Midterm 3

The Casparian Strip blocks which route of water transport. A) Apoplastic route B) Symplastic route C) Transmembrane route

A) Apoplastic route

Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes _______. A) Are more predictable than air temperature changes B) predict moisture availability C) are modified by soil temperature changes D) can reset the biological clock

A) Are more predictable than air temperature changes

The surface area of a plants root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. The extensive surface area of roots is an adaptation associated with ________. A) Contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption B) the internal structure of the vascular tissue and roots C) the storage of nutrients within the root system D) the release of carbon dioxide generated by photosynthesis

A) Contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption

The Sporophyte is _____ A) Diploid B) Haploid C) Same as the Gametophyte

A) Diploid

Which elements are most often the limiting nutrients for plant growth? A) Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus B) nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen C) carbon, sodium, chlorine D) carbon, nitrogen, oxygen E) carbon, potassium, sodium

A) Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Lettuce seeds start germinating when exposed to____ light. A) Red B) Far-red C) Blue D) Green E) They start germinating only under completely dark conditions.

A) Red

Which of the following correctly pairs a flower part with its function? A) Sepals - protect the flower bud B) petals - attract seed dispersing animals C) the stigma - produces nectar D) the carpel - produces pollen

A) Sepals - protect the flower bud

According to the pressure - flow hypothesis of phloem transport, ____________. A) Solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink B) water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed C) the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration D) the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf

A) Solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging −0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of −0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A) The pressure potential of the cells would increase. B) Water would move out of the cells. C) The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. D) Solutes would move out of the cells. E) The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease.

A) The pressure potential of the cells would increase.

How can salt-adapted plants take up water from salty soils? A) They can increase the solute potential in cells B) They can decrease the solute potential in leaves

A) They can increase the solute potential in cells

Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves. This suggests that iron is ________. A) a relatively immobile nutrient in plants B) tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules C) concentrated in the xylem of older leaves D) concentrated in the phloem of older leaves E) found in leghemoglobin and reduces the amount available to new plant parts

A) a relatively immobile nutrient in plants

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be −0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = −0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue C) be in both directions and the concentration of water would remain equal D) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue E) be impossible to determine from the values given here

A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence would refute the long-standing hypothesis that ________. A) falling amyloplasts trigger gravitropism B) starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots C) starch grains block the acid-growth response in roots D) starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots E) starch and downward movement are necessary for thigmotropism

A) falling amyloplasts trigger gravitropism

Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in the life cycle in a flowering plant? A) sporophyte → meiosis → spores → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → zygote B) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → gametophyte → meiosis → sporophyte C) gametophyte → meiosis → gametes → fertilization → sporophyte D) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → gametophyte → meiosis → gametes E) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → fertilization → gametophyte

A) sporophyte → meiosis → spores → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → zygote

Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified ________ used for water storage and spines are modified ________ used for protection. A) stems; leaves B) leaves; leaves C) petioles; leaf blades D) leaf blades; trichomes E) stems; fruits

A) stems; leaves

Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the ______. A) tip of the coleoptile B) elongating cells in the coleoptile C) base of the coleoptile D) cotyledon E) phytochrome in the coleoptile

A) tip of the coleoptile

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 m tall. The nail is about 1.5 m from the ground. 15 years later you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 m. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 3.0 D) 15.0 E) 28.5

B) 1.5

Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre- pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I. sporophyte dominance II. defenses against herbivory III. adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen A) I and II B) II and III C) I and III D) I, II, and III

B) II and III

A tree will likely die if the bark is stripped off around the entire circumference of the tree. Why? A) All of the xylem cells are removed and the tree can no longer conduct water through the trunk. B) Phloem cells will likely be removed and, as a result, sugars would no longer be able to be transported from the leaves down to the roots and the roots would die. C) Oxygen is lethal to the inner wood of tree trunks. D) The apical meristems would also be removed, which would prevent any further growth. E) More than one of the above are correct.

B) Phloem cells will likely be removed and, as a result, sugars would no longer be able to be transported from the leaves down to the roots and the roots would die.

Ca2+ frequently acts as __________ in cells A) light receptor B) Second messenger C) enzyme D) storage compound

B) Second messenger

In the Casparian cell walls are impregnated with which of the following compounds? A) Lignin B) Suberin C) Cellulose D) Starch

B) Suberin

How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell? A) A flaccid cell has higher pressure potential B) a flaccid cell has lower pressure potential C) A flaccid cell has higher solute potential D) a flaccid cell has lower solute potential

B) a flaccid cell has lower pressure potential

Which of the following transmembrane transport mechanisms requires the expenditure of energy? A) Channel B) antiporter C) facilitated diffusion D) aquaporin

B) antiporter

Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants long used by humans a staple foods? A) Genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application

B) artificial selection

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A) Complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) double internal fertilization C) free living gametophytes D) ovules that are not contained within ovaries

B) double internal fertilization

Which of the following treatments would increase the level of the PFR form of phytochrome? A) Exposure to far red light B) exposure to red light C) a long dark period D) Inhibition of protein synthesis E) synthesis of phosphorylating enzymes

B) exposure to red light

Fruits have contributed to the success of angiosperms by ________. A) Nourishing the plants that make them B) facilitating dispersal of seeds C) attracting insects to the pollen inside D) producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat E) producing triploid cells via double fertilization

B) facilitating dispersal of seeds

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably_________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the store shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

B) green algae

Extrafloral nectar A) attracts pollinators B) is not involved in pollination C) is used by aphids and leads to production of honeydew D) is a result of pressure in the xylem

B) is not involved in pollination

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if the _______. A) mineral is a micronutrient B) mineral is very mobile within the plant C) mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis D) mineral is a macro nutrient E) older leaves are in direct sunlight

B) mineral is very mobile within the plant

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

B) mitosis

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ________. A) Comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in sport dispersal B) reduce dehydration C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily D) repel toxic chemicals E) provide nutrients to spores

B) reduce dehydration

Ca2+ frequently acts as _____ in cells. A) light receptor B) second messenger C) enzyme D) Storage compound

B) second messenger

Seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only 1/4 inch of soil is that the ___________. A) seeds do not have an etiolation response B) seeds require light to germinate C) seeds require a higher temperature to germinate D) seeds cannot germinate in waterlogged soils

B) seeds require light to germinate

Before plowing a field, a farmer thought the bare field looked weed-free. Three days after plowing and turning over the soil, he was amazed to see thousands of tiny seedlings. What is the most likely reason for the mass germination of seeds? A) large seeds that needed soil disturbance to germinate B) small seeds that needed light to germinate C) small seeds that were scarified by exposure to the plow D) large seeds that needed exposure to higher levels of oxygen to germinate

B) small seeds that needed light to germinate

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________. A) sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C) Gametophyte is haploid and produces spores D) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes E) spores unite to form a zygote

B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because ________. A) sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypotonic B) sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic C) water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water D) the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water E) sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport

B) sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic

Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because ________. A) sterilized soil kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling B) the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil C) sterilization removes essential nutrients from the soil D) water and mineral uptake are slower when mycorrhizae are present

B) the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil

What are essential nutrients? A) They are only found in large quantities B) they cannot be synthesized by a plant C) they are produced by symbiotic bacteria

B) they cannot be synthesized by a plant

For a plant to initiate chemical responses to herbivory before it is directly attacked by herbivores, ________. A) a plant must have already flowered at least once B) volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived C) systemin must be produced D) the hypersensitive response must be induced

B) volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived

The Sporophyte produces _____ A. Spores via mitosis B. Spores via meiosis

B. Spores via meiosis

Which of these choices best describes alternation of generations? A. The life cycle of plants alternates between parents and offspring. B. The life cycle of plants alternates between a haploid phase that produces gametes and a diploid phase that produces spores. C. The life cycle of plants alternates between winter and summer phases. D. The life cycle of plants alternates between flower producing and non-flower-producing phases.

B. The life cycle of plants alternates between a haploid phase that produces gametes and a diploid phase that produces spores.

Which of these structures represent gametophytes? A. sperm and eggs B. pollen and embryo sacs C. petals and carpels D. ovaries and anthers E. roots, stems, and leaves

B. pollen and embryo sacs

Green Algae are_____ A. Monophyletic B.Paraphyletic C.Polyphyletic D.Not phyletic

B.Paraphyletic

If Wp=0.3 MPa and Ws=-0.45 MPa, the resulting W is _______. A) + 0.75 MPa B) - 0.75 MPa C) -0.15 MPa D) +0.15 MPa E) -0.42 MPa

C) -0.15 MPa

What is the difference between parasitoids and parasites? A) No difference; these terms are synonyms B) Parasitoids are always microbes, parasites can belong to various groups of organisms C) Parasitoids kill their host, parasites generally do not D) parasites kill their host, parasitoids generally do not

C) Parasitoids kill their host, parasites generally do not

Which of the following do have vascular tissue? A) Mosses B) Lichens C) Seed plants D) Green algae

C) Seed plants

A thorn is a modified ___. A) Leaf B) Root C) Stem D) Flower

C) Stem

A major function of magnesium in plants is to _____. A) regenerate phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants B) be a component of DNA and RNA C) be a component of chlorophyll D) be active in Amino acid formation

C) be a component of chlorophyll

Rhizobial bacteria associated with lima bean A) are plant parasitoids B) always increase fitness relevant to plant traits C) can increase or decrease plant fitness depending on the setting

C) can increase or decrease plant fitness depending on the setting

The major function of medicinal compounds in plants is to ________. A) attract pollinators for seed dispersal B) attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits C) defend the plant against herbivores D) defend the plant against microbes

C) defend the plant against herbivores

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are most similar to which kind of cells in animals? A) Somite cells B) ectodermal Cells C) embryonic stem cells D) mesodermal cells

C) embryonic stem cells

Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds. In most eudicots, ________. A) the same thing is true; there is a substantial amount of endosperm B) endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization C) endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons D) endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed

C) endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons

Which of the following signals indicate shade to a plant? A) Light quantity B) blue light C) far red light D) red light

C) far red light

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________. A) mosses B) charophytes (stoneworts) C) ferns D) gymnosperms E) flowering plants

C) ferns

Rhizobium bacteria are found in the roots of plants such as legumes (e.g., peas and beans). These bacteria _____. A) help legumes absorb more water from the soil B) help legumes exclude sodium and toxic heavy metals from entering their roots C) form nodules where nitrogen fixation can occur D) are responsible for major diseases, including leaf rot disease in legumes

C) form nodules where nitrogen fixation can occur

Water potential can be thought of as the tendency for water to move from one place to another. In plants it is made up mainly of solute potential and pressure potential. Hypothetical plant cells A and B are adjacent to each other. The solute potential of Selle is -0.35 MPa, and its pressure potential is +0.15 MPa. the solute potential of cell B is -0.30 MPa, and its pressure potential is +0.05 MPa. In which direction will net water movement occur? A) Neither; cells A and B are in equilibrium with each other B) from cell B to cell A C) from cell A to cell B

C) from cell A to cell B

In plants, micronutrients ________. A) are required in relatively large amounts B) are required only during germination of seeds C) generally help in catalytic functions in the plant D) are required only during flowering

C) generally help in catalytic functions in the plant

Root hairs are most important to plants because they _____. A) anchor a plant in the soil B) store starches C) increase the surface area for absorption D) contain xylem tissue

C) increase the surface area for absorption

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as A) perennial B) weedy C) indeterminate D) derivative E) primary

C) indeterminate

Indirect plant defenses differ from direct plant defenses as they ___________. A) only target generalists and not specialists B) are expressed in floral structures and not leaves C) involve a third trophic level such as predatory mites or wasps D) only affect night active herbivores

C) involve a third trophic level such as predatory mites or wasps

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A) contains chloroplasts B) is multicellular C) is surrounded by a cuticle D) does not contain vascular tissue E) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

C) is surrounded by a cuticle

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A) It is probably a herbaceous eudicot B) it is probably a moss C) it is probably a monocot D) it is probably a protist

C) it is probably a monocot

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? A) root cortical cells B) root xylem vessels C) leaf air spaces D) leaf mesophyll cells

C) leaf air spaces

Compared to pure water the water potential inside a cell is _____. A) positive B) neutral C) negative

C) negative

Compared to soil, the water potential of air (on a dry summer day) is _____. A) positive B) neutral C) negative

C) negative

Irrigation reduces soil quality, but rains usually do not. Why? A) Rains deliver less water to soil than irrigation does B) water used for irrigation contains fertilizer and pesticides that affect soil quality C) rain water contains lower amounts of salt D) the fast water flow during irrigation removes organic material from soil E) the fast water flow during rains is able to remove toxic materials from topsoil

C) rain water contains lower amounts of salt

Trichomes________. A) absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves B) open and close for gas exchange C) repel or trap insects D) increase water loss from leaves

C) repel or trap insects

Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the ________. A) cuticle B) epidermal trichomes C) stoma D) phloem E) walls of guard cells

C) stoma

What drives the flow of water through the xylem? A) passive transport by the endodermis B) the number of companion cells in the phloem C) the evaporation of water from the leaves D) active transport by sieve-tube elements E) active transport by tracheid and vessel elements

C) the evaporation of water from the leaves

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests ____________. A) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats B) wind-pollinated plants dominate earth C) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

C) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

Which of the following best explains both the growth of a vine up the trunk of a tree as well as the directional growth of a houseplant toward a window? A) Nastic movement B) taxic movement C) tropism responses D) morphological responses E) acclimation

C) tropism responses

What is the importance of lignin in vascular plants? A. It is a major component of the cuticle, which prevents plants from drying out. B. It forms the outer layer of the pollen grain. C. It forms the tough, rigid cell walls of water-conducting cells. D. It nourishes the embryo in seed plants.

C. It forms the tough, rigid cell walls of water-conducting cells.

Active transport of sucrose in plants at the cellular level requires _________ A) NADP and channel proteins B) xylem membranes and channel proteins C) sodium/potassium pumps and xylem membranes D) ATP, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

D) ATP, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

Which of these choices best describes mycorrhizal relationships? A) They are parasitic, since mycorrhizal fungi cause a variety of plant diseases. B) Mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in plants. C) Plants transfer sugars to mycorrhizal fungi and thus facilitate the growth of these fungi. D) Answers B and C are both correct.

D) Answers B and C are both correct.

What are plasmodesmata? A) Protective structures of cell wall B) Cell organelles containing certain sets of enzymes C) Light receptors D) Cytoplasmatic connections between cells E) Starch containing cloroplasts

D) Cytoplasmatic connections between cells

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to inside of a complete flower? A) Petals - sepals - stamens - carpels B) sepals - stamens - petals - carpels C) spores - gametes - zygote - embryo D) Sepals - petals - stamens - carpels E) male gametophyte - female gametophyte - sepals - petals

D) Sepals - petals - stamens - carpels

An aphid attaches itself to the surface of a stem and pierces the stem with its mouthpart, called a stylet. A droplet of clear, sugary liquid exudes from the back end of the aphid. How can this be explained? A) The aphid's stylet has tapped into xylem, and pressure from the xylem forced water out of the aphid's body. B) The aphid is extracting water from the vascular tissue in the stem. C) The aphid is extracting sugar water from the xylem. D) The aphid's stylet has tapped into phloem, and the pressure from the phloem forced sugar water out of the aphid's body.

D) The aphid's stylet has tapped into phloem, and the pressure from the phloem forced sugar water out of the aphid's body.

Plant hormones ______________. A) naturally exist in very large amounts in plants B) change their shape in response to stimulus C) are unable to move from one cell to another D) affect only cells with the appropriate receptor

D) affect only cells with the appropriate receptor

A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because ________. A) auxin migrates to the lower part of the stem due to gravity B) there is more auxin on the light side of the stem C) auxin is destroyed more quickly on the dark side of the stem D) auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem E) gibberellins produced at the stem tip cause phototropism

D) auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem

Nitrogen fixation is a process that ________. A) recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials B) converts ammonia to ammonium C) releases nitrate from the rock substrate D) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia E) recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials and converts ammonia to ammonium

D) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia

Which of the following describes secondary growth? A) growth in height B) development of leaves and flowers C) growth of herbaceous tissue D) development of wood and bark E) development of fruit

D) development of wood and bark

The dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by ________. A) gibberellins B) cytokinins C) auxins D) ethylene E) carbon dioxide concentration

D) ethylene

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of ________. A) increased turgor and increased growth B) sucrose transport and increased growth C) evaporative cooling and increased turgor D) evaporative cooling and mineral transport

D) evaporative cooling and mineral transport

Which of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant growth? A) Measure the amount of the element stored in plant tissues B) grow plants in soil deficient in the element and note whether or not the plants are healthy C) measure the amount of the element in the soil after plant growth D) grow plants using hydroponics with and without the element and measure plant growth and health

D) grow plants using hydroponics with and without the element and measure plant growth and health

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores

D) haploid spores

A potato is a type of _______ known as a _________. A) modified root; pneumatophore B) root; lateral root C) modified stem; stolon D) modified stem; tuber

D) modified stem; tuber

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and I just small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plants supply of _______. A) energy B) carbohydrates C) lipids and steroids D) nitrogen and other minerals E) water

D) nitrogen and other minerals

Which of the following statements about double fertilization in angiosperms is correct? A) Two sperm combine with a polar nucleus to form endosperm B) two pollen grains combine with two ovules to form the zygote and endosperm C) one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form a zygote, and one sperm combines with the egg to form endosperm D) one sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm

D) one sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm

Epiphytes are ________. A) Arial vines common in tropical regions B)Haustoria used for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap C) plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen D) plants that grow on other plans but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

D) plants that grow on other plans but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because _________. A) They have large central vacuole's, which provide abundant space for storage of incoming water B) the composition of their plasma membranes differs from that of animal cell plasma membrane's in a way that provides much greater strength C) they have cell walls, which prevents the entry of water by osmosis D) they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water

D) they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water

What happens when double fertilization occurs? A. Two zygotes are formed, but only one survives. B. Two sperm fertilize the egg, forming a triploid zygote. C. One sperm fertilizes the egg, while another sperm fuses with the polar nuclei. D. One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other two sperm fuse with a polar nucleus.

D. One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other two sperm fuse with a polar nucleus.

Biologists have long hypothesized that green algae are closely related to plants. Why? A) Their chloroplast structure is the same B) Their thylakoid arrangements are similar C) Their cell walls are similar in structure and composition D) Their chloroplasts synthesize starch as a storage product E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Which quality of light results in bending of coleoptiles? A) Red B) Green C) Blue D) White E) Blue and white

E) Blue and white

Most of the dry mass of a plant is derived from ______. A) NO3- and CO2 B) K+ and CO2 C) PO4 and K+ D) H2O and K+ E) H2O and CO2

E) H2O and CO2

What important role does the endodermis play in roots? A) It increases surface area to facilitate the absorption of as much water from the soil as possible. C) It provides the oxygen needed for root growth. D) It actively transports toxins from the soil into the root cortex. E) It acts as a selective filter and prevents certain ions and toxins from entering the xylem.

E) It acts as a selective filter and prevents certain ions and toxins from entering the xylem

Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings? A) ethylene B) abscisic acid C) cytokinins D) gibberellins E) auxins

E) auxins

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? A) potato B) lettuce C) radish D) celery E) green beans

E) green beans

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high- quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8—25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability B) poor sporophyte fertility C) failure to produce fertile ovules D) failure to produce pollen E) pollination failure

E) pollination failure

Which type of modified stems grow horizontally belowground and produce new plants at nodes? A) blades B) tubers C) stolons D) thorns E) rhizomes

E) rhizomes

Which of the following cells primarily transport sugar over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

E) sieve-tube elements

You find an undescribed plant. It has small, free-living gametophytes and large, longer-lived sporophytes. You also observe that dispersal is carried out using spores. You thus conclude that your discovery is a _____. A. gymnosperm B. angiosperm C. non-vascular plant D. seed plant E. seedless vascular plant

E. seedless vascular plant