Mid-Term Texas History study guide
El Camino Real
"The Royal Road" led from East Texas to southern Rio Grande and then south to Mexico City
Siege of the Alamo
13 day conflict that ended with the defeat of the Texas forces
Pueblo Revolt
1680 revolt of Pueblo Indians against the Spanish brought to the Americas
Fredonian Rebellion
1816 rebellion that declared part of East Texas as the Independent Republic of Fredonia
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819 treaty setting the boundary between New Spain and the United States
Louisiana Purchase
1830 land deal in which France sold Louisiana to the US for $15 million
Battle of Velasco
1832 battle between a group of Texans and Mexican groups at Velasco;Texas victory
Battle of the Neches
1839 battle between Texans and Cherokee in East Texas, Texas Victory
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 document that freed those slaves in areas of rebellion against the United States
Treaty of Medicine Lodge
1867 peace treaty in which some Texas Plains Indians agreed to stop raiding and to move onto a reservation
Salt Creek Raid
1871 Kiowa and Comanche attack of a wagon train near Salt Creek
Fault
A break in Earth's crust
Balanced Budget
A budget in which spending does not exceed revenue
Drought
A long period without much rain
Offensive
A major troop advance
Guadalupe Peak
A peak in the Guadalupe Mountains and the highest point in Texas
Cynthia Parker
A settler who was captured by the Comanche; mother of Quanah Parker
Crop Rotation
A system of growing different types of crops on the same land over a period of years
North Wright Cuney
African American leader of the Republican Party in Texas from 1872 to 1892
Buffalo Soldiers
African American soldiers in the 9th and 10th Cavalries and the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments
John O. Meusebach
Agent for the German Emigration Company
Compromise of 1850
Agreement under which Texas gave up it's claims to a part of New Mexico in exchange for $10 million ;created present state borders
Confederacies
Allied groups
Alabama-Coushatta
American Indian group who helped Texans in the Runaway Scrape and have a reservation in Texas
James Long
American filibuster who led two unsuccessful expeditions to Texas in 1819 and 1821
Moses Austin
American who was the first to get permission to bring U.S settlers in Texas
Free Enterprise
An economic system in which business operate with minimal government control
Abolition
An end to slavery
Victorio
Apache chief who led raids into Texas from Mexico
Hunting Grounds
Areas of groups of people traditionally hunted for food
Natural regions
Areas with common physical environment
States' Rights
Argument that state power is greater than federal power
Lively
Austin's supply ship, which failed to locate the rendezvous pint and later wrecked
Battle of Plum Creek
Battle between Texas Volunteers and Comanche on August 11, 1840; Texas victory
Henri Castro
Brought French settlers to Texas
Tourism
Business of attracting visitors to a region or place
Tanneries
Businesses that prepared animal hides
Empresarios
Businesspeople who promoted settlement in Texas by establishing colonies
Red River Campaign
Campaign in which Confederate troops repulsed Union invasions of Texas in fighting along the Red River and at Poison Springs, Arkansas
George C. Childress
Chaired the committee that drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, primary author of the document as well
Causation Chart
Chart giving the causes and effects of events
Pie Chart
Chart showing how the parts of a whole are divide
Petrochemicals
Chemicals made from oil and natural gas
Escarpments
Cliffs
Ronald S. Mackenzie
Colonel who commanded the 4th Cavalry regiment and led several American Indian campaighns along the Texas frontier in the 1860s and 1870s
William B.Travis
Colonel who commanded the Texas forces during the siege and Battle of the Alamo
Juan Davis-Bradburn
Colonel who commanded the fort at Anahuac and whose actions angered some Texans
Quanah parker
Comanche Chief who led the Comanche at the Battle of Adobe Walls
James Fannin
Commander of the Texas forces at the Battle of Coleto ;executed in the Goliad massacre.
Santos Benavides
Confederate Colonel who led the succesfull defense of Laredo against Union attack,highest ranking Mexican american in the Confederate army
Battle of Sabine Pass
Confederate victory in which the Davis Guards repulsed an invasion of Union gunboats at Sabine Pass
Convention of 1832
Convention at which Texas delegates proposed several Texas reforms
Texas Rangers
Defense force who tried to keep the peace along the frontier; later became law officers
Richard Coke
Democratic Texas governor whose victory in 1873 marked the end of Reconstruction in Texas
Federalism
Distributes power between a central and regional governments
Anson Jones
Doctor and hero of the Texas Revolution;served during the Republic of Texas as a congressman, as secretary of state under Houston, and as president.
Adobe
Dry clay mud
Baron de Batrop
Dutch business man who helped Moses and Stephen F. Austin establish a colony in Texas
Biennial
Every two years
Santa Fe Expedition
Failed 1841 expeditions of Texas troops to take control of Santa Fe
Matrilenial
Families are traced through the mother's side
Constitution of 1824
Federal Constitution of the United States of Mexico; established a federal republic
Robert S. Neighbors
Federal Indian agent in Texas
Battle of San Jacinto
Final battle of the Texas Revolution. Texas victory
San Francisico de los Tejas
First East Texas Spanish mission;founded in 1690; abandoned in 1693
San Antonio de Valero
First Spanish mission in San Antonio; founded in 1718
Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels
First agent for the German Emigration Company
Joint Resolution
Formal expression of intent
Annexation
Formal joining of one political region to another
Secede
Formally withdraw from
Lorenzo de Zavala
Former Mexican cabinet member,state governor, and supporter of federalism; assisted in second attack on Anahuc
Freedpeople
Former slaves
Aaron Ashworth
Free African American cattle rancher in southeastern texas
Jean Lafitte
French pirate who raided Spanish Ships from his base on Galveston Island
German Emigration Company
German company formed to bring German settlers to the Republic
Cabinet
Group of executive department heads that assist the executive head
Nomads
Groups of people who move from place to place
Caprock
Hard bed of rock below the soil of the part of the high plains
Custom Duties
Import Taxes
Christopher Columbus
Italian sailor who in 1492 reaches the Bahamas in the Americas,a continent then unknown to most Europeans
Manufactured Products
Items made either by hand or machine in large numbers for sale
Exports
Items that a country sells to other nations
Satanta
Kiowa chief who opposed the reservation policy
Plantations
Large farm that usually specialized in growing one kind of crop relied on slave labor
Planters
Large scale farmers who held at least 20 slaves
Mexican Session
Large territory that Mexico ceded to the United States in the treaty ending the Mexican War
Ashworth Act
Law that allowed free African Americans in Texas at the time of the Declaration of Independence without being enslaved
Black Codes
Laws that denied African Americans civil rights
Hugh Mcleod
Leader of the Santa Fe expedition of 1841
Sam Houston
Leader of the Texas Army in the Texas Revolution
Domingo Ramon
Led 1716 expedition to found new missions in East Texas
Angelina Eberly
Led Citizens to Austin to resist efforts to move Texas Archives to Houston
Land titles
Legal documents providing ownership of land
Reservations
Limited areas of land reserved for American Indians
Dogtrot cabins
Log cabins that had two rooms separated by an open passage
Flatboats
Long row boats
Legend
Map device that explains maps symbols' meanings
Compass Rose
Map device that explains the four cardinal points
Thematic Maps
Maps giving information about a topic,theme,or spatial distribution of an activity.
Martin Perfecto de Cos
Mexican General in charge of the Texas military; ordered arrest of the leaders of the second attack on Anahuac
Adrian Woll
Mexican General; led Mexican troops in the capture of San Antonio in September 1842
Miguel Hidalgo de Costilla
Mexican Priest who Grito de Dolores sparked the War of Mexican Independence
Goliad Massacre
Mexican execution of some 400 Texas soldiers near Goliad on March 27, 1836
Rafael Vasquez
Mexican general; led a Mexican raid into Texas in the spring of 1842
Filibusters
Military adventurers who either wanted to free Texas or all of Mexico from Spain or who were looking for quick wealth or adventure
Tepees
Movable homes made from animal hides stretched over long poles
Philip Nolan
Mustanger who entered Texas illegaly in 1800 and was killed resisting arrest
Estevanico
North African explorer and survivor of the Narvaez Expedition;killed during the Fray Marcos expedition
Texas Admission Act
Official act that made Texas the 28th state;signed on December 29,1845.
Foreign Relations
Official dealings with other countries
Denominations
Organized religious groups with similar beliefs
Red Backs
Paper money issued by the Republic of Texas
Unionists
People who wanted to stay in the Union and workout their differences over slavery
Know-Nothing Party
Political party that supported slavery and wanted to keep immigrants and Catholics out of government; also called the American Party
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
President of Mexico and leader of the Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution.
Thomas J. Rusk
President of theTexas Convention of 1845 and one of the first two Texans chosen to represent the state in the US Senate
Lawrie Tatum
Quaker Indian agent for the Comanche and Kiowa reservation in Indian territory
Quilting Bees
Quilting groups
Missions
Religious Communities
Radical Republicans
Republicans who opposed Presidential Reconstruction and thought the federal government,Unionists, and African Americans had to take a greater role in Reconstruction
Turtle Bayou Resolution
Resolutions that some Texans wrote to explain the conflict at Anahuac and declared their loyalty to the Constitution of 1824
Viceroy
Royal Governor
Convention of 1833
Second convention at which delegates proposed several Texas reforms
Reconstruction Acts
Series of acts passed starting 1867 that placed the former Confederate states under military control and marked the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction.
Jim Crow Laws
Series of laws that enforced segregation
Bayous
Slow moving tributaries off of larger bodies of water
Bands
Small groups made up of a few families
Subregions
Smaller regions
Conquistadores
Soldiers and adventurers in search of gold,glory, and land
Stephen F. Austin
Son of Moses Austin who carried out his father's colony in Texas; most successful empresario; known as the Father of Texas
Juan de Onate
Spaniard who founded the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
Spanish Explorer who was shipwrecked in Texas and wandered for several years among American Indians
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Spanish conquistador who led an expedition through the American Southwest
Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo
Spanish governor of Coahuila ;led a force in 1720 to re-ocupy the east Texas missions;founded La Bahia
Ayuntamiento
Spanish municipial governing council
Francisco Hidalgo
Spanish priest who led an effort to found new missions in East Texas
Growth rate
Speed of population growth
Juneteenth
State holiday on June 19 in memory of the day on which Texas slaves were freed
Henry Austin
Stephen F. Austin's cousin, who operated the first steamboat in Texas
G.T.T
Stood for Gone to Texas
Geography
Study of Physical and human characteristics,human-environment interaction,cultures
Martin de Leon
Successful Tejano rancher
Archives War
Successful armed resistance among Austin residents in 1842 to stop the removal of the Texas Archives
Martin de Leon
Tejano empresario and rancher
Antonio Gil Barbo
Tejano leader who founded Nacogdoches
Juan Seguin
Tejano leader; served as major of San Antonio from 1840-1842
Jose Antonio Navarro
Tejano leader; signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and served in the Republic's Congress
Lorenzo de Zavala
Tejano who helped draft the Constitution of 1836, served as Texas ad interim vice president
Elise Waerenskjohd
Texan immigrant,abolitionist,journalist, and writer
Richard King
Texan who owned a large cattle ranch in South Texas and who dominated ranching in the region
Albert Sydney Johnston
Texan who was the second highest ranking Confederate officer until his death in battle
Terry's Texas Rangers
Texas Confederate cavalry unit organized by B.F Terry
John Coffee Hayes
Texas Ranger who was recognized for his bravery in the Mexican War
Sam Houston
Texas Revolutionary general and war hero and two-time president of the Republic of Texas.
Mirabeau B. Lamar
Texas Revolutionary war hero and first vice president and second president of the Republic of Texas.
Roy Bedicheck
Texas educator,Journalist,naturalist,writer
Alexander Somervell
Texas general; led an expeditions to the Rio Grande to rescue Texas prisoners in Mexico;Led to the Mier expedition
Elisha M. Pease
Texas governor elected in 1853 and 1855 who supported education and other reforms.
Telegraph and Texas Register
Texas newspaper with the largest circulation in the mid-1800's
Tejanos
Texas settlers of Spanish descent
Humidity
The amount of moisture in the air
Metroplex
The combined metropolitan area of Dallas and Fort Worth
Old Three Hundred
The first 297 families and single men in Austin's first colony
James Pickney Henderson
The first governor of Texas
Segregation
The forced separation of whites and African Americans in public
Vertical Axis
The line that makes up the side of a bar or line graph
Birth rate
The number of births per 1,000 people
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 peole
Age distribution
The portion of the population at each age
Cotton Belt
The southern region that grew most of the Country's cotton crop
Precontact
The time before the Europeans arrived in the Americas
Barter
The trade of one good or service for another
Treaties of Velasco
The two treaties that officially ended the Texas revolution
Nominated
To choose a political party's candidate for election
Artifacts
Tools,weapons,and other objects made by people
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants,animals,and diseases between the Americas and other continents
Circuit Riders
Traveling preachers
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty ending the Mexican War ;set the Rio Grande as the Texas -Mexico border;ceded the Mexican Session to the United States for 15 Million,had the US pay the $3.25 million in US claims against Mexico
Alcee Louis la Branche
US diplomat to the Republic of Texas; appointed in 1837
Nicholas Trist
US diplomat who signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Green DeWitt
US empresario
Panic of 1819
US financial crisis that led to a depression
Winfield Scott
US general in the Mexican War;led the capture of Mexico City
James K. Polk
US president elected in 1844 who supported the annexation of Texas
Regiments
Units of around 1,000 soldiers
Law of April 6,1830
Unpopular law that banned US immigration to Texas and made it illegal for settlers to bring in more slaves, among other things
LaSalle Expedition
Unsuccessful 1684 expedition led by Rene-Robert-Cavalier,Sieur de la Salle
Irrigation
Watering of crops
Lady Bird Johnson
Wife of U.S President Lyndon B. Johnson;helped establish the National Wildflower Research center in Austin
Mustangs
Wild offspring of the horses the Spanish brought to the Americas
Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
battle of September 28, 1874, in which U.S. Troops attacked a Comanche camp in Palo Duro Canyon
Corporations
companies that sell shares of ownership to investors to raise money
Convention of 1836
declared the independence of Texas from Mexico and drafted the Constitution of 1836
Plains
flatlands
Freedmen's Bureau
government bureau created to help freedpeople adjust and become educated
Equator
imaginary east-west line located exactly halfway between the poles
Longitude
imaginary north-south lines that circle the globe
Gail Borden Jr.
published the Telegraph and Register; developed condensed milk; gave money to support Texas education
Aquifers
underground formation of natural gravel,rock, and sand that trap and hold rainwater
