Midterm
Science approach
Tries to answer broader questions on how geography, cognition, map interpretation, and other geospatial issues are relevant to GIS
View the map below. What is the RF (Representative Fraction) of this map?
1:24,000 is the RF in this image
Absolute location (example)
2800 Faucette Boulevard, Raleigh, NC
Examples of spatial cues include distance, proximity, size/area, adjacency, and boundary. Which of the following describes what is meant by a proximity spatial cue?
A feature (lake, river, road) that is nearby, but does not necessarily share a boundary with, the location
Maps can be defined as symbolic _________ of reality.
Abstractions Generalizations Representations
Define GIS
At a minimum mention Geographic Information Systems. Could also be Geospatial Information Science, Geographic Information Science, etc. Some mention of software, hardware, system, tool, service for full credit.
Which of the following describes cognitive (intellectual) space?
Cognition with space that involves thinking with or through the medium of space in the abstract.
Developer approach
Concerned with developing GIS as a technology and software platform
Dynamic map
The type of map is changeable and often requires user interaction.
Reference map
The type of map that represents geographic reality accurately.
Direction
This is always determined relative to a benchmark.
Geography of Life Space
Deciding where to move your body in order to kick, hit, or catch a ball
Which of the following is one the five actions for a geo-spatial thinker?
Define spatial context Examine space/time relationships Determine geographic (Earth) context
Geography of Social Space
Determining the neighborhood where you will focus your search for a new house
Necessary
Direction, legend, sources, scale
Lynch identified five key elements that make up an individual's perception of their city. Please list AND define each of these elements.
Edges, Nodes, Districts, Paths, and Landmarks Path: the way of travel from begin to destination. usually roads or walkways but can be unmarked and less traveled. Node: The convergence of paths. main nodes might be in the center of the city or common area of citizens Landmark: an easily identifiable physical structure. usually along pathways, but do not have to be near a node. Region: an area where a single feature dominates or with a specified frequency. Boundary: The division line between regions or areas considered separate
Please provide one example of an EXTERNAL spatial representation and one example of an INTERNAL spatial representation.
External: maps, diagrams, globes, virtual maps/globes (thinking about and with space) Internal: mental maps, mental images
Geography of Physical Space
Figuring out how far it is between Raleigh and Asheville, NC
Navigation
This is the destination-oriented movement through space.
Distance
This term refers to the separation between locations.
Contextual
Title, projection, date of creation
Selective
Lines, locator maps, insets, index
Name the 5 essentials of GIS
Location, direction, distance, space, navigation
Select the best choice to fill in the blank: _________ is the destination-oriented movement through space.
Navigation
Nominal location (example)
Raleigh, NC
Relative location (example)
Raleigh, NC is about 132 miles northwest of Wilmington, NC
What are the 5 competencies of a GEO-spatial thinker?
Read and Interpret cartographic information Be aware of geographic information and representation through GIS Visually communicate geographic information Describe examples from society Use interfaces
In a geospatial context, how are space and place each defined?
Space is an abstract areas without any specific meaning. Locations have no social connections for humans. The gap or interval between places and objects. Place is a space that has meaning. A location created by human experiences.
Geography of Intellectual Space
Spatialization
Which of the following refers to spatial reasoning?
The ability to structure problems, find answers, and express solutions to those problems through concepts of space and place.
Which definition best describes Geo-Spatial Thinking?
The ability to visualize and interpret location, distance, direction, relationships, movement, and change in space as it relates to the Earth, or within the context of a defined geography
Define Spatial Thinking.
The ability to visualize and interpret location, distance, direction, relationships, movement, and change in space.
Location
The position of an object on the surface of the earth and is commonly expressed in terms of latitude and longitude.
Thematic map
The type of map concerned with showing how one or more geographical aspects is distributed across space.
Name four characteristics of the geographic eye.
Understanding the properties of space, understanding the continuous transforms within space, understanding spatial operations, understanding the scale continuum, understanding coordinate systems, developing sensitivity to patterns, developing graphic literacy, being sensitive to place
We have learned that there are 3 main ways in which maps provide value for problem-solving. List those three map values here:
Way of recording and storing information As a means of analyzing a location's distributions and spatial patterns. Method of presenting information and communicating findings
Application approach
When GIS is used as a tool to answer questions and support decision making
Which of the following is an example of a reference map?
a topographic map of the City of Raleigh.
Coordinate systems are used to do what?
define unique locations on the earth's surface
What are the 3 ways that projections can distort data?
distance, direction (angles), area
Which of the following is not one of Golledge's primitives?
heterogeneity
A tool used to describe how distances in reality translate to distances on a map's surface:
map scale
