Middle School Science Review

basic biochemistry of life in regards to biological molecules

(e.g., DNA[Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses], carbohydrates [A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n)], proteins[Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.], lipids[In biology, lipids comprise a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. ], enzymes[Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions.])

is familiar with the impact of science on public-health issues - nutrition, disease, and medicine

(e.g., food preservation, vitamins, vaccines, viruses)

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - geographical features

(e.g., mountains[a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak], plateaus[an area of relatively level high ground.], mid-ocean ridges[A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.])

How many neutrons are in 14/6 C?

6 neutrons

cell mutations

A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people.

What is a graduated cylinder typically used for?

A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid.

What are the relative positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun during a solar eclipse?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun. [A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it.]

What phase changes require the input of energy?

All: Phase transitions involving the breaking of intermolecular attractions (i.e., fusion (melting), vaporization, and sublimation) require an input of energy to overcome the attractive forces between the particles of the substance.

What is the relationship between Earth's rotation, longitude, and time zone?

As Earth rotates on its axis, it moves about 15 degrees every 60 minutes. After 24 hours, it has completed a full circle rotation of 360 degrees. The scientists used this information to divide the planet into 24 sections or time zones. Each time zone is 15 degrees of longitude wide.

Growth (plant organs and systems)

Cells of the meristematic tissue are found in meristems, which are plant regions of continuous cell division and growth. Meristematic tissue cells are either undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated; they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant. Lateral meristems facilitate growth in thickness or girth in a maturing plant.

Understands basic waves and optics - characteristics of light and the electromagnetic spectrum

Characteristics of light :*brightness, color, and temperature Electromagnetic spectrum: is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region that is perceived as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Nature of light Visible spectrum and color, Ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, and gamm

What are the types of climate, animals, and plants that are characteristic of the major biomes?

Desert Biome: A desert usually has less than 25 cm of rain per year. Most annual plants in the desert are small.Animals, which match their internal temperature to that of their environment, the so-called cold-blooded animals, live more easily in the desert. Grassland Biome In a grassland biome, the vegetation is dominated by grasses, which may grow to about 2 m in the moist areas and 0.2 m in arid regions of the grassland biome. The common feature of all grasslands is intermittent, erratic rainfall, amounting to about 4 to 16 cm annually. In all grasslands, the primary consumers are the large grazing mammals like the bisons,Hares and rodent are also common primary consumers in the grasslands. Rain Forest Biome They occur in those tropical and subtropical parts where torrential rains fall practically every day and where a well-defined rainy season characterizes the winter. Trees in such forests are normally so crowded together that they form a continuous overhead canopy of branches and foliage, which cuts off practically all the sunlight, much of the rain water and wind. 200 cm of precipitation during a year In rain forests animal communities too are stratified vertically into different habitats found between canopy and ground. In addition to the arboreal mammals (monkeys, rodents, squirrels), there is an abundance of chameleons, iguanas, geckos, arboreal snakes, frogs, and birds. Ants, termites, beetles and the Orthopetra, as well as butterflies and moths are ecologically important. Frogs may be present in large numbers. Deciduous Forest Biome The term "deciduous" implies the most obvious characteristic of this biome and the most obvious adaptation to it (i.e., trees shed their leaves and hibernate). Compared with the hundreds of tree species in a rain forest, there may be only about 10 or 20 in a deciduous forest. The most striking herbivorous mammals of a deciduous forest are the browsing deer, mainly the white-tailed deer in North America and other species in Eurasia and South America. Among mammals of the North American deciduous forests, over a third of the species are mainly arboreal. Taiga Biome North of the deciduous forests and the grasslands across northern Europe, Siberia, and Canada, stretches the taiga (northern coniferous forest biome). It is also called the boreal forest biome. This is a biome of long, severe winters and of growing seasons limited largely to the few months of summer. Hardy conifers, spruce in particular, are most representative of the flora; and moose, wolves, and bears of the fauna. Many of the larger herbivorous vertebrates, such as the moose (elk), snowshoe hare, and grouse depend on broad leaved developmental communities of spruce forest. The seeds of conifers provide important food for many animals such as squirrels, siskins, and crossbills. Tundra Biome his biome lies north of the taiga. The tundra has the arctic climate, which is cold, and there may be continuous night during the winter season and continuous daylight, of comparatively low intensity, during the summer. Some distance below the surface, the ground is permanently frozen. Precipitation is generally less than 50-60 cm but in low lying areas soils may remain saturated with water during most of the growing season. Plants are low, ground hugging forms, and frees are absent. Lichens (especially reindeer moss), mosses (especially Sphagnum) coniferous and other shrubby growths, and herbs with brilliantly coloured flowers, are characteristic of the habitat.

What are ways to reduce the amount of plastic waste in landfills?

Do not use excess plastic to include gum. Boxes vs bottles Bulk> reusable glass> frozen foods< juice< return reusable plastic containers>

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - energy transformations in living systems

Energy is the ability to do work, where work is done when a force moves an object. While the sun provides energy for our entire planet, the sun's energy must be transformed into more usable forms for living organisms. Plants utilize photosynthesis for the production of sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

Compare the availability and limitations of the following sources of power: geothermal, nuclear, hydroelectric solar, and fossil fuel.

Fossil fuels(coal, natural gas, oil)>nuclear>hydroelectric(tidal too)>wind>solar>geothermal[the heat from the Earth]

What is the connection between genetically modified crops and pesticide use?

Genetically modified crops can be altered to have certain genes that make them less attractive to certain bugs making the need for pesticides decrease... but some reports have actually found an increase instead... use of some to kill unwanted plants too.

If the speed of an object is doubled, by what factor does its kinetic energy change?

KE=1/2mv^2

Compare the applications of and benefits of using an MRI to those of X-rays to diagnose and evaluate medical conditions.

MRIs cost more but no radiation or biological hazards X-rays relatively inexpensive, shorter to do, dangerous ionizing radiation, has abilities to create birth defects and DNA altering diseases

What variables affect the period of a pendulum?

Mass, length, arc angle, period(s)

basic descriptive statistics (e.g. calculate averages, distinguish between mean, mode and median)

Mean is the average of the numbers. Mode is the number that appears the most. Median is the middle # in a sequence of average of the two middle numbers. Range is the difference between the lowest and highest number.

Balance the following equation: Na+MgSO_4 => Mg + Na_2SO_4? What type of chemical reaction is it?

MgSo4 + 2 Na = Mg + Na2So4 single replacement

Bohr Model

Most commonly method currently used

Which element, Na or Cl, has a larger atomic radius? The higher first ionization energy?

Na Cl

What are the characteristics that distinguish the inner planets from the outer planets?

Outer planets: Huge Balls of gas with no surface Smaller Densities Similar atmospheres(hydrogen, helium & methane) Not known by the ancients Spin quickly Orbit the Sun slowly Lots of moons Rings

Is familiar with Historical Geology - Principle of uniformitarianism

Principle of uniformitarianism [It is called the principle of uniformitarianism. The principal of uniformitarianism states that the processes affecting Earth today are the same ones that affected it in the past. For another example, at an active volcano we can observe lava cooling to form layers of basalt.]

Knows how to balance and use simple chemical equations - energy relationships

Radiant energy:Energy from the sun Nuclear energy: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Thermal energy: Energy associated with temperature - Kinetic energy: molecular movement Chemical energy:Energy stored in chemical bonds - Potential energy: Object position *Exothermic Reaction: System gives off heat (Exiting) *Endothermic Reaction: System gains heat (Entering)

If the distance between two masses is doubled, what happens to the gravitational force between the two masses?

So as two objects are separated from each other, the force of gravitational attraction between them also decreases.

What are the correct names for Na_2S, Na_2SO_4, SCl_2, and H_2SO_4?

Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfate Sulfur dichloride Sulfuric acid

theory and key mechanisms of evolution- isolation mechanism and speciation

Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

familiar with astronomy - interactions of the earth-moon-sun system - phases on the moon

The lunar phase or phase of the moon is the shape of the illuminated (sunlit) portion of the Moon as seen by an observer on Earth. The lunar phases change cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth.

What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?

The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms. Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1990s.

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - conservation of mass in the rock cycle

The rock cycle is the process of converting rock between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms. Mass is conserved, meaning the total rock mass never changes, but transformation between different types of rock occurs. Physical and chemical changes are responsible for the transformations.

familiar with astronomy - interactions of the earth-moon-sun system - effect on tides

These are called neap tides. When the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined. At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - waste disposal

Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.

What limitation of Earth-based telescopes has been solved by the Hubble space telescope?

While ground-based observatories are usually located in highly elevated areas with minimal light pollution, they must contend with atmospheric turbulence, which limits the sharpness of images taken from this vantage point. In space, however, telescopes are able to get a clearer shot of everything from exploding stars to other galaxies. Another disadvantage for ground-based telescopes is that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs much of the infrared and ultraviolet light that passes through it. Space telescopes can detect these waves.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - wind

Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space.

Characteristics of vascular and nonvascular plants

Within vascular plants is the phloem, the vessel that transports food, and the xylem, which transports water. Nonvascular plants are small, simple plants without a vascular system.

familiar with astronomy - major features of the universe and theories of its origins - galaxies

a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.

independent variable

a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

Is radioactive dating used to determine relative or absolute age?

absolute age

familiar with astronomy - interactions of the earth-moon-sun system - eclipses

an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination.

What plant structures are involved in sexual reproduction?

asexual reproduction (the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.) sexual reproduction (the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).) sexual morphology (Some species have separate male and female plants, and some have separate male and female flowers on the same plant, but the majority of plants have both male and female parts in the same flower. Some plants change their morphological expression depending on a number of factors like age, time of day, or because of environmental conditions. Plant sexual morphology also varies within different populations of some species.)

Familiarized with periodic table - arrangement in columns and rows

columns are groups/families rows are periods

What are the characteristics of each of Earth's layers?

continental crust:varies in thickness 3.8 billion years old rocky surface, less than 1% of earths volume oceanic crust:solid, created by lava constantly being created and destroyed 200 million years old lithosphere: rigid, brittle, breaks easily consists of crust and upper mantle rocky makes up tectonic plates asthenosphere: weak layer flows like asphalt softens rock, easily deformed mantle: semi-solid rock 80% of earths volume high pressure/ heat outer core: liquid, 3000-5000*C Generates magnetic field inner core: solid due to immense pressure 5000-9000*C Generates magnetic field

2nd law of thermodynamics

entropy changes

processes involved in erosion, weathering, and deposition of Earth's surface material and soil formation - erosion and deposition

erosion [the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.] Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. Wind, ice, and water, as well as sediment flowing via gravity, transport previously eroded sediment, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment. (e.g., agents of erosion[Moving water, wind, gravity, and ice wear away or break up rocks, sediments, and soil from the land's surface.])

Is familiar with Historical Geology - fossil formation and the fossil record

fossil formation[Fossils are formed in a number of different ways, but most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft tissues quickly decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind. Over time sediment builds over the top and hardens into rock.] the fossil record[history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock]

Compare the depletion of mineral resources with that of fossil fuels

fossil fuels take hundreds of years and are being depleted. It seems that some mineral resources can be made which helps make somewhat renewable although there is still concern.

what structures are involved in the uptake and transport of nutrients and water in vascular plants?

from the roots to the leaves, and phloem, which transports sugar molecules, amino acids, and hormones both up and down through the plant.

Explain mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of chromosomes in the parent and the daughter cells

mitosis 1=>2 meiosis 1=>4

Does mass affect the acceleration of a falling object?

nope

What cloud types are generally associated with precipitation?

stratus

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

weathering is the breaking down of the rocks, soil, and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's Atmosphere, biota and waters. Erosion is the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. Erosion can dissolve rock, weakening it or turning it into tiny fragments. the process of Erosion moves bits of rock or soil from one place to another.

basic graph

x= independent variable y= dependent variable

temperature scales

(e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin; comparisons and conversions between the scales) Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin. Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts. F=>C: (F - 32) * 5/9 F=>K: (F - 32) * 5/9 + 273.15 C=>F: (C * 9/5) + 32 C=>K: C + 273.15 K=>F: (K - 273.15) * 9/5 + 32 K=>C: K - 273.15

physic mechanics to analyze motion and forces in a physical situation, periodic motion

(e.g., buoyancy, density, pressure) Periodic motion, in physics, motion repeated in equal intervals of time. Periodic motion is performed, for example, by a rocking chair, a bouncing ball, a vibrating tuning fork, a swing in motion, the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and a water wave.

basic structure of the atom - Applications of radioactivity (e.g., carbon dating, evidence of evolution, medical imaging)/***/

(e.g., carbon dating [a variety of radioactive dating which is applicable only to matter which was once living and presumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, taking in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis.], evidence of evolution [Most of the evidence for evolution comes from the fossil record. Fossils show how much, or how little, organisms have changed over time. One of the problems with the fossil record is that it contains gaps.], medical imaging)

Is familiar with Historical Geology - Geologic time scale

(e.g., eras[A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three such time frames: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic represent the major stages in the macroscopic fossil record.], periods[A geologic period is one of several subdivisions of geologic time enabling cross-referencing of rocks and geologic events from place to place. These periods form elements of a hierarchy of divisions into which geologists have split the Earth's history.])

knows major issues associated with energy production and the management of natural resources - pros and cons of power generation based on various sources

(e.g., fossil, nuclear, water, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal[Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.])

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - common agricultural practices

(e.g., genetically modified crops, use of herbicides and insecticides)

Mendelian inheritance

(e.g., genotype[the genetic constitution of an individual organism.], phenotype[the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.], use of Punnett squares[The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.])

Know key aspects of ecology - Ecosystems - stability and disturbances

(e.g., glaciation[the process, condition, or result of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets.], effect of global warming[Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.])

Know key aspects of ecology - population dynamics

(e.g., growth curves[used in statistics to determine the type of growth pattern of the quantity - be it linear, exponential or cubic.]; carrying capacity [the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.]; behavior such as territoriality [Territoriality is the behavior by which an animal lays claim to and defends an area against others of its species, and occasionally members of other species as well. Read more: Territoriality - The Advantages Of Territoriality, Types Of Territories, Defending A Territory - Animals, Animal, Species, and Family, mating systems [Monogamy, Polygamy {Polygyny (1 male) & Polyandry(1 female)}, Promiscuity], social systems [the patterned series of interrelationships existing between individuals, groups, and institutions and forming a whole.])

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - earth's layers

(e.g., lithosphere[the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.], mantle [the part of the earth between the core and the the crust is the mantle.], core [The core is through to be 80% iron, as well as nickel and other dense elements like gold, platinum and uranium. The inner core is solid, but the outer core is a hot liquid. Scientists think that movements of metal, like currents in the oceans, create the magnetic field that surrounds the Earth.])

Is familiar with Historical Geology - important events in Earth's geologic history

(e.g., mass extinctions [Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction. Late Devonian mass extinction. Permian mass extinction. Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction. Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.] Cambrian explosion[The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. This event is sometimes called the "Cambrian Explosion," because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms appears.] ice ages [There have been at least five major ice ages in the earth's past (the Huronian, Cryogenian, Andean-Saharan, Karoo Ice Age and the Quaternary glaciation). The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation)[1] was a glaciation that extended from 2.4 billion years ago (Ga) to 2.1 Ga, during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era. The Cryogenian (pronunciation: /kraɪoʊˈdʒɛniən/, from Greek cryos "cold" and genesis "birth") is a geologic period that lasted from 720 to 635 million years ago. It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran. The Andean-Saharan glaciation occurred during the Paleozoic from 450 Ma to 420 Ma, during the late Ordovician and the Silurian period. The Karoo Ice Age from 360-260 million years ago (Mya) was the second major ice age of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is named after the tillite (Dwyka Group) found in the Karoo region of South Africa (and adjacent areas), where evidence for this ice age was first clearly identified in the 19th century. The Quaternary glaciation, also known as the Pleistocene glaciation or the current ice age, is a series of glacial events separated by interglacial events during the Quaternary period from 2.58 Ma (million years ago) to present] METEOR IMPACTS [End Ordovician, 444 million years ago, 86% of species lost — Graptolite 2-3 cm length Late Devonian, 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost — Trilobite, 5 cm length End Permian, 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost — Tabulate coral, 5 CM End Triassic, 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost — Conodont teeth 1 mm End Cretaceous, 66 million years ago, 76% of all species lost — Ammonite 15 cm length])

knows major issues associated with energy production and the management of natural resources - use of extraction of Earth's resources

(e.g., mining, reclamation, deforestation)

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - exchange with the environment

(e.g., respiratory [Photosynthesis is the opposite of respiration], excretory [Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them. In animals, the main excretory products are carbon dioxide, ammonia (in ammoniotelics), urea (in ureotelics), uric acid (in uricotelics), guanine (in Arachnida) and creatine.], digestive systems[gests (or absorbs) food, the organism's digestive system immediately starts breaking down the food to release the nutrients.])

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - movement and support

(e.g., skeletal and muscular systems)

Know key aspects of ecology - Ecosystems - Energy flow

(e.g., trophic levels[each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.], food webs[a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.])

familiar with astronomy - major features of the universe and theories of its origins - stars and their life cycle

(e.g., types, nebulae, black holes)

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - characteristics of volcanoes

(e.g., types[ three main types of volcano - composite or strato, shield and dome.], lava [Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. The resulting rock after solidification and cooling is also called lava. The molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets, including Earth, and some of their satellites.], eruptions[Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.])

Uptake and transport of nutrients and water (plant organs and systems)

(shoot and root system)

Forms of potential energy

*Gravitational Energy - Energy an object or substance has because of its position. Energy stored in an object's height. The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is stored. *Nuclear Energy - Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. Holds the atom together. The energy that holds the nucleus together. Splitting an atom (fission) releases the stored energy. *Stored Mechanical Energy - Stored in an object by the application of force or tension. Must push or pull on an object. *Chemical Energy - Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. It holds molecules together.In plants photosynthesis breaks down carbon dioxide and water and converts it into chemical energy.

Forms of kinetic energy

*Motion - The movement of objects or substances from one place to another. The faster objects move, the more energy is stored. It takes energy to get an object moving, and energy is released when an object slows down *Electricity - Caused by the movement of electrons. Electricity id delivered by tiny charged particles called electrons, usually moving through a wire. *Radiant Energy - (Light) electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Waves that emit energy. *Sound - Movement of energy through substances in the form of longitudinal/compression waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate. Usually energy in sound is far less than other forms of energy. *Thermal Energy - Is the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances. As an object is heated, its atoms and molecules move and collide faster. The result of the transfer of of thermal energy is called heat. Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth.

how they are used in basic problem solving- hypotheses

*Simple Hypothesis ( is that one in which there exists relationship between two variables one is called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect) *Complex Hypothesis (this predicts the relationship between two or more independsent variables and two or more dependent variables.) *Empirical Hypothesis (a claim whose truth supervenes on a data stream) *Null Hypothesis (the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error) *Alternative Hypothesis (is the hypothesis used in hypothesis testing that is contrary to the null hypothesis) *Logical Hypothesis (is a supposition or proposed explanation madeon the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for furtherinvestigation) *Statistical Hypothesis (is an assumption about a population parameter) *[If...then...because...]

Basic things that make up part of an experiment

*observations, hypotheses, experiments, conclusions, theories models & laws *experimental design, including independent and dependent variables, controls and sources of errors *scientific knowledge **subject to change, consistent with evidence, based on reproductive evidence **includes unifying concepts and processes (e.g., systems, models, constancy and change, equilibrium, form and function)

properties of matter

*solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas *elements, atoms, compounds, molecules, and mixtures occurence and abundance of elements and their isotopes

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - contributions of space technology

*telescopes and space probes with amazing cameras

Knows how to balance and use simple chemical equations - simple stoichiometric calculations involving balance equations

-Balance the equation. -Convert units of a given substance to moles. -Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of substance yielded by the reaction. --Convert moles of wanted substance to desired units.

Knows electricity and magnetism - analyze basic series and parallel electrical circuits

-DC current: unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. -AC current: changes direction periodically. The voltage in AC circuits also periodically reverses because the current changes direction. -Current: a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma. -resistance:the hindrance to the flow of charge. -voltage: an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts. -power: the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy consumed per unit time. -Ohm's law: the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. -Voltage sources:a two terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current. (batteries [DC], generators [AC])

Knows electricity and magnetism - magnetic fields and forces

-Magnetic materials: Image result for Magnetic materials Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. -Magnetic forces:attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles because of their motion. It is the basic force responsible for such effects as the action of electric motors and the attraction of magnets for iron -Magnetic fields: a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. -Electromagnets: a soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding it. (e.g., magnetic poles[each of the points near the extremities of the axis of rotation of the earth or another celestial body where a magnetic needle dips vertically], attractive and repulsive forces)

Understands basic waves and optics - basic optics

-Mirrors: A mirror is an object with at least one polished and therefore reflectivesurface. The most familiar type of mirror is the plane mirror, which has a flat surface.Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified or diminished images or focus light or simply distort the reflected image. -Lenses and their applications: A convex lens is a converging lens. When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens the refracted rays converge at one point called the principal focus. The distance between the principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length. (e.g., the human eye[The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.], microscope [convex lenses], telescope [For this telescope, the lenses are a concave convex (one side curved out and the other curved in) and a plano concave (one flat side and one side curved in). The plano concave lens is used as the "eyepiece" with the plano (flat) side facing the eye.]) -Prisms: A refracting prism is a convenient geometry to illustrate dispersion and the use of the angle of minimum deviation provides a good way to measure the index of refraction of a material. -Fiber optics:The field of fiber optics depends upon the total internal reflection of light rays traveling through tiny optical fibers.

Understands basic waves and optics - basic characteristics and phenomena of sounds

-Pitch:a term used to describe how high or low a note a being played by a musical instrument or sung seems to be. The pitch of a note depends on the frequency of the source of the sound. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), with one vibration per second being equal to one hertz (1 Hz). -frequency: frequency and period are related because each is an inversion of the other. Frequency is a measure of cycles per second, while period is a measure of seconds per cycle. -loudness: the characteristic of a sound that is primarily a psycho-physiological correlate of physical strength (amplitude). -intensity: the power transferred per unit area, where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the energy. -Sound-wave production: Sound waves occur when an object vibrates and transfers that energy into the air or another medium. When a vibrating object moves forward, it compresses the air molecules in front of it, and when it moves backward, it leaves a gap where they can expand or rarefy. The vibration produces many of these compression and rarefaction pairs, which travel away from the source of the vibration through the air. -air vibrations: (damped oscillations) When the object is allowed to oscillate in air it takes a long time to stop, and the amplitude decreases very slowly. -resonance:the reinforcement or prolongation of sound by reflection from a surface or by the synchronous vibration of a neighboring object. (e.g., tuning forks [refraction])

basic structure of the atom - Radioisotopes, radioactive decay, half-life, fusion, and fission

-Radioisotopes:radioactive decay, half-life, fusion, and fission

Knows electricity and magnetism - electrical nature of materials

-electric charges:the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. -electrostatic:relating to stationary electric charges or fields as opposed to electric currents. -attraction: the electric or magnetic force that acts between oppositely charged bodies, tending to draw them together. -repulsion: a force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other, e.g., through having the same magnetic polarity or electric charge. -conductivity: the degree to which a specified material conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current density in the material to the electric field that causes the flow of current. It is the reciprocal of the resistivity. -insulators: (glass, air, plastics, wood) no current flows when electric voltage applied. Electrons are not free to move. -Semi-conductors: (silicon) intermediate between insulators and conductors. Photo conductors: can sustain current if light shines on them. -conductors: (metals) can carry current. Electrons are its carriers. -Insulators: (glass, air, plastics, wood). No current flows when electric voltage applied. Electrons are not free to move.

Knows how to balance and use simple chemical equations - factors that affect reaction rates

-surface area of a solid reactant. -concentration or pressure of a reactant. -temperature. -nature of the reactants. -presence/absence of a catalyst.

physic mechanics of mass, weight, and gravity

/ (characteristics of gravitation (e.g., gravitation attraction, acceleration due to gravity, mass, distance)) (distinguish between mass and weight)

Factors affecting the dissolving process and solubility of substances - polar versus nonpolar solvents and solutes

/ (e.g., like dissolves like)

major cell types

/ (e.g., muscle, nerves, epithelial)

How can fossils be useful to a geologist in correlating the north and south walls of the Grand Canyon?

//** Fossils are the preserved remains of ancient life, such as bones, teeth, wood, and shells. Trace fossils represent the presence or behavior of ancient life, without body parts being present. Footprints, worm burrows, and insect nests are examples of trace fossils.

How many oxygen atoms are in 3 moles of CO_2?

1 molecule of CO2 = 1 C atom + 2 O atom. 1 mole of CO2 = 6.02 x 10*23 CO2 molecules So, 1 mole of CO2 contains (2 x 6.02 x 10*23) O atoms So, 3 moles of CO2 contains (3 x 2 x 6.02 x 10*23) O atoms = 3.61 x 10*24 O atoms. [mass = moles x molar mass. Calculate the mass of 0.25 moles of water. Write the equation: ... moles = mass ÷ molar mass. Calculate the moles in 124.5 g of oxygen gas. Write the equation: ... molar mass = mass ÷ moles. Calculate the molar mass of a pure substance if 1.75 moles of the substance has a mass of 29.792 g.]

Factors affecting the dissolving process and solubility of substances - ionic compounds dissociate into ions in solution

1. Polar: The molecule make up by two or more different elements. the molecule should be asymmetrical. (asymmetrical mean the shape which two sides are different.) Then we should know what is solvent. 2. Solvent: solvent is a liquid that is able to dissolve the solute. If the molecular is a polar and also is a solvent, it should be a polar solvent. If not, it should be a nonpolar solvent. (e.g. electrolytes [Electrolytes are certain nutrients (or chemicals) present in your body that have many important functions — from regulating your heartbeat to allowing your muscles to contract so you can move. The major electrolytes found within the body include calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphate and chloride.])

What is the area, to the correct number of significant figures of a rectangle having a width of 2 cm and a length of 6.7 cm?

10cm^2... would only use one significant figure

1&10^-3 gram is equal to how many kilograms?

1kg

If a sample that initially contains 100 g of a radioactive isotope that has a half-life of 2 days, how much of the isotope remains after 6 days?

2d=50g, 4d=25g, 6d=12.5g

chemical properties/changes

A CHEMICAL CHANGE alters the composition of the original matter. Different elements or compounds are present at the end of the chemical change. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different compounds. For example hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions. This is a chemical property.

Knows the elements of hierarchical classification scheme and the characteristics of the major groups of organisms - Classification schemes

A classification scheme is the product of arranging things into kinds of things (classes) or into groups of classes. In the abstract, the resulting structures are a crucial aspect of metadata, often represented as a hierarchical structure and accompanied by descriptive information of the classes or groups. (e.g., domain[Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya], kingdom [Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera], phylum/division [Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla, Plantae contains about 12, and Fungi contains around 7], class [a taxonomic rank], order [taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes], family [may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks above the rank of genus], genus [a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology], species [a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial])

Why does the sky appear blue when viewed from the surface of Earth?

A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colors because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.

Compare and contrast the causes of cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome

A defect in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis (CF). This gene makes a protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of your body's cells. The most common form of Down syndrome is known as trisomy 21, a condition where individuals have 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46.

What is the relationship between minerals and rocks?

A mineral is a solid, inorganic, naturally-formed substance that has a crystalline structure and specific chemical composition. A rock is a solid, inorganic, naturally-formed substance without a particular atomic structure or chemical composition.

What is a scientific hypothesis?

A scientific hypothesis is the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an "educated guess," based on prior knowledge and observation.

familiar with astronomy - major features of the universe and theories of its origins - units of celestial distance

ASTRONOMICAL UNIT (abbrv. AU) - The astronomical unit is a convenient measure of the scale of the solar system. One astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance from the Sun to Earth. An AU is equivalent to 93 million miles, or 1.5 x 10^8 km (e.g., light-year [a unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance that light travels in one year, which is 9.4607 × 1012 km (nearly 6 trillion miles).]

Describe how clear-cutting of tropical rain forests negatively impacts humans and the environment

About half of the world's tropical forests have been cleared Forests currently cover about 30 percent of the world's land mass Forest loss contributes between 6 percent and 12 percent of annual global carbon dioxide emissions About 36 football fields worth of trees lost every minute... so increase of CO_2 and decreased habitat for animals negatively impacting all.

conservation of matter in chemical systems

According to the law of conservation of matter, matter is neither created nor destroyed, so we must have the same number and type of atoms after the chemical change as were present before the chemical change.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - air and water pollution

Air pollution can cause a variety of lung diseases and other respiratory problems. This chest X ray shows a lung disease called emphysema in the patient's left lung. A variety of things can cause it, including smoking and exposure to air pollution. Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives (in) it. When humans drink polluted water it often has serious effects on their health. Water pollution can also make water unsuited for the desired use.

Who is largely credited with developing the theory of continental drift? Why was the theory initially rejected by many scientists?

Alfred Wegener was the scientist who proposed the Continental Drift Theory in the early twentieth century. Simply put, his hypothesis proposed that the continents had once been joined, and over time had drifted apart. He was only a student...Radical viewpoints threaten the authorities in a discipline. Authorities are expert in the current view of their discipline.

What are the three most common types of radioactive decay?

Alpha Radiation/Decay alpha particle: During Alpha decay an atom spits out two protons and two neutrons from its nucleus. This little bundle is called an "alpha particle." Beta Radiation/Decay beta particle: Remember we said a neutron is a proton with an electron attached? In beta decay a neutron sends its electron packing, literally ejecting it from the nucleus at high speed. The result? That neutron turns into a proton! Gamma Radiation/Decay gamma particle: Gamma rays (remember that term from when we studied the EMS?) is electromagnetic radiation similar to light. Gamma decay does not change the mass or charge of the atom from which it originates. Gamma is often emitted along with alpha or beta particle ejecton.

What is the origin of the astronomical unit?

An Astronomical Unit is the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun. In 2012, the International Astronomical Union defined the distance to be 149,597,870,700 meters. Historical Background: Tycho Brahe estimated the distance between the Sun and the Earth at 8 million kilometers (5 million miles).

physic mechanics of Newton's first law: intertia

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Explain why antibiotics are not prescribed to treat the common cold

Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses like colds, flu, most sore throats, bronchitis, and many sinus and ear infections. Instead, symptom relief might be the best treatment option for viral infections.

Is familiar with how to use standard equipment in the laboratory

Appropriate use of equipment (e.g., thermometers, microscopes, barometers, graduated cylinders, Bunsen burners, balances, pH meters) Basic care, preparation, and maintenance of equipment

cell common human genetic disorders

Autosomal recessive disorders (Cystic fibrosis, Tay-sachs, Sickle-cell disease) Autosomal dominant disorders (Achondroplasia, Polydactyly, Progeria, Huntington's chorea) Sex-linked disorders in humans (Color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hemophilia)

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - internal transport and exchange

Blood and diffusion with capillaries (e.g., circulatory system)

What are the advantages to using DNA analysis over other forms of analysis such as fingerprinting and blood typing to identify individuals during a criminal investigation?

Blood types are common. Fingerprints have to be good and clear with enough markers. DNA is completely unique.

How are the energy and frequency of red light different from the blue light?

Blue light is used most of the times in multiple skin cure procedures as compared to red light Red light laser is cheap as compared to blue light Red light has the lower frequency whereas blue light has more Red light has low energy where blue light has more Red light has bigger wavelength in comparison to blue light

basic structure of the atom - atomic structure including electrons, protons, and neutrons

Bohr and Quantum Mechanical Model

What is the most common isotope of carbon?

C12>C13>C14

What is the effect of the presence of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere?

CFCs affect the ozone layer by destroying ozone molecules. CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are normally stable molecules, but when UV rays strike them, they are broken down. The chlorine atom released from a CFC wreaks havoc on ozone molecules

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - Control systems

CNS & PNS (e.g., nervous system, endocrine system)

When CaCl_2 is dissolved in water, what ions are formed?

Calcium Chloride + Water => Calcium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid Ca[2+]Cl2[-][-] + 2H2[+][+]O[2-] => Ca[2+](OH)2(-)(-) + 2H(+)Cl(-)

Know key aspects of ecology - Ecosystems - biogeochemical cycles

Carbon cycle. Hydrogen cycle. Mercury cycle. Nitrogen cycle. Oxygen cycle. Phosphorus cycle. Sulfur cycle. Water cycle. (e.g., water, nitrogen, and carbon cycles, biotic/abiotic interaction)

basic biochemistry of life in regards to cellular respiration

Cellular respiration uses energy in glucose to make ATP. Aerobic ("oxygen-using") respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. This results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - folding and faulting

Changes in shape and volume occur when stress and strain causes rock to buckle and fracture or crumple into folds. A fold can be defined as a bend in rock that is the response to compressional forces. Folds are most visible in rocks that contain layering. A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes.

If a sample of gas is heated at a constant volume, what will happen to the pressure of the gas?

Charles' Law....the volume is directly proportional to the temperature. Increase the temperature; the volume increases and vice-versa.

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - chemical and physical changes in rocks

Chemical weathering occurs when there are changes in the chemical compositions of the rock or minerals from exposure to the environment. Chemical weathering includes chemical changes that may decompose, dissolve or break down various parts of the rock or other landform. These changes are a result of other minerals and chemicals that seep into rocks, usually in rain water or as gases. Acid rain is a prime cause of chemical weathering. These physical factors include wind, water, sun, ice and temperature changes. This type of weathering does not change the chemical composition of the rock or minerals. An example would be waves crashing against a rocky shoreline, slowly breaking apart the rocks into smaller pieces.

Knows how to balance and use simple chemical equations - use chemical formulas to identify and describe simple chemical reaction equations

Combustion Oxidation (e.g., iron rusting) Neutralization Single or double replacement

Is familiar with solutions and solubility - solution terminology and identification of different types of solutions - concentrations of solutions in terms of molarity

Concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. Concentration of a solution can be given in moles per litre (mol L-1 or mol/L or M). Molarity is the term used to describe a concentration given in moles per litre.

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - continental drift

Continental drift was a theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface. Set forth in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a geophysicist and meteorologist, continental drift also explained why look-alike animal and plant fossils, and similar rock formations, are found on different continents.

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - convection currents in atmosphere, ocean and matel

Cooled dense air sinks, then when its warmed up it rises to be cooled causing a cyclic process.

know chemical bonding and composition of simple chemical compounds

Covalent and ionic bonding Intermolecular attractions such as hydrogen bonding Names of simple chemical compounds (ionic, covalent compounds involving tow elements, acids and bases) Interpret chemical formulas (describe formulas in terms of moles of atoms, percent composition, emipircal/molecular formulas, electron dog at structural formulas)

familiar with astronomy - major features of the universe and theories of its origins - theories of origin

Creation theory: created by a creator, varies by religion (e.g., Big Bang [the universe originated billions of years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density — compare steady state theory.])

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - DNA evidence in criminal investigations

DNA is great, fingerprints common, blood type sucky

basic structure of the atom - Atomic models

Dalton "Billard Ball" Model (just a circle as nucleus was unkown) Thomson "Plum Pudding" Model (with electrons, and a soup of positive charge) Rutherford Model (nucleus in center with electrons orbiting the nucleus) Bohr Model (Varrying electron orbits around nucleus proposed) Quantum Mechanical Model (more accurate, uses complex shapes of orbitals...sometimes called electron clouds)

physic mechanics of momentum with linear and circular motion in one and two dimensions

Description of Motion in One Dimension - Motion is described in terms of displacement (x), time (t), velocity (v), and acceleration (a). Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and the acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Two Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration - Horizontal launch - All the parameters of a horizontal launch can be calculated with the motion equations, assuming a downward acceleration of gravity of 9.8 m/s2. Linear Momentum and Its Conservation - The momentum of an isolated system is a constant. The vector sum of the momenta mv of all the objects of a system cannot be changed by interactions within the system. This puts a strong constraint on the types of motions which can occur in an isolated system. If one part of the system is given a momentum in a given direction, then some other part or parts of the system must simultaneously be given exactly the same momentum in the opposite direction. As far as we can tell, conservation of momentum is an absolute symmetry of nature. That is, we do not know of anything in nature that violates it. Uniform Circular Motion - For circular motion at a constant speed v, the centripetal acceleration of the motion can be derived

Is familiar with solutions and solubility - solution terminology and identification of different types of solutions - dilute and concentrations

Dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent. In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.

Dominant and recessive alleles

Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive. n an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical. Synonyms: recessive Type of: allele, allelomorph. (genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character.

Describe how each type of rock can be changed into the other types of rock.

Due to movements in the crust, rocks are frequently pulled under the surface of the earth, where temperatures increase dramatically the farther they descend. Between 100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the earth's surface, temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks. However, before the melting point is reached, a rock can undergo fundamental changes while in a solid state — morphing from one type to another without melting. An additional factor that can transform rocks is the pressure caused by tons of other rocks pressing down on it from above; heat and pressure usually work together to alter the rocks under the earth's surface. This kind of change, which results from both rising temperature and pressure, is called metamorphism, and the resulting rock is a metamorphic rock.

When a reaction in solution produces energy, what happens to the temperature of the solution?

EXOTHERMIC reaction (energy is released in the form of heat and thus increasing the temp of surrounding)

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - Earth's magnetic field

Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65 gauss).

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - impact on solar radiation on earth and life

Earth's surface also reflects some infrared radiation back into the air. This reflected radiation can be trapped and absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, or re-radiated back to the Earth. This process is called the greenhouse effect.

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - characteristics of earthquakes

Earthquakes [a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.] (e.g., epicenters[the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.], faults[A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes.], tsunamis[a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.])

Familiarized with periodic table - organization

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Order generally coincides with increasing atomic mass. The different rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest energy level an electron in that element occupies (in the unexcited state), according to the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The number of electrons in a period increases as one moves down the periodic table; therefore, as the energy level of the atom increases, the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases. Elements that lie in the same column on the periodic table (called a "group") have identical valance electron configurations and consequently behave in a similar fashion chemically. For instance, all the group 18 elements are inert gases.

familiar with astronomy - major features of the solar system - theories of origin of the solar system

Encounter Hypothesis: One of the earliest theories for the formation of the planets was called the encounter hypothesis. In this scenario, a rogue star passes close to the Sun about 5 billion years ago. Material, in the form of hot gas, is tidally stripped from the Sun and the rogue star. This material fragments into smaller lumps which form the planets. This hypothesis has the advantage of explaining why the planets all revolve in the same direction (from the encounter geometry) and also provides an explanation for why the inner worlds are denser than the outer worlds. Nebular Hypothesis: A second theory is called the nebular hypothesis. In this theory, the whole Solar System starts as a large cloud of gas that contracts under self-gravity. Conservation of angular momentum requires that a rotating disk form with a large concentration at the center (the proto-Sun). Within the disk, planets form. Protoplanet Hypothesis: The current working model for the formation of the Solar System is called the protoplanet hypothesis. It incorporates many of the components of the nebular hypothesis, but adds some new aspects from modern knowledge of fluids and states of matter.

understand safety and emergency procedures in the laboratory

Equipment (e.g., eyewash stations, safety showers) Appropriate student apparel and behavior (e.g., goggles, clothing) Emergency procedures for minor burns and other injuries Emergency procedures for mishaps (e.g., fires, chemical spills) Evacuation procedures

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - Esteuaries and barrier islands

Esteuaries [the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.] barrier islands[a long narrow island lying parallel and close to the mainland, protecting the mainland from erosion and storms.]

physic mechanics of friction

Frictional resistance to the relative motion of two solid objects is usually proportional to the force which presses the surfaces together as well as the roughness of the surfaces. Since it is the force perpendicular or "normal" to the surfaces which affects the frictional resistance, this force is typically called the "normal force" and designated by N.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - greenhouse gases

GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Understands states of matter and phase changes between them - basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of matter

Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions (there is no net loss of total kinetic energy). Gas particles are continuous, rapid, random motion. They therefore possess kinetic energy, which is energy of motion. There are no forces of attraction between gas particles. The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles of the gas. (e.g., pariticles in constant motion, speed and energy of gas particles are related to temperature)

is familiar with the impact of science on public-health issues - medical technologies

Generally has helped (e.g., MRIs, X-rays, radiation therapy)

Methods of heat transfer

Heat can be transferred from one place to another by three methods: conduction in solids, convection of fluids (liquids or gases), and radiation through anything that will allow radiation to pass. The method used to transfer heat is usually the one that is the most efficient.

Factors affecting the dissolving process and solubility of substances - effect of temperature on solubility

Heating up the solvent gives the molecules more kinetic energy. The more rapid motion means that the solvent molecules collide with the solute with greater frequency and the collisions occur with more force. Both factors increase the rate at which the solute dissolves. As we will see in the next section, a temperature change not only affects the rate of dissolving, but also affects the amount of solute that dissolves.

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - homeostasis

Homeostasis: the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Is familiar with the historical developments of science and contributions of major historical figures

How many concepts developed over time (e.g. atomic models, genetics, plate tectonics) Key historical figures and their contributions

What is the current flowing through a 10 (upside down U) resistor that is connected in series to a 50 V source?

I=50/10=5

theory and key mechanisms of evolution- mechanisms of evolution

If this is not met: No genetic drift No gene flow No mutation Random mating No natural selection (e.g. natural selection[Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time.], punctuated equilibrium[the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.])

basic structure of the atom - electron arrangements

Image result for electron arrangements In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6.

How are solids different from liquids?

In a liquid the particles are still close together but a little further apart than in a solid. The particles can move around and mix with other particles. Therefore, liquids can change shape to match their container. There is still very little space between particles, so liquids are also difficult to compress.

When a moving object collides with an object at rest, is it possible for both objects to be at rest after the collision?

In collisions between two objects momentum is conserved. Since the initial momentum is not zero, the final momentum is not zero. Both objects cannot be at rest. It is possible for one of the objects to be at rest after the collision.

how they are used in basic problem solving- observations

In science, observation can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - proximity to mountains and oceans

In some areas, mountains block rain, so that one side of a mountain range may be rainy and the other side may be a desert. Much of airborne moisture falls as rain on the windward side of mountains. Oceans and air currents transfer heat to one another. Ocean currents depend on the temperatures of the air, gravity, tides, the salt-content (density) of the water itself, and as always, carbon dioxide levels (in both the water and air).

processes involved in erosion, weathering, and deposition of Earth's surface material and soil formation - runoff infiltration

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is measured in inches per hour or millimeters per hour.

Intermolecular attractions such as....

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules or ions). They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together. ion-ion (stongest) ion-dipole hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole dispersion forces/london dispersoin

Names of simple chemical compounds...

Ionic covalent compounds involving two elements acids and bases exp H_2O_2

Which requires more work: lifting a 100 kg sack a vertical distance of 2 m or lifting a 50 kg sack a vertical distance of 4 m?

It is the same for both (100kg)(2m)=200 (50kg)(4m)=200

Structure and function of leaves, roots and stems

Leaf Structure: A leaf is made of many layers that are sandwiched between two layers of tough skin cells (called the epidermis). The epidermis also secretes a waxy substance called the cuticle. These layers protect the leaf from insects, bacteria, and other pests. Among the epidermal cells are pairs of sausage-shaped guard cells. Each pair of guard cells forms a pore (called stoma; the plural is stomata). Gases enter and exit the leaf through the stomata. Most food production takes place in elongated cells called palisade mesophyll. Gas exchange occurs in the air spaces between the oddly-shaped cells of the spongy mesophyll. Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the plant. Leaf Function: Leaves are the powerhouse of plants. In most plants, leaves are the major site of food production for the plant. Structures within a leaf convert the energy in sunlight into chemical energy that the plant can use as food. Chlorophyll is the molecule in leaves that uses the energy in sunlight to turn water (H2O) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into sugar and oxygen gas (O2). This process is called photosynthesis root's four major functions are 1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) anchoring of the plant body to the ground, and supporting it, 3) storage of food and nutrients, 4) vegetative reproduction and competition with other plants. Roots anchor the plant in the soil. Roots absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. Roots may store food. Roots form a passage way for water and dissolved substances from the root into the stem and also for foods from the stem down into the root. Image result for stem structure and function The stem of the plant connects the roots to the leaves, helping to transport absorbed water and minerals to different parts of the plant. The stem also helps to transport the products of photosynthesis (i.e., sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. -These structures are arranged differently in monocots and dicots.

compare and contrast light waves and sound waves.

Light travels as transverse waves and can travel through a vacuum. Sound travels as longitudinal waves and needs to travel through a solid, liquid or gas: it cannot travel through a vacuum.

What factors in an environment limit the population size of a species?

Limiting factors include a low food supply and lack of space. Limiting factors can lower birth rates, increase death rates, or lead to emigration.

Understands basic waves and optics - basic characteristics and types of waves

Longitudinal wave *s - Movement of the particles are parallel to the motion of the energy. ... Transverse wave *s - movement of the particles are at right angles (perpendicular) to the motion of the energy. ... Surface wave *s - particles travel in a circular motion. Frequency: a hertz (Hz)...1 Hz means that one event repeats once per second amplitude: the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position wavelegth: is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats, and thus the inverse of the spatial frequency. speed:is the rate at which an object covers distance intensity:the average power that travels through a given area as the wave travels through space. The intensity of sound waves is measured using the decibel scale.

familiar with astronomy - major features of the solar system - characteristics of the sun

Mass: 1.98892 x 1030 kg Diameter: 1,391,000 kilometers Radius: 695,500 km Surface gravity of the Sun: 27.94 g Volume of the Sun: 1.412 x 1018 km3 Density of the Sun: 1.622 x 105 kg/m3

effect of thermal energy on matter and the measurements of thermal energy

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, or gas. When a given piece of matter undergoes a state change, thermal energy is either added or removed but the temperature remains constant. When a solid is melted, for example, thermal energy is what causes the bonds within the solid to break apart. The two most common units of measurement for this type of energy are the Joule (J) and the calorie (cal). In modern science, the joule is the SI unit of measurement for energy of all kinds including chemical, thermal and electrical energy. specific heat capacity- the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

basic cell reproduction with cell cycle

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell

Understands states of matter and phase changes between them - phase changes

Melting/freezing Vaporization/condensation Sublimation Heating/cooling curves

familiar with astronomy - major features of the solar system - characteristics of planets

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It orbits the Sun quickly, once every 88 days. It rotates slowly, however, only once every 59 days. Mercury is small, about 4850 kilometers (~3000 miles) in diameter. Because Mercury is so close to the Sun, the side of its surface that faces the Sun is very hot, ~800oK. The surface of Mercury is gray to orange in color, and is covered with craters. Mercury is named for a mythical god who ran very fast. Venus, the second planet away from the Sun, is Earth's closest neighbor. It is about the same size as the Earth, a little over 12,000 kilometers (7300 miles) in diameter. Venus has a very thick atmosphere, composed largely of sulphuric acid and CO2. We could not breathe on Venus, because the atmosphere would be very toxic to humans. This atmosphere gives Venus a brownish-yellow color. It also traps heat (the greenhouse effect) making the surface of Venus the hottest in the Solar System, about 900oK. Venus rotates very slowly, taking 243 days to complete one turn. It is named for the Roman goddess of love. Earth is a little more than 12,000 kilometers in diameter. It differs from the other planets because it has liquid water on its surface, maintains life, and has active plate movement. It rotates on its axis every 24 hours (a day) and revolves around the Sun every 365 days (a year). The Earth has one moon. Mars is a little more than half the size of the Earth, having a diameter of 6,790 kilometers. It takes Mars 687 days to revolve once around the Sun. It rotates at about the same speed as the Earth, taking 24.6 hours. Mars has a very thin atmosphere which is composed largely of CO2. Its surface is very cold, and is covered with craters, volcanoes, and large canyons. Mars is reddish in color. Mars has two small moons. It is named for the Roman god of war. Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,980 kilometers, more than 11 times wider than the Earth. Jupiter orbits the Sun once every 12 years. It rotates very fast, in 9 hours and 19 minutes.. Its surface is made up of gas (mostly hydrogen), so that if you landed on the surface you would sink into it. Jupiter probably has a core of metallic hydrogen and rock, although evidence for this is theoretical. The outer gaseous part of Jupiter is broken into bands of white, yellow, red, and brown clouds. Jupiter has 4 rings mainly composed of dust. Huge oval-shaped storms also occur on the surface. Jupiter has 67 known satellites (as of 2016) including the four large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede) plus many more small ones some of which have not yet been named. Jupiter is named for the Roman supreme god of heaven. Saturn is well known for its system of three rings. It is a large planet: at 120,536 kilometers it is only a little smaller than Jupiter. It revolves around the Sun in 12 years, and rotates a little more than 10 hours. Like Jupiter, Saturn is composed of mostly gas, and has a core composed of rock and metallic hydrogen. The surface of Saturn looks banded, and has a brown-yellow, butterscotch color. Saturn's rings are probably composed of small particles of ice and rock. Saturn has 62 moons (as of 2016). It is named for the Roman god of agriculture. Uranus is 51,118 kilometers in diameter, about 4.4 times the size of the Earth. It revolves around the Sun slowly, taking 84 years to complete one orbit. It rotates in about 17 hours. It is covered by a thick layer of gas, and has a fairly uniform blue-green color. Uranus has 27 moons (as of 2016) and is surrounded by a system of nine rings. It is named for another Roman god, the grandfather of Jupiter Neptune is slightly smaller than Uranus, with a diameter of 49,500 kilometers. It circles the Sun once every 165 years, and rotates in 16 hours. Its atmosphere appears blue , and is marked by large dark blue storm systems. It is surrounded by a system of five rings and at least 14 moons. Neptune is named for the Roman god of the ocean. Pluto in 2006 was renamed as a dwarf planet. It has an eccentric, oval-shaped orbit, which is tilted with respect to the rest of the Solar System. Pluto revolves around the Sun in 248 years, and rotates in a period of 6.4 days. Pluto is probably composed of rock. Its surface and color are unknown. It has one large moon that is almost like a twin with 2 smaller moons. Pluto is named for the Roman god of outer darkness. (e.g., composition, unique features)

Describe how to prepare 500 mL of 3 M NaCl solution. What safety precausions should be taken when preparing this solution?

Molarity = mol NaCl / L of solution mol = M x L = 3.00 mol/L x 0.500 L = 1.50 mol NaCl 1.50 mol NaCl x (58.5 g / 1 mol ) = 87.8 g NaCl Dissolve 87.8 g of NaCl in enough water to make 500 mL of solution.

What are the major components of the human digestive system and their functions?

Mouth The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use. Esophagus Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach. Stomach The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine. Small intestine Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also is at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon. Pancreas The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar. Liver The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. In addition, the liver is the body's chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to function. The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs. Gallbladder The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats. Colon (large intestine) The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The appendix is a small tube attached to the cecum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient. Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination. Rectum The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away. Anus The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.

What are the major agents of erosion?

Moving water, wind, gravity, and ice wear away or break up rocks, sediments, and soil from the land's surface.

Which of the following elements will most readily react with chlorine: Na Al or Cs?

Na, alkalimetal

cell chromosomal abnormalities

Numerical Abnormalities: When an individual is missing one of the chromosomes from a pair, the condition is called monosomy. When an individual has more than two chromosomes instead of a pair, the condition is called trisomy. Structural Abnormalities: A chromosome's structure can be altered in several ways. Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Duplications: A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material. Translocations: A portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. There are two main types of translocation. In a reciprocal translocation, segments from two different chromosomes have been exchanged. In a Robertsonian translocation, an entire chromosome has attached to another at the centromere. Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached. As a result, the genetic material is inverted. Rings: A portion of a chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or ring. This can happen with or without loss of genetic material.

How do ocean currents, land forms, and global wind belts affect the climate of a region?

Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface. Landforms affect climate by altering the wind and rate of evaporation, which can cause changes in the temperature, humidity and precipitation of a region. When storm fronts run into landforms, such as mountains or high plateaus, rain clouds are sometimes blocked. Air blowing at the base of the circulation cells, from high pressure to low pressure, creates the global wind belts. The global wind belts are enormous and the winds are relatively steady Where two cells meet, weather can be extreme, particularly at the polar front.

familiar with astronomy - major features of the solar system - structure of the solar sytem

Our solar system consists of one smallish star (the Sun), eight planets, a few billion asteroids and a few more billion comets. Add to that masses of dust and gas, and there you have it. Close to the Sun we have four small, rocky planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - ozone depletion

Ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution, which has many types and causes, Ozone depletion has been pinned down to one major human activity. This causes the ozone to break up and become unable to absorb ultraviolet light. The main molecules that are destroying the ozone layer are called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs. Chlorofluorocarbons are a group of chemicals which are made up of only chlorine, fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen.

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

basic biochemistry of life in regards to photosynthesis

Photosynthesis, process by which green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose. In so doing, photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for virtually all organisms. An extremely important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen, on which most organisms depend. Photosynthesis occurs in green plants, seaweeds, algae, and certain bacteria.

physical properties/changes

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity, and many others. The three states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - global climate and sea level change

Polar + Polar solvent = Soluble Polar + Non-polar solvent = Insoluble Non-polar + Polar solvent = Insoluble Non-polar + Non-polar solvent = Soluble Ionic + Polar solvent = Soluble Ionic + Non-polar solvent = Insoluble

processes involved in erosion, weathering, and deposition of Earth's surface material and soil formation - porosity and permeability

Porosity is a measure of how much of a rock is open space. This space can be between grains or within cracks or cavities of the rock. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a fluid (water in this case) can move through a porous rock. Soil permeability is the property of the soil to transmit water and air and is one of the most important qualities to consider for fish culture. A pond built in impermeable soil will lose little water through seepage. The more permeable the soil, the greater the seepage.

What energy change occurs to a mass that starts from rest and slides from the top to the bottom of an inclined plane in the absence of friction? What additional energy changes occur when there is friction between the mass and the inclined plane?

Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the object slides down. With friction, some kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy.

Understands basic concepts in acid-base chemistry - chemical and physical properties of acids and bases

Properties. Acids in water solutions exhibit the following common properties: they taste sour; turn litmus paper red; and react with certain metals, such as zinc, to yield hydrogen gas. Bases in water solutions exhibit these common properties: they taste bitter; turn litmus paper blue; and feel slippery.

What are the subunits that compose carbohydrates and proteins?

Proteins - Proteins are amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Generally speaking, a link of amino acids greater than 50 is considered a polypeptide. Groupings of polypeptides make proteins in various forms like primary, secondary, teritiary and quaternary structures. So the most basic subunit of the protein is the amino acid. Carbohydrate subunits are sugars. They usually contain Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen, although there are some exceptions to that rule. The smallest carbohydrate is a monosaccharide and multiple units are polysaccharides.

Is familiar with Historical Geology - Relative and absolute time

Relative time is the physical subdivision of the rocks found in the Earth's geology and the time and order of events they represent. Absolute time is the measurement taken from the same rocks to determine the amount of time that has expired. Absolute space and time is a concept in physics and philosophy about the properties of the universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a preferred frame. (e.g., index fossils[a fossil that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found.], radioactive dating[a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.])

Replication, transcription, and translation

Replication: the action of copying or reproducing something. Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. Translation: In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, following transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is a part of gene expression.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - forms of precipitation

Snow [atmospheric water vapor frozen into ice crystals and falling in light white flakes or lying on the ground as a white layer.] Freezing rain is the name given to rain that falls when surface temperatures are below freezing. Unlike sleet, a mixture of rain and snow, ice pellets, or hail, freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets. Hail [pellets of frozen rain that fall in showers from cumulonimbus clouds.] Rain [moisture condensed from the atmosphere that falls visibly in separate drops.]

processes involved in erosion, weathering, and deposition of Earth's surface material and soil formation - characteristics of soils

Soils are a composition of mineral particles 45% , organic matter 5% , air 25% , and water 25% . Brown earths are fertile and very suitable for agriculture. Their suitability for agriculture are due to their characteristics of good texture, dark colour, and ph value . (e.g., types, soil profile)

What factors affect the rate of dissolving?

Solubility of A Solute Factors that Affect the Rate of Dissolving & Solubility The amount of a solute that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a certain temperature. Factors that Affect the Rate of Dissolving 1. For most solid solutes, the rate of dissolving is greater at a higher temperature.

Is familiar with Historical Geology - Basic principles of striatigraphy

Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles that all geologists use in deciphering the spatial and temporal relationships of rock layers. These laws were developed in the 17th to 19th centuries based upon the work of Niels Steno, James Hutton and William Smith, among others. Stratigraphic laws include the following: 1. Original Horizontality- all sedimentary rocks are originally deposited horizontally. Sedimentary rocks that are no longer horizontal have been tilted from their original position. "Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon." Steno, 1669 For more information refer to Original Horizontality 2. Lateral Continuity- sedimentary rocks are laterally continuous over large areas. A useful way for Wisconsinites to consider this law is to think of snowfalls. As snow falls, it is not limited to the intersection of Main and Division streets, nor UWSP campus, but falls over a larger area such as Central Wisconsin. Sediments also "rain" down in a simialr fashion such that sedimentary layers are laterally continuous over an area similar to, or greater than, Central Wisconsin. "Material forming any stratum were continuous over the surface of the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the way." Steno, 1669 For more information refer to Lateral Continuity 3. Superposition "...at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed." Steno, 1669. Check out the following webpage: Superposition 4. Cross-Cutting Relations "If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum." Steno, 1669. For more information refer to Cross-cutting relations 5. Law of Inclusions- this law states that rock fragments (in another rock) must be older than the rock containing the fragments. Refer to Inclusions. 6.Law of Faunal Succession- This law was developed by William "Strata" Smith who recognized that fossil groups were succeeded by other fossil groups through time. This allowed geologists to develop a fossil stratigraphy and provided a means to correlate rocks throughout the world. (e.g., law of superposition[ a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.])

Interpret chemical formulas...

Sugar describe formulas in terms of moles of atoms - add all so 342.29 g percent composition: the mass of just the element, and the molar mass of the whole compound. Then, you take the molar mass of just the element and divide it by the molar mass of the whole compound, and multiply by 100% empirical formula: (CH_2O)_6 molecular formula: C_6H_12O_6 electron dot and structural formulas

How do the Sun and Moon influence tides?

Sun's Tidal Effect. Even though the Sun is 391 times as far away from the Earth as the Moon, its force on the Earth is about 175 times as large. Yet its tidal effect is smaller than that of the Moon because tides are caused by the difference in gravity field across the Earth.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - composition of Earth's atmosphere

The Earth's atmosphere is composed of the following molecules: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (1%), and then trace amounts of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Lower altitudes also have quantities of water vapor.Dec 24, 2015 (e.g., percent composition of oxygen and nitrogen)

What information about stars and their life cycle can be obtained from a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram?

The H-R diagram can be used by scientists to roughly measure how far away a star cluster is from Earth.

Types and characteristics of rocks, minerals and their formation processes - characteristics of rocks and their formation processes

The Rock Cycle. Like most Earth materials, rocks are created and destroyed in cycles. The rock cycle is a model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes. All rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals from Lava[edit] Lava is on the Earth's surface so it cools quickly compared to magma in Earth. As a result, rocks form quickly and mineral crystals are very small. Rhyolite is one type of rock that is formed when lava cools. (e.g. igneous[having solidified from lava or magma.], metamorphic[denoting rock that has undergone transformation by heat, pressure, or other natural agencies, e.g., in the folding of strata or the nearby intrusion of igneous rocks.], sedimentary rocks[Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place.]; the rock cycle[Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. Rock divisions occur in three major families based on how they formed: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.])

physic mechanics to analyze motion and forces in a physical situation, Newton's 2nd law:

The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - structure of Earth's atmosphere

The atmosphere has 4 layers: the troposphere that we live in near the surface of the earth; the stratosphere that houses the ozone layer; the mesosphere, a colder and lower density layer with about 0.1% of the atmosphere; and the thermosphere, the top layer, where the air is hot but very thin (e.g., troposphere[the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 3.7-6.2 miles (6-10 km), which is the lower boundary of the stratosphere.], stratosphere[the layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 32 miles (50 km) above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesosphere).])

familiar with astronomy - interactions of the earth-moon-sun system - earth's rotation and orbital revolution around the sun

The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million kilometers (92.96 million miles), and a complete orbit occurs every 365.256 days (1 sidereal year), during which time Earth travels 940 million kilometers (584 million miles). Earth's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167. Earth's orbital motion gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1° per day (or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours) eastward as seen from Earth. Earth's orbital speed averages about 30 km/s (108,000 km/h; 67,000 mph), which is fast enough to cover the planet's diameter in seven minutes and the distance to the Moon in four hours.

Structure and function of cell membranes

The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. (e.g., passive transport [Passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.] and active transport [the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.] , osmosis[a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.])

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - properties of water that affect Earth systems

The dissolving power of water is very important for life on Earth. Wherever water goes, it carries dissolved chemicals, minerals, and nutrients that are used to support living things. Because of their polarity, water molecules are strongly attracted to one another, which gives water a high surface tension. Its attraction to polar molecules. High-specific heat. High heat of vaporization. The lower density of ice. High polarity. (e.g., density changes upon freezing[The fact that water expands upon freezing causes icebergs to float. The fact that water reaches a maximum density at about 4°C causes bodies of water to freeze on the top first. Then the further expansion as a part of the phase change keeps the ice floating with some 8% of its mass above the surface.], high heat capacity[Water's high heat capacity is a property caused by hydrogen bonding among water molecules. When heat is absorbed, hydrogen bonds are broken and water molecules can move freely. When the temperature of water decreases, the hydrogen bonds are formed and release a considerable amount of energy.], polar solvent[Polar solvents have large dipole moments (aka "partial charges"); they contain bonds between atoms with very different electronegativities, such as oxygen and hydrogen. Non polar solvents contain bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities, such as carbon and hydrogen (think hydrocarbons, such as gasoline).], hydrogen bonding[Water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with one another. The partial negative charge on the O of one molecule can form a hydrogen bond with the partial positive charge on the hydrogens of other molecules. Water molecules are also attracted to other polar molecules and to ions.])

If the distance between two charges is halved, what happens to the electrostatic force between the two charges?

The electrostatic force is inversely related to the square of the separation distance. So if d is two times smaller, then F is four times larger.

How can a volcanic eruption affect both regional and worldwide climate conditions?

The first is how the weather near an erupting volcano is being affected. The second is how large eruptions will affect the weather/climate around the world. As for the world-wide affects of volcanic eruptions this only happens when there are large explosive eruptions that throw material into the stratosphere.

Types and characteristics of rocks, minerals and their formation processes - characteristics of minerals and their formation processes

The first process, WEATHERING, produces the materials that a sedimentary rock is composed of by mechanical (freezing, thawing) and chemical (dissolution of minerals, formation of new minerals [clays]) interaction between atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth surface rocks. (e.g. classes of minerals [Minerals are classified based on both chemical composition and internal (crystal) structure. Among the major groups are: (1) native elements; (2) sulfides; (3) sulfosalts; (4) oxides and hydroxides; (5) halides; (6) carbonates; (7) nitrates and iodates; (8) phosphates; (9) borates; (10) sulfates; (11) tungstates and molybdates; and (12) silicates.], crystals [a piece of a homogeneous solid substance having a natural geometrically regular form with symmetrically arranged plane faces.], hardness[...that quality in water that is imparted by the presence of dissolved salts, especially calcium sulfate or bicarbonate.])

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - climate zones

The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert. (e.g., trophics, arctic)

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - cloud types and cloud formation

The highest clouds in the atmosphere are cirrocumulus, cirrus, and cirrostratus. (Cumulonimbus clouds can also grow to be very high.) Mid-level clouds include altocumulus and altostratus. +Nimbostratus The lowest clouds in the atmosphere are stratus, cumulus, and stratocumulus. +Cumulonimbus

levels of organization (for cells and organelles)

The highest level of organization for living things is the biosphere; it encompasses all other levels. The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere. (cells[The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.], tissues [any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.], organs[a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.], organ systems [The 11 organ systems of the body are the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, endocrine, urinary/excretory, reproductive and digestive. Although each of your 11 organ systems has a unique function, each organ system also depends, directly or indirectly, on all the others.])

Understands states of matter and phase changes between them - ideal gas laws

The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles' law and Avogadro's Law. The ideal gas law is often written as PV=nRT (e.g., Charles'law: volume is proportional to temperature; Boyle's law: pressure ad volume are inversely proportional)

Describe the size and location of an image formed in a plane mirror

The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that the light rays do not actually come from the image), upright, and of the same shape and size as the object it is reflecting. A virtual image is a copy of an object formed at the location from which the light rays appear to come.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - human activity

The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.

A solute is completely dissolved in a solvent. Is the solution saturated or unsaturated? Can adding more solute help determine if the solution is saturated or unsaturated?

The solvent has not reached its limit and can still dissolve more solute if added to it. For example, if you add a spoon of sugar to a glass full of water, the sugar dissolves completely. The solution is unsaturated. A solution is said to be saturated when a solute is not able to dissolve in the solvent.

energy transformations

There are many different forms of energy such as electrical, thermal, nuclear, mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, and chemical. Because the law of conservation of energy states that energy is always conserved in the universe and simply changes from one form to another, many energy transformations are taking place constantly. e.g. electrical=>thermal with toasters

How are physical changes in a substance different from chemical changes?

There are several differences between a physical and chemical change in matter or substances. A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the substance is. In a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and energy is either given off or absorbed.

How do the Sun and other stars generate their energy?

This reaction, known as nuclear fusion, converts hydrogen atoms into helium. The by-product of nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is a massive volume of energy that gets released and radiates outward toward the surface of the Sun and then into the solar system beyond it.

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - Tides, waves, and currents

Tides[Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water. Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon.] waves[Waves located on the ocean's surface are commonly caused by wind transferring its energy to the water, and big waves, or swells, can travel over long distances. A wave's size depends on wind speed, wind duration, and the area over which the wind is blowing (the fetch).] currents[a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.]

physic mechanics to analyze motion and forces in a physical situation, projectile motion

Time of flight: t= (2v_osinO)/g Maximum height reached: H=(V^2_osin^2O)/(2g) Horizontal range: R= (v^2_osin2O)/g

Considerations when drawing conclusions form data presented in tables, graphs, and charts

Trends in data Relationships between variables Predictions based on data Drawing conclusions based on evidence

Control mechanisms and responses to stimuli (plant organs and systems)

Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a root system . The shoot system consists of two portions: the vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems; and the reproductive parts of the plant, which include flowers and fruits.

familiar with astronomy - contributions of space missions, exploration and technology - remote-sensing devices

Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application of LIDAR. Radiometers and photometers are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma ray and rarely, ultraviolet. (e.g., telescopes [an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing an arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light are collected and focused and the resulting image magnified.], satellites [an artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or moon or another planet in order to collect information or for communication.], space probes [A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that leaves Earth orbit and explores space.])

Understands basic waves and optics - basic wave phenomena

WAVES -Reflection: (bounces off a material) simply a process by which a wave, whether light, sound, infrared, or radio waves, hits an object and bounces off it. -refraction: involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. -diffraction:the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle. -dispersion: These colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism. Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. OPTICS -dispersion: the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. -Absorption:The light wave could be absorbed by the object, in which case its energy is converted to heat. The light wave could be reflected by the object. And the light wave could be transmitted by the object. -transmission:the property of a substance to permit the passage of light, with some or none of the incident light being absorbed in the process. -Interference: a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. -scattering: can be thought of as the deflection of a ray from a straight path, for example by irregularities in the propagation medium, particles, or in the interface between two media. -polarization: a parameter applying to waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillation. Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as gravitational waves and sound waves in solids. -Doppler effect: an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the redshift seen by astronomers

Why do weather systems generally move across the United states from west to east?

Weather can move in any direction. In the United States, weather most often moves west to east, because that is the direction the jet stream blows. The jet stream carries weather systems along with it.

Structure and function of cell organelles

What's found inside a cell. An organelle (think of it as a cell's internal organ) is a membrane bound structure found within a cell. ... These organelles are found in the cytoplasm, a viscous liquid found within the cell membrane that houses the organelles and is the location of most of the action happening in a cell.

How do polarized sunglasses reduce the glare from reflective surfaces, such as the surface of a lake?

When light is reflected from a bright non-metallic surface (e.g. wet roads, smooth surface of water, polished tables etc) suffers partial plane polarization. This means that more of the reflected light is vibrating in one plane than the other.

physic mechanics of physic mechanics of work, energy, and power

Work is closely related to energy. The work-energy principle states that an increase in the kinetic energy of a rigid body is caused by an equal amount of positive work done on the body by the resultant force acting on that body. Energy can exist in many different forms. All forms of energy are either kinetic or potential. The energy associated with motion is called kinetic energy. The energy associated with position is called potential energy. Potential energy is not "stored energy". Energy can be stored in motion just as well as it can be stored in position. power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy consumed per unit time. Having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the SI system, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine.

Understands basic concepts in acid-base chemistry - neutralization

a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in solution.

Know key aspects of ecology - Ecosystems - biomes

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra.

What is a hot spot?

a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.

Understands basic concepts in acid-base chemistry - buffers

a solution that can maintain a nearly constant pH if it is diluted, or if relatively small amounts of strong acids or bases are added. Buffer solutions resist pH changes. A buffer solution is typically made by mixing a weak acid and one of its salts OR mixing a weak base with one of its salts.

physic mechanics to analyze motion and forces in a physical situation, Newton's 3rd law

action-reaction forces: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object.

Know key aspects of ecology - Community Ecology

an assemblage or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area and in a particular time. (e.g., niche [A niche refers to the way in which an organism fits into an ecological community or ecosystem], succession[the observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.], species diversity[the measure of diversity in an ecological community], interspecific relationships such as predator-prey [A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats.] parasitism [the practice of living as a parasite in or on another organism.])

basic structure of the atom - Ions

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

What is the pH of a base?

any pH number less than 7 is considered an acid.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - atmospheric pressure and temperature

atmospheric pressure [the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, which at sea level has a mean value of 101,325 pascals (roughly 14.6959 pounds per square inch).] a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude.

Why is cellular respiration important?

because it provides the energy for living organisms to perform all of the other necessary functions to maintain life. Most single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, do not require much energy and are able to survive on glycolysis and fermentation.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - effect of tilt of Earth's axis on seasons

causes them The Earth's axis is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by 23.45. This tilting is what gives us the four seasons of the year - spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter. Since the axis is tilted, different parts of the globe are oriented towards the Sun at different times of the year.

processes involved in erosion, weathering, and deposition of Earth's surface material and soil formation - chemical and physical (mechanical) weathering

chemical weathering [the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.] physical (mechanical) weathering [Physical weathering is a term used in science that refers to the geological process of rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition. Over time, movements of the Earth and environment can break apart rock formations, causing physical weathering.]

Name a structure that is found in a plant, but not in an animal cell, and describe its function

chloroplasts cell wall centriole [a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.]

What type of simple machine is a wheelbarrow?

compound machines. It consists of 3 simple machines. They are lever, wheel and axle, and inclined plane.

1st law of thermodynamics

conservation of engergy (traingle)U=Q-W so... changes in internal energy is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. *The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.

What type of lens is used in a magnifying glass?

convex

Identify the trophic level for each of the following organisms: coyote, grass, grasshopper, hawk, meadowlark, rabbit, snake, and wildflower. Based on the trophic levels, create a food web. Describe how a drought would affect the ecosystem.

coyote, wildflower, grass, hawk, meadowlark, rabbit (all of them) grasshopper (desert or dune chaparral forest rainforest scrub forest) snake (not tundra) duh.

What affects the buoyant force acting on an object?

density, volume & gravity

Describe the processes that occur at plate boundaries and the landforms that result?

diverge: shield volcanoes, new crust, small volcanoes, ocean ridges converge: Fold Mountains, earthquakes, collision boundary, composite volcanoes, volcanoes, Earthquakes, trench, tsunamis transform: Earthquakes, tsunamis

Describe Watson and Crick's model for DNA structure

double-helix, two strands that are connected by bonds between nitrogen bases that has a spiral shape.

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - Immune systems

duh

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - reproduction and development

duh

Scientific notation and significant figures

e.g. 0.0024= 2.4*10^-3 2500 = 2 sig figs 0.025 = 2 sig figs

basic structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass

e.g. Cl ... 35.45 amu (atomic mass) =17 protons and 18 neutrons others common isotope 37 amu 17 protons and 20 neutrons

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - exps

e.g. batteries, wireless devices, microchips, lasers, and fiber optics

Compare how a mammal and reptile maintain body temperature.

endothermic: (of an animal) dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat. Ectotherm: Any so-called cold-blooded animal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectotherms include the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - water cycle

evaporation[Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase.] condensation[water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.] precipitation [the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution.] runoff [the draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land, a building or structure, etc.]

What are the relative amounts of fresh and salt water on Earth?

freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 71% of the area of the Earth reflect blue light

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - frontal systems, weather maps, storms, and severe weather

frontal systems [ a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena. In surface weather analyses, fronts are depicted using various colored triangles and half-circles, depending on the type of front.] weather maps [a map showing the state of the weather over a large area.] storms [a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.] Severe weather can include hazardous conditions produced by thunderstorms, including damaging winds, tornadoes, large hail, flooding and flash flooding, and winter storms associated with freezing rain, sleet, snow and strong winds.

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - global winds and ocean circulation

global winds [Winds are named by the direction from which they blow. The globe is encircled by six major wind belts, three in each hemisphere. From pole to equator, they are the polar easterlies, the westerlies, and the trade winds.] ocean circulation [ the large scale movement of waters in the ocean basins. Winds drive surface circulation, and the cooling and sinking of waters in the polar regions drive deep circulation. Surface circulation carries the warm upper waters poleward from the tropics.]

knows major issues associated with energy production and the management of natural resources - conservation and recycling

good, styrophone is shit

In the absence of air resistance, what is the only force acting on projectile?

gravity

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - groundwater, water table, wells, and aquifers

groundwater[water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.] water table[the level below which the ground is saturated with water.] wells[a shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water, oil, or gas.] aquifers[a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.]

How much energy is needed to heat 100 g of water at 20 C to a temperature of 30 C?

heat = mass × specific heat × temperature change (100g)(10C)(1.0 cal/gC)=1,000 cal

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - basic meteorology - humidity, dew point, and frost point

humidity [a quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas.] dew point [the temperature at which airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew.] frost point [the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to be deposited on a surface as ice without going through the liquid phase.]

What types of bonding are exhibited by MgO, SO_2, and O_2?

ionic bond polar covalent bond covalent bond

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - island, reef, and atoll formation

island[a piece of land surrounded by water.] reef[a ridge of jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of the sea.] atoll formation[An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef, island, or series of islets. An atoll surrounds a body of water called a lagoon. Sometimes, atolls and lagoons protect a central island. Channels between islets connect a lagoon to the open ocean or sea]

is familiar with the impact of science on public-health issues - biotechnology

knowledge as power (e.g., genetic engineering, in vitro fertilization)

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and river deltas

lakes[a large body of water surrounded by land.] ponds[a small body of still water formed naturally or by hollowing or embanking.] streams[a small, narrow river.] rivers[a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream.] river deltas[a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot transport away the supplied sediment.]

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - latitude, geographical location, and elevation

latitude [the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.] geographical location [a specific physical point on Earth. This is more precise than "area" or "place," often defined by a set of latitude and longitude coordinates.] elevation [height above a given level, especially sea level.]

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - magnetic reversals

magnetic reversal. A change in the Earth's magnetic field resulting in the magnetic north being aligned with the geographic south, and the magnetic south being aligned with the geographic north. Also called geomagnetic reversal.

physics mechanics to analyze motion and forces in a physical situation - inclined planes

make a right triangle going down and use mg sin (angle) or mg cos (angle)

Common units of meaure

meter (m) [distance] kilogram(kg) [mass] second (s) [time] kelvin (K) [temperature] ampere (A) [electric current] mole (mol) [amount of a substance] candela (cd) [luminous intensity]

What are the characteristics of organisms in the kingdom Monera?

mostly unicellular and some organisms that form groups or filaments. These organisms are the simplest prokaryotic cell structures.

Will increasing temperature always increase solubility?

mostly... Notice that substances that are gases at room temperature and pressure become less soluble with increased temperature, and the substances that are solids at room temperature and pressure tend to become more soluble when the temperature rises.

knows major issues associated with energy production and the management of natural resources - renewable and nonrenewable energy resources

nonrenewable is just issues. renewable... control can be an issue.

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - loss of biodiversity

not enough for population => decreased diversity alteration and loss of the habitats pollution climate change over-exploitation of resources introduction of exotic species and genetically modified organisms

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - Earth's shape and size

oblate spheroid - a sphere with a bulge around the equator. Radius: 3,959 mi Mass: 5.972 × 10^24 kg Area: 196.9 million mi² Surface area: 196.9 million mi² Distance from Sun: 92.96 million mi Density: 5.51 g/cm³

list the levels of organization for the human nervous system in order from the simplest to the most complex

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

familiar with the structure and processes of earth's oceans and other bodies of water - polar ice caps, icebergs, and glaciers

polar ice caps[Polar ice caps are dome-shaped sheets of ice found near the North and South Poles. They form because high-latitude polar regions receive less heat from the Sun than other areas on Earth. As a result, average temperatures at the poles can be very cold.] icebergs[Icebergs are pieces of ice that formed on land and float in an ocean or lake. Icebergs come in all shapes and sizes, from ice-cube-sized chunks to ice islands the size of a small country. The term "iceberg" refers to chunks of ice larger than 5 meters (16 feet) across.] glaciers[a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.]

basic cell types

prokaryotes[a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.] eukaryotes [A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.]

What are the roles of gravity and the Sun in the water cycle?

rain

Understands the impact of science and technology on the environment and society - acid rain

rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.

In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. Using a Punnett square, demonstrate how a cross between two plants with purple flowers leads to some offspring with white flower color.

recessive

Lab material safety

safe storage proper and safe disposal (e.g. chemicals, bio-hazards) proper preparation use of equipment such as fume hoods

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - communication satellites

satellites yelling out into space others send back information such as pictures

Is familiar with solutions and solubility - solution terminology and identification of different types of solutions - saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated

saturated: In organic chemistry, a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. unsaturated: An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively. supersaturated: Search Results Supersaturation is a state of a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances. It can also refer to a vapor of a compound that has a higher (partial) pressure than the vapor pressure of that compound.

Earth's basic structure and internal processes - plate tectonics theory and evidence - seismic waves and triangulation

seismic waves [an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means.] triangulation [pic.]

Which circuit has the larger equivalent resistance: a circuit with two 10 (upside down U) resistors connected in parallel or a circuit with two 10 (upside down U) connected in series?

series R_1+R_2 parallel 1/R=1/R_1+1/R_2 series>parallel when the same

Factors affecting the dissolving process and solubility of substances - effect of temperature and particle size on dissolving

size: Surface Area The rate at which a solute dissolves depends upon the size of the solute particles. Dissolving is a surface phenomenon since it depends on solvent molecules colliding with the outer surface of the solute. A given quantity of solute dissolves faster when it is ground into small particles than if it is in the form of a large chunk because more surface area is exposed. The packet of granulated sugar exposes far more surface area to the solvent and dissolves more quickly than the sugar cube. temp: dissolving often better with increased temperature.

is familiar with applications of science and technology in daily life - chemical properties of household products

soap & acid is common

Is familiar with solutions and solubility - solution terminology and identification of different types of solutions - solvent and solute

solvent: The component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount. It is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. solute: A solute is defined as the substance that is dissolved in a solution. For solutions of fluids, the solvent is present in greater amount than the solute. Concentration is a measurement of the amount of solute present in a chemical solution, with respect to the amount of solvent.

DNA structure

sugar phosphate backbone Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine DNA strands are held together by H-bonds b/ween bases on adjacent strands DNA=>DNA or Proteins

familiar with astronomy - interactions of the earth-moon-sun system - effect on seasons

sun going around sun w/ tilting axis causing seasons

Knows basic meteorology and major factors that affect climate and seasons - major factors that affect climate and seasons - natural phenomena

sunrise, weather, fog, thunder, tornadoes; biological processes, decomposition, germination; physical processes, wave propagation, erosion; tidal flow, and natural disasters such as electromagnetic pulses, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. (e.g., volcanic eruptions)

theory and key mechanisms of evolution- supporting evidence

supporting speciation: (e.g., fossil record [Fossil record, history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock], comparative genetics [is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared. The genomic features may include the DNA sequence, genes, gene order, regulatory sequences, and other genomic structural landmarks.], homologous structures [is an example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor. In other words, it's when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related.])

familiar with astronomy - contributions of space missions, exploration and technology - search for life and water on other planets

sustainable potential?

basic cell reproduction with cytokinesis

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Interdisciplinary applications of energy and matter relationships - trophic levels matter cycling and energy flow in ecosystems

trophic levels... energy is decreased as it goes up the triangle, matter is not lost, but more at the bottom with growth. Matter transfer more steadily, but there is a defiant output.

What will happen to the pH of an aqueous solution of HCl when a base such as NaOH is added?

two would neutralize each other as ones a base and the other an acid.

Knows the basic anatomy and physiology of animals, including structure and function of human body systems and the major differences between humans and other animals - response to stimuli and other organismal behavior

up & down

What entropy changes occur when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas?

vaporization phase change (other is melting solid->liquid) Entropy (S) of the universe is always increasing, and is denoted by S.

basic error analysis (e.g., accuracy, precision)

variation from expectation percent error w/ (observed-expected)/expected

Discuss the significance of Darwin's finches

you could see evolution is a short period of time for obvious reasons