Midterm 428

Current research in Cannabis plant genomics have identified which of the following Cannabis lineages? A. All of the above B. European hemp C. Broad leaf drug types D. Narrow leaf drug types

A. All of the above

The two main endocannabinoid receptors are called A. CB1 and CB2 B. 5-HT1a and 5-HT1b C. GABAa and GABAb D. None of the above

A. CB1 and CB2

Which type of endocannabinoid receptor is located primarily in the PNS, naturally serves immune functions, and has neuro-protective effects? A. CB2 B. CB1

A. CB2

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant in the family A. Cannabaceae B. Plantae C. Magnoliopsida D. None of the above

A. Cannabaceae

The term refers not only to the chemical substances isolated from the Cannabis plant, but also to their transformation products and synthetics derivatives. A. Cannabinoids B. Phytocannabioids

A. Cannabinoids

Which of the following is a key neuroprotective effect of the phytocannabinoids at CB2 receptors? A. Control of glial influences B. Increased glutamate activity

A. Control of glial influences

Which of the following is NOT a component of the forebrain? A. Limbic system B. Cerebral cortex C. Cerebellum D. Basal Ganglia

C. Cerebellum

A plot of the magnitude of the effect of a drug relative to the amount of drug administered (in mg/kg body weight) is called a A. Drug plot B. Margin of safety C. Dose-response curve D. Margin of pleasure

C. Dose-response curve

Cannabis is composed of all of the following EXCEPT? A. Phytocannabinoids B. Flavonoids C. Endocannabinoids D. Terpenes

C. Endocannabinoids

Reported effects of CBD from pre-clinical studies include all of the following EXCEPT? A. Decreases anxiety B. Anti-inflammatory C. Increases seizures D. Anti-oxidant

C. Increases seizures

CB2 receptors are expressed mainly in non-neural cells, such as the spleen and GI tract. True False

False

CBD has high affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors. True False

False

Marijuana is a legitimate scientific term for Cannabis. True False

False

Most natural ligands are antagonists. True False

False

Only Cannabis plants contain terpenes. True False

False

Scientists agree that Cannabis Indica and Cannabis Sativa are two distinct species. True False

False

Both phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids bind with non-cannabinoid receptors. True False

True

Drugs interact with the same receptors as neurotransmitters. True False

True

Due to years of cross cultivation, all of today's Cannabis plants are considered hybrids. True False

True

Most drugs have multiple effects and multiple sites of action in the nervous system. True False

True

Phytocannabinoids improve blood supply to injured brain areas. True False

True

Pre-clinical work suggests manipulation of the endocannabinoids may constitute an novel treatment modality against inflammatory disorders. True False

True

THC can both activate and block CB1 and CB2 receptors. True False

True

The expression pattern of CB1 receptors in the brain mimics the known effects of cannabis. True False

True

The phytocannabinoids share the same biosynthetic pathway. True False

True

When_______behavioral effects of_______ A. 2-AG, THC B. Anandamide, THC

A. 2-AG, THC

Drugs that mimic the effect a neurotransmitter has on a post-synaptic receptor are called A. Agonists B. Antagonists C. Indirect antagonists D. Receptor blockers

A. Agonists

The most important neuroprotective effects of phytocannabinoids at the CB1 receptor is_______ A. Decrease glutamate excitotoxicity B. Increase glutamate excitotoxicity C. Increase inflammatory cytokines D. Increase vasoconstriction

A. Decrease glutamate excitotoxicity

Which neurotransmitter is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? A. Glutamate B. GABA C. Serotonin D. Dopamine

A. Glutamate

A drug with dose compared to a drug with A. High, Lower, Low B. Low, Lower, High

A. High, Lower, Low

CB1 receptors mediate mostly _________neurotransmitters such as glutamate. actions on the ongoing release of A. Inhibitory B. Excitatory

A. Inhibitory

The most important factor for determining whether a drug reaches the brain is its' A. Lipid solubility B. Electrical charge C. Molecular mass D. Sodium content

A. Lipid solubility

Most drugs are metabolized by enzymes in the A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Stomach D. Gall bladder

A. Liver

Typically, the effects of eating or drinking something that contains phytocannabinoids IS______ and ______compared to smoking cannabis A. Milder, Slower B. Stronger, Faster

A. Milder, Slower

Which of the following was found for tests of edibles from around the country? A. 27% were accurately labeled B. 17% were accurately labeled C. 37% were accurately labeled D. 47% were accurately labeled

B. 17% were accurately labeled

Which endocannabinoid is most abundant in the brain? A. Anandamide B. 2-AG

B. 2-AG

________refers to the readiness and strength with which a drug binds to a receptor. A. Magnetism B. Affinity C. Binding score D. Sensitization

B. Affinity

Which endocannabinoid is an agonist that has high to moderate affinity for CB1 receptors and low affinity for CB2 receptors? A. 2-AG B. Anandamide (AEA)

B. Anandamide (AEA)

Drugs that interact with alternative binding sites and facilitate the opening of ion channels are called A. Indirect agonist B. Direct agonist C. Direct antagonist D. Indirect antagonist

B. Direct agonist

Which enzyme is anandamide broken down by in the presynaptic neuron? A. DAG B. FAAH C. MAGL D. NAPE

B. FAAH

The best drugs have___________ A. Low affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and high affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects. B. High affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and low affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects.

B. High affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and low affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects.

Regulation of GABA neurons by endocannabinoid receptors_______ downstream excitatory activity. causes A. Decreased B. Increased

B. Increased

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor? A. Neurotransmitter flows through a channel in the receptor B. Ions flow through a channel in the receptor

B. Ions flow through a channel in the receptor

To which larger neurotransmitter system does the endocannabinoid system belong? A. Monoamines B. Lipid C. Amino acid D. Peptides

B. Lipid

What type of receptor is located in a cell membrane, binds extracellular substances, and transmits signals from these substances to an intracellular molecule called a G protein? A. lonotropic B. Metabotropic

B. Metabotropic

What type of receptors are CB1 and CB2 recpetors? A. lonotropic B. Metabotropic

B. Metabotropic

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body is called A. Pharmacology B. Pharmacokinetics C. Consumption D. Medication

B. Pharmacokinetics

In the "lock" and "key" analogy, the is the key. A. Neurotransmitter, receptor B. Receptor, neurotransmitter

B. Receptor, neurotransmitter

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of A. The brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves B. The brain and spinal cord C. The brain D. Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

B. The brain and spinal cord

What type of receptor do neurotransmitters open directly? A. Metabotropic B. lonotropic

B. lonotropic

Drugs that block the effect a neurotransmitter has on a post-synaptic receptor are called A. Indirect agonists B. Ligands C. Antagonists D. Receptor blockers

C. Antagonists

Which of the following is not a synthetic cannabinoid? A. Spice B. Dronabinol C. CBD D. Nabiximols

C. CBD

A drug that binds to a post-synaptic receptor site in a different location from the site where the neurotransmitter (natural ligand) binds is considered A. Competitive B. Separate C. Non-competitive D. Unique

C. Non-competitive

What is the common precursor for THC and CBD? A. THA B. CBDA C. Olivetolic acid D. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

C. Olivetolic acid

The junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron, where chemical neurotransmission occurs, is called a A. Dendrite B. Cell body C. Synapse D. Space

C. Synapse

Most drugs that affect behavior affect central nervous system. A. Glial cells B. The ventricles C. Synaptic transmission D. Metabolism

C. Synaptic transmission

The science of naming and classifying plants based on their shared characteristics is called A. Taxidermy B. Plantology C. Taxonomy D. Pharmacology

C. Taxonomy

Which lobe of the cortex is most important for higher level brain functions such as planning and judgement? A. The temporal lobe B. The parietal lobe C. The frontal lobe D. The occipital lobe

C. The frontal lobe

Small resin glands that produce phytocannabinoids, are found on the flowers and leaves of Cannabis plants, and function naturally as a defense mechanism are called A. Bulbs B. Thorns C. Trichomes D. Nodules

C. Trichomes

The CNS is composed of A. 1,000,000,000 B. 1,000,000 C. 100,000,000 D. 100,000,000,000

D. 100,000,000,000

The anti-anxiety effects reported for BD may be due to its' effect on A. GPR55 B. Adenosine C. TRPV1 D. 5HT1a

D. 5HT1a

The electrical signal sent from the cell body to the axon terminals that causes the release of chemical neurotransmitters is called A. Fast potential B. Monopotential C. Postsynaptic potential D. Action potential

D. Action potential

How are THCA and CBDA converted to THC and CBD? A. Combustion B. Heat C. Light D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In what ways can drugs affect synaptic transmission? A. They can serve as precursors for the synthesis of neurotransmitters. B. They can stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. C. They can inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In which of the following functions is the endocannabinoid system involved? A. Pain B. Homeostasis C. Appetite D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Phytocannabinoids may have beneficial effects for which of the following? A. Neurodegenerative disorders B. Stroke C. TBI D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The effect that THC has on cannabinoid receptors depends on which of the following? A. The dose/concentration of THC B. The presence of other drugs C. The presence of enzymes D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following are supporting cells in the CNS? A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Oligodendrocytes D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following brain regions contains CB 1 receptors? A. Cerebral cortex B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following can act as a ligand for a receptor? A. Hormones B. Drugs C. Neurotransmitters D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following effects have been shown for CBD? A. Anti-convulsant B. Neuroprotective C. Anti-inflammatory D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following make up the endocannabinoid system? A. Endocannabinoids B. Receptors C. Enzymes for biosynthesis and degradation D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The most abundant G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPRC) in the brain is A. GABA a B. Glutamate C. CB2 D. CB1

D. CB1

Reported effects of THC from pre-clinical studies include all of the following EXCEPT? A. Increases spasms B. Decreases spasms C. Decreases nausea D. Decreases appetite

D. Decreases appetite

Exogenous chemicals not necessary for normal cellular function that significantly alter the function of some cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses are called A. Lipids B. Enzymes C. Neurotransmitters D. Drugs

D. Drugs

Which if the following is NOT true of the endocannabinoid system? A. Endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand. B. Endocannabinoids are released from the post-synaptic membrane. C. Endocannabinoids regulate the release of other neurotransmitters. D. Endocannabinoids are stored in vesicles.

D. Endocannabinoids are stored in vesicles.

The terms refers to the concept that there is an enhancement of cannabinoid effects I non-cannabinoid compounds such as the terpenes and flavonoids. A. Facilitation effect B. Synergy effect C. Synthesis effect D. Entourage effect

D. Entourage effect

Which of the following interacts with terpenes to give Cannabis odor and flavor? A. Steroids B. Fatty acids C. Phytocannabinoids D. Flavonoids

D. Flavonoids

Important effects of phytocannabinoids at non-cannabinoid receptors include all of the following EXCEPT? A. Improved glutamate homeostasis B. Antioxidant effects C. Decreased oxidative stress D. Increased inflammatory response

D. Increased inflammatory response

Both THC and CBD can act via cannabinoid receptor independent mechanisms. True False

True

Which phytocannabinoid is primarily responsible for the psychedelic effects of cannabis? A. CBD В. тнс

В. тнс