanneries

Businesses that prepared animal hides

Empresarios

Businesspeople who promoted settlement in Texas by establishing colonies

Red River Campaign

Campaign in which Confederate troops repulsed Union invasions of Texas in fighting along the Red River and at Poison Springs, Arkansas

George C. Childress

Chaired the committee that drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, primary author of the document as well

Causation Chart

Chart giving the causes and effects of events

Pie Chart

Chart showing how the parts of a whole are divide

Petrochemicals

Chemicals made from oil and natural gas

Escarpments

Cliffs

Ronald S. Mackenzie

Colonel who commanded the 4th Cavalry regiment and led several American Indian campaighns along the Texas frontier in the 1860s and 1870s

William B.Travis

Colonel who commanded the Texas forces during the siege and Battle of the Alamo

Juan Davis-Bradburn

Colonel who commanded the fort at Anahuac and whose actions angered some Texans

Quanah parker

Comanche Chief who led the Comanche at the Battle of Adobe Walls

James Fannin

Commander of the Texas forces at the Battle of Coleto ;executed in the Goliad massacre.

Santos Benavides

Confederate Colonel who led the succesfull defense of Laredo against Union attack,highest ranking Mexican american in the Confederate army

Battle of Sabine Pass

Confederate victory in which the Davis Guards repulsed an invasion of Union gunboats at Sabine Pass

Convention of 1832

Convention at which Texas delegates proposed several Texas reforms

Texas Rangers

Defense force who tried to keep the peace along the frontier; later became law officers

Richard Coke

Democratic Texas governor whose victory in 1873 marked the end of Reconstruction in Texas

Federalism

Distributes power between a central and regional governments

Anson Jones

Doctor and hero of the Texas Revolution;served during the Republic of Texas as a congressman, as secretary of state under Houston, and as president.

Adobe

Dry clay mud

Baron de Batrop

Dutch business man who helped Moses and Stephen F. Austin establish a colony in Texas

Biennial

Every two years

Santa Fe Expedition

Failed 1841 expeditions of Texas troops to take control of Santa Fe

Matrilenial

Families are traced through the mother's side

Constitution of 1824

Federal Constitution of the United States of Mexico; established a federal republic

Robert S. Neighbors

Federal Indian agent in Texas

Battle of San Jacinto

Final battle of the Texas Revolution. Texas victory

San Francisico de los Tejas

First East Texas Spanish mission;founded in 1690; abandoned in 1693

San Antonio de Valero

First Spanish mission in San Antonio; founded in 1718

Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels

First agent for the German Emigration Company

Joint Resolution

Formal expression of intent

Annexation

Formal joining of one political region to another

Secede

Formally withdraw from

Lorenzo de Zavala

Former Mexican cabinet member,state governor, and supporter of federalism; assisted in second attack on Anahuc

Freedpeople

Former slaves

Aaron Ashworth

Free African American cattle rancher in southeastern texas

Jean Lafitte

French pirate who raided Spanish Ships from his base on Galveston Island

German Emigration Company

German company formed to bring German settlers to the Republic

Cabinet

Group of executive department heads that assist the executive head

Nomads

Groups of people who move from place to place

Caprock

Hard bed of rock below the soil of the part of the high plains

Custom Duties

Import Taxes

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailor who in 1492 reaches the Bahamas in the Americas,a continent then unknown to most Europeans

Manufactured Products

Items made either by hand or machine in large numbers for sale

Exports

Items that a country sells to other nations

Satanta

Kiowa chief who opposed the reservation policy

Plantations

Large farm that usually specialized in growing one kind of crop relied on slave labor

Planters

Large scale farmers who held at least 20 slaves

Mexican Session

Large territory that Mexico ceded to the United States in the treaty ending the Mexican War

Ashworth Act

Law that allowed free African Americans in Texas at the time of the Declaration of Independence without being enslaved

Black Codes

Laws that denied African Americans civil rights

Hugh Mcleod

Leader of the Santa Fe expedition of 1841

Sam Houston

Leader of the Texas Army in the Texas Revolution

Domingo Ramon

Led 1716 expedition to found new missions in East Texas

Angelina Eberly

Led Citizens to Austin to resist efforts to move Texas Archives to Houston

Land titles

Legal documents providing ownership of land

Reservations

Limited areas of land reserved for American Indians

Dogtrot cabins

Log cabins that had two rooms separated by an open passage

Flatboats

Long row boats

Legend

Map device that explains maps symbols' meanings

Compass Rose

Map device that explains the four cardinal points

Thematic Maps

Maps giving information about a topic,theme,or spatial distribution of an activity.

Martin Perfecto de Cos

Mexican General in charge of the Texas military; ordered arrest of the leaders of the second attack on Anahuac

Adrian Woll

Mexican General; led Mexican troops in the capture of San Antonio in September 1842

Miguel Hidalgo de Costilla

Mexican Priest who Grito de Dolores sparked the War of Mexican Independence

Goliad Massacre

Mexican execution of some 400 Texas soldiers near Goliad on March 27, 1836

Rafael Vasquez

Mexican general; led a Mexican raid into Texas in the spring of 1842

Filibusters

Military adventurers who either wanted to free Texas or all of Mexico from Spain or who were looking for quick wealth or adventure

Tepees

Movable homes made from animal hides stretched over long poles

Philip Nolan

Mustanger who entered Texas illegaly in 1800 and was killed resisting arrest

Estevanico

North African explorer and survivor of the Narvaez Expedition;killed during the Fray Marcos expedition

Texas Admission Act

Official act that made Texas the 28th state;signed on December 29,1845.

Foreign Relations

Official dealings with other countries

Denominations

Organized religious groups with similar beliefs

Red Backs

Paper money issued by the Republic of Texas

Unionists

People who wanted to stay in the Union and workout their differences over slavery

Know-Nothing Party

Political party that supported slavery and wanted to keep immigrants and Catholics out of government; also called the American Party

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico and leader of the Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution.

Thomas J. Rusk

President of theTexas Convention of 1845 and one of the first two Texans chosen to represent the state in the US Senate

Lawrie Tatum

Quaker Indian agent for the Comanche and Kiowa reservation in Indian territory

Quilting Bees

Quilting groups

Missions

Religious Communities

Radical Republicans

Republicans who opposed Presidential Reconstruction and thought the federal government,Unionists, and African Americans had to take a greater role in Reconstruction

Turtle Bayou Resolution

Resolutions that some Texans wrote to explain the conflict at Anahuac and declared their loyalty to the Constitution of 1824

Viceroy

Royal Governor

Convention of 1833

Second convention at which delegates proposed several Texas reforms

Reconstruction Acts

Series of acts passed starting 1867 that placed the former Confederate states under military control and marked the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction.

Jim Crow Laws

Series of laws that enforced segregation

Bayous

Slow moving tributaries off of larger bodies of water

Bands

Small groups made up of a few families

Subregions

Smaller regions

Conquistadores

Soldiers and adventurers in search of gold,glory, and land

Stephen F. Austin

Son of Moses Austin who carried out his father's colony in Texas; most successful empresario; known as the Father of Texas

Juan de Onate

Spaniard who founded the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish Explorer who was shipwrecked in Texas and wandered for several years among American Indians

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Spanish conquistador who led an expedition through the American Southwest

Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo

Spanish governor of Coahuila ;led a force in 1720 to re-ocupy the east Texas missions;founded La Bahia

Ayuntamiento

Spanish municipial governing council

Francisco Hidalgo

Spanish priest who led an effort to found new missions in East Texas

Growth rate

Speed of population growth

Juneteenth

State holiday on June 19 in memory of the day on which Texas slaves were freed

Henry Austin

Stephen F. Austin's cousin, who operated the first steamboat in Texas

G.T.T

Stood for Gone to Texas

Geography

Study of Physical and human characteristics,human-environment interaction,cultures

Martin de Leon

Successful Tejano rancher

Archives War

Successful armed resistance among Austin residents in 1842 to stop the removal of the Texas Archives

Martin de Leon

Tejano empresario and rancher

Antonio Gil Barbo

Tejano leader who founded Nacogdoches

Juan Seguin

Tejano leader; served as major of San Antonio from 1840-1842

Jose Antonio Navarro

Tejano leader; signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and served in the Republic's Congress

Lorenzo de Zavala

Tejano who helped draft the Constitution of 1836, served as Texas ad interim vice president

Elise Waerenskjohd

Texan immigrant,abolitionist,journalist, and writer

Richard King

Texan who owned a large cattle ranch in South Texas and who dominated ranching in the region

Albert Sydney Johnston

Texan who was the second highest ranking Confederate officer until his death in battle

Terry's Texas Rangers

Texas Confederate cavalry unit organized by B.F Terry

John Coffee Hayes

Texas Ranger who was recognized for his bravery in the Mexican War

Sam Houston

Texas Revolutionary general and war hero and two-time president of the Republic of Texas.

Mirabeau B. Lamar

Texas Revolutionary war hero and first vice president and second president of the Republic of Texas.

Roy Bedicheck

Texas educator,Journalist,naturalist,writer

Alexander Somervell

Texas general; led an expeditions to the Rio Grande to rescue Texas prisoners in Mexico;Led to the Mier expedition

Elisha M. Pease

Texas governor elected in 1853 and 1855 who supported education and other reforms.

Telegraph and Texas Register

Texas newspaper with the largest circulation in the mid-1800's

Tejanos

Texas settlers of Spanish descent

Humidity

The amount of moisture in the air

Metroplex

The combined metropolitan area of Dallas and Fort Worth

Old Three Hundred

The first 297 families and single men in Austin's first colony

James Pickney Henderson

The first governor of Texas

Segregation

The forced separation of whites and African Americans in public

Vertical Axis

The line that makes up the side of a bar or line graph

Birth rate

The number of births per 1,000 people

Death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 peole

Age distribution

The portion of the population at each age

Cotton Belt

The southern region that grew most of the Country's cotton crop

Precontact

The time before the Europeans arrived in the Americas

Barter

The trade of one good or service for another

Treaties of Velasco

The two treaties that officially ended the Texas revolution

Nominated

To choose a political party's candidate for election

Artifacts

Tools,weapons,and other objects made by people

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants,animals,and diseases between the Americas and other continents

Circuit Riders

Traveling preachers

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty ending the Mexican War ;set the Rio Grande as the Texas -Mexico border;ceded the Mexican Session to the United States for 15 Million,had the US pay the $3.25 million in US claims against Mexico

Alcee Louis la Branche

US diplomat to the Republic of Texas; appointed in 1837

Nicholas Trist

US diplomat who signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Green DeWitt

US empresario

Panic of 1819

US financial crisis that led to a depression

Winfield Scott

US general in the Mexican War;led the capture of Mexico City

James K. Polk

US president elected in 1844 who supported the annexation of Texas

Regiments

Units of around 1,000 soldiers

Law of April 6,1830

Unpopular law that banned US immigration to Texas and made it illegal for settlers to bring in more slaves, among other things

LaSalle Expedition

Unsuccessful 1684 expedition led by Rene-Robert-Cavalier,Sieur de la Salle

Irrigation

Watering of crops

Lady Bird Johnson

Wife of U.S President Lyndon B. Johnson;helped establish the National Wildflower Research center in Austin

Mustangs

Wild offspring of the horses the Spanish brought to the Americas

Battle of Palo Duro Canyon

battle of September 28, 1874, in which U.S. Troops attacked a Comanche camp in Palo Duro Canyon

Corporations

companies that sell shares of ownership to investors to raise money

Convention of 1836

declared the independence of Texas from Mexico and drafted the Constitution of 1836

Plains

flatlands

Freedmen's Bureau

government bureau created to help freedpeople adjust and become educated

Equator

imaginary east-west line located exactly halfway between the poles

Longitude

imaginary north-south lines that circle the globe

Gail Borden Jr.

published the Telegraph and Register; developed condensed milk; gave money to support Texas education

Aquifers

underground formation of natural gravel,rock, and sand that trap and hold rainwater