Midterm Advanced human growth and development

According to information processing theory, working memory, often called _____________, is that part of the memory system where conscious mental activity occurs. a. Available memory b. Existing memory c. Short-term memory d. Present memory

Short-term memory

______________ consists of relatively consistent basic dispositions inherent in the person that underlie and modulate the expression of activity, reactivity, emotionality, and sociability. a. Temperament b. Amygdala c. Neocortex d. Secondary emotions

Temperament

To master__________, children must understand the relationship between items in a series and be able to draw conclusions based on their understanding of these relationships. a. transivity b. grouping c. reversibility d. seriation

transivity

To be diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, symptoms that cause distress must appear before the age of _______? a. 4 b. 6 c. 5 d. 7

7

____________ developed Cognitive Therapy. a. Albert Ellis b. Aaron Beck c. Fritz Perls d. Gerald Corey

Aaron Beck

Which of Phinney's ethnic identity statuses explains that the adolescent has explored his or her identity and accepts his or her ethnicity? a. Moratorium b. Diffuse status c. Achieved status d. Foreclosed status

Achieved status

Piaget's theory begins with the process of ________, or how the human mind constructs knowledge. a. Accommodation b. Intelligence c. Adaptation d. Assimilate

Adaptation

Peer relationships increase in importance until they become paramount in ________, the period from about 12 to 19 years. a. Adolescence b. Middle Childhood c. Early Childhood d. Toddlerhood

Adolescence

In middle childhood, friends are usually chosen because of their similarity in what? a. Favorite color, class, gender b. Age, gender, and race c. Favorite television program, sporting team, and music d. Proximity, age, and language

Age, gender, and race

___________ developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. a. Albert Ellis b. Fritz Perls c. Gerald Corey d. Sigmund Freud

Albert Ellis

Which neo-freudian believed that each individual has a unique private logic that consists of core assumptions, beliefs, and philosophies about life? a. Alfred Adler b. Harry Stack Sullivan c. Karen Horney d. Carl G. Jung

Alfred Adler

When the infant or adult experiences _______________, the brain directs more blood flow to the hands, preparing the person to defend against the strike of an opponent. a. Happiness b. Sadness c. Anger d. Fear

Anger

___________ is self-starvation and can be life threatening. It is more prevalent in girls than in boys, but is increasing in males a. Bulimia Nervosa b. Anxiety c. Anorexia nervosa d. Dieting

Anorexia nervosa

____________ is a mutual, sustainable bond that forms between two people, most notably between infant and parent. a. Cathexis b. Affection c. Love d. Attachment

Attachment

What parenting style provides structure and direction to the child while still allowing a significant amount of freedom and room for exploration and self-expression? a. Uninvolved Parenting b. Permissive Parenting c. Authoritarian Parenting d. Authoritative Parenting

Authoritative Parenting

In the United States ____________ is generally frowned upon by most parenting advice books and pediatricians. a. Co-Sleeping b. Making a healthy food choice c. Non-family baby sitters d. Dual-sleeping

Co-Sleeping

Infants exposed to _________ are more likely to have a low birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference than non-exposed infants. a. Cocaine b. Caffeine c. Cigarettes d. Antidepressants

Cocaine

_______________ is a process in which adolescents around age 13 and 14 begin to develop ideas about careers based on their ideas about their interests and talents a. Application b. Crystallization c. Implementation d. Specification

Crystallization

________ is factual knowledge that the individual has learned, such as when the Civil War ended. a. Conceptual knowledge b. Procedural knowledge c. Hard knowledge d. Declarative knowledge

Declarative knowledge

What is the most common psychological disturbance that occurs during adolescence? a. Anger b. Social Phobia c. Anxiety d. Depression

Depression

An infant immersed in a pool of water exhibits the __________ by holding his breath and opening his eyes. a. Grasping Reflex b. Sucking Reflex c. Rooting Reflex d. Diving Reflex

Diving Reflex

_______________ is caused by an extra 21st chromosome, which results in cognitive delays and physical abnormalities seen in the facial region a. Down Syndrome b. Klinefelter's Syndrome c. Fragile-X Syndrome d. Turners Syndrome

Down Syndrome

In __________, a college-age student transitions from thinking that facts are facts, and professors must impart these facts to her, to realizing that even these teachers admit they do not know all the answers a. Moral Development b. Dualism Modified c. Ethical Development d. Relativism Discovered

Dualism Modified

Which type of delinquent behavior generally leads to chronic delinquency resulting from inconsistent, harsh parenting practices, hostility toward parents, and deviant behavior by peers? a. Late-onset antisocial behavior b. Early-onset antisocial behavior c. Gang affiliation d. Foul language

Early-onset antisocial behavior

_________________ is a set of interrelated abilities that allow individuals to process information about their own and others' emotions and to use that information to guide their thinking and behavior a. Common Sense b. Emotional intelligence c. Emotional problems d. Emotional regulation

Emotional intelligence

_______________ is the study of the adaptive and evolutionary basis of animal behavior ; it is concerned with studying the behaviors of species that promote their survival. a. Evolution b. Attachment c. Natural Selection d. Ethology

Ethology

The behaviorist perspective of ______________ proposes that language development is based on experience and shaped through operant conditioning. a. F. Skinner b. Christina Ballard c. Aaron Beck d. Ivan Pavlov

F. Skinner

_____________ is a framework for understanding the evolution of how human beings conceptualize God, or a Higher Being, and how the influence of that Higher Being has an impact on core values a. Spiritual development theory b. Religious development theory c. Mindfulness development theory d. Faith Development theory

Faith Development theory

The ___________ stage is characterized by the ability to think more abstractly, which allows adolescents to make logical inferences, hypothesize, and be more analytical. a. Preoperational b. Sensorimoter c. Formal Operational d. Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

A _________ is a group of teens or young adults who spend time together engaging in activities that typically involve violence. a. Gang b. Study group c. Acquaintances d. Clique

Gang

Sandra Bem identifies three distinct lenses that characterize the United States and other Western cultures with regard to gender. ___________ describes our tendency to dichotomize the world of gender into either male or female. a. Gender Polarization b. Androcentrism c. Biological Essentialism

Gender Polarization

______________ is the field of study of how inheritance operates. a. Biology b. Genetics c. Hereditary Disorders d. Inheritance

Genetics

When pressure is put on an infant's palm, he exhibits the __________by clenching his fingers around whatever is pressing on them. a. Rooting reflex b. Sucking reflex c. Diving reflex d. Grasping reflex

Grasping reflex

Hopping, skipping, throwing, catching, galloping, sliding and riding a tricycle are considered what type of skills?

Gross Motor

_______ involves the child's ability to sort objects by various dimensions such as color or shape. a. Transivity b. Seriation c. Reversibility d. Grouping

Grouping

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have both published __________. a. Growth charts b. Protocol standards c. Safety manuals d. Magazines

Growth charts

___________ stressors are expected and unexpected developmental events that occur across time. a. Vertical b. Experiential c. Horizontal d. Longitudinal

Horizontal

____________ are rooted in the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology and embrace a holistic, positive approach to human existence. a. Postmodern theories b. Feminist theories c. Humanistic theories d. Psychoanalytic theories

Humanistic theories

Which Black racial identity developmental stage explains that Black identity is based on appreciation, flexibility, and love instead of a hatred or rejection of others? a. Preencounter b. Internalization c. Internalization-commitment d. Encounter

Internalization

Our communication system of symbols that we call __________includes the four basic components of phonology, semantics, pragmatics, and syntax. a. Language b. Listening c. Talking d. Texting

Language

After about 15 to 30 seconds, meaningful information is transferred from the working memory to the ____________. a. Extended memory b. Saved memory c. Long-term memory d. Locked memory

Long-term memory

An infant or toddler is diagnosed with __________by comparing weight-for-height score with a healthy reference group's score. a. Malnutrition b. Nutrition c. Anxiety d. Depression

Malnutrition

The ability to "think about the thought itself" is called _____________. a. Meta-cognition b. Thinking c. Cognition d. Imagination

Meta-cognition

Individuals in __________, the period from about six to 12 years, begin to think more logically and concretely in the structured educational environment they now inhabit. a. Infancy b. Early Childhood c. Middle childhood d. Prenatal Period

Middle childhood

__________ in a normally developing infant increases gradually throughout the first year and continues slowly and steadily until adolescence. a. Muscle growth b. Teeth c. Humor d. Body Fat

Muscle growth

__________ play is where the child observes other children playing but does not participate. a. Pretend b. Parallel c. Onlooker d. Solitary

Onlooker

_________________ disorder is characterized by hostile, negative behavior, particularly directed toward adults. a. Bi-polar b. Conduct c. Oppositional defiant d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Oppositional defiant

_______________ is strongest during early adolescence when teens may try drinking or smoking or stealing to prove to their peers that they are independent and willing to take risks. a. Serious dating b. Parental supervision c. Peer pressure d. Poor decisions

Peer pressure

In Bowlby's 4-phase model for the development of infant-parent attachment, which phase includes the infant sending signals (crying prompts adults to come closer to the infant, and smiling ensures that the adult will remain close by) to adults so that they will provide comfort and care? a. Phase 1: Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness b. Phase 3: Attachments c. Phase 4: Goal-Corrected Partnerships d. Phase 2: Discriminating Sociability

Phase 1: Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness

Which of Dreikurs' four goals of misbehavior is identified by a child trying to achieve significance by being in control and proving no one can have control over them? a. Revenge b. Inadequacy c. Attention Seeking d. Power

Power

_________ are the organs needed for reproduction a. Official sex characteristics b. Primary sex characteristics c. Visible sex characteristics d. Secondary sex characteristics

Primary sex characteristics

___________relates to skills that have been learned, such as how to play a musical instrument. a. Declarative knowledge b. Procedural knowledge c. Conceptual knowledge d. Hard knowledge

Procedural knowledge

Children with ____________ experience irrational dread related to going to school a. Laziness b. Social phobia c. School phobia d. Separation anxiety

School phobia

Young males and females experience visible physical changes called _________. a. Secondary sex characteristics b. Primary sex characteristics c. Official sex characteristics d. Visible sex characteristics

Secondary sex characteristics

The ability to focus on relevant information and screen out irrelevant information is known as __________ a. Pruning b. Separating c. Forgetting d. Selective Attention

Selective Attention

What refers to the evaluative component of self-concept and appears to be driven by both cognitive development and socialization? a. Self-esteem b. Resilience c. Self-concept d. Self-respect

Self-esteem

_______________ is a process in which adolescents begin to limit their options by learning about specific jobs. a. Application b. Specification c. Crystallization d. Implementation

Specification

________ in males increases their muscle size and bone structure. a. Testosterone b. Hormones c. Estrogen d. Glands

Testosterone

In Adler's definitions of birth order, this child can never be dethroned, tend to be charming and affectionate, skilled at getting what they want, and seem to be manipulative and spoiled. a. The second child b. The only child c. The oldest child d. The youngest child

The youngest child

The period from about two to three years ordinarily is termed __________. a. Infancy b. Toddlerhood c. Early Childhood d. Prenatal Period

Toddlerhood

The _________________ carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus and carries away deoxygenated blood and waste products from the embryo or fetus. a. Amniotic sac b. Umbilical cord c. Embryonic pouch d. Lanugo

Umbilical cord

__________ characterizes the period of life from about 60 to 75 years, when most individuals are nearing the end of their career and launching children, if they have not already done so. a. Old age b. Late adulthood c. Young adulthood d. Middle adulthood

late adulthood

As physical health and cognitive abilities gradually decline, the support of close relationships and the search for life's meaning become quite important in _________. a. late adulthood b. old age c. middle adulthood d. young adulthood

old age

________ is a Latin term that translates as "blank slate" a. a priori b. a posteriori c. alias d. tabula rasa

tabula rasa

_________ is a disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging of the calories by using laxatives, diuretics, over-exercising, or inducing vomiting. a. Anxiety b. Anorexia nervosa c. Bulimia Nervosa d. Dieting

Bulimia Nervosa

________ means that adolescents can develop a hypothesis and test it out, reasoning from general ideas to specific implications. a. Deductive reasoning b. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning c. Real-deductive reasoning d. Fair thinking

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

We refer to monozygotic twins as ________twins and dizygotic twins as __________ twins. a. Identical/fraternal b. Independent/Dependent c. Fraternal/identical d. Dominant/Subtle

Identical/fraternal

Which of James Marcia's four types of identity statuses consist of adolescents not actively exploring many options relative to what they want to do with their lives? a. Identity diffusion b. Foreclosure c. Moratorium period d. Identity achievement

Identity diffusion

Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage that occurs during adolescence and puberty in which individuals explore limits, boundaries, meaning, identity, and goals is: a. Identity vs. isolation b. Role confusion vs. Isolation c. Identity vs. role confusion d. Intimacy vs. isolation

Identity vs. role confusion

Consider the 4 parenting styles, adolescents of _____________ parents are generally left to their own devices and receive very little parental guidance because the parents put their own needs first. a. Ignoring b. Authoritarian c. Authoritative d. Permissive

Ignoring

The belief in _______________ is the reason children tend to blame themselves for parental divorce. a. Immanent justice b. Justification c. Immanent fairness d. Rightness

Immanent justice

Which White racial identity development status explains that individuals replace old misinformation and stereotypes with accurate information with the goal shifting from changing marginalized individuals to change Whites? a. Contact b. Reintegration c. Immersion/emersion d. Disintegration

Immersion/emersion

___________________ can be a reality check in that the job they had fantasized about and planned for may actually not be as glamorous or fulfilling as they thought it would be a. Application b. Specification c. Crystallization d. Implementation

Implementation

_________________ cultures tend to value the needs of the individual, whereas _________________ cultures primarily consider the needs of the group. a. Minority/majority b. Individualistic/collectivistic c. Majority/minority d. Collectivistic/individualistic

Individualistic/collectivistic

_______occurs from birth until about two years, and encompasses great gains in sensorimotor and cognitive development. a. Middle Childhood b. Toddlerhood c. Early Childhood d. Infancy

Infancy

__________ processes refer to changes in how the human body functions across the lifespan. a. Social Ages b. Anabolism c. Catabolism d. Biological aging

Biological aging

_____________ is a deliberate, repeated attempt to harm, offend, or embarrass another person, usually a peer. a. Apologizing b. Social Exclusion c. Neglect d. Bullying

Bullying

A _____ is the smallest independent, yet interdependent structure in the human body. a. Nucleus b. Cell c. Germ d. Ribosome

Cell

Which birthing method involves cutting an opening in the mother's stomach to remove the newborn? a. Natural Childbirth b. Cesarean Delivery c. Lamaze method d. Induced Labor

Cesarean Delivery

Bowlby noticed that children's reaction to parental separation involved moving through stages of protest, despair, and detachment. During which stage do children become increasingly hopeless that the parent will return? a. Despair b. Detachment c. Protest

Despair

_______________ are brain-based impulses that motivate a person to act in a particular way. a. Desires b. Cravings c. Emotions d. Passions

Emotions

An important factor in emotional development is the capacity of the child to experience______________. a. Empathy b. Friendships c. Gratification d. Happiness

Empathy

What is the ability to understand the feelings of others by interpreting signals of distress or pleasure? a. Resourcefulness b. Cruelty c. Common Sense d. Empathy

Empathy

Which biracial identity development stage often yields confusion and guilt about choosing a group to which to belong, which may not fully encompass one's identity or heritage? a. Personal identity b. Enmeshment/denial c. Integration d. Choice of group categorization

Enmeshment/denial

_________________refers to the way in which individuals receive, think about, mentally modify, and remember information. a. Structuring b. Problem solving c. Information processing d. Thinking

Information processing

Which one of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages occurs during the preschool years (3 to 5 years) and is characterized by the child pursuing interests and independent activities? a. Initiative vs. Role Confusion b. Initiative vs. Guilt c. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt d. Industry vs. Inferiority

Initiative vs. Guilt

_______________________ attachment is when the child does not cry at separation but rather continues to play. When the parent returns, the infant actively avoids and ignores the parent but does not resist the mother's efforts at contact. a. Insecure: Anxious-ambivalent attachment b. Secure attachment c. Insecure: Disorganized-disoriented attachment d. Insecure: Anxious-avoidant attachment

Insecure: Anxious-avoidant attachment

_________________is a steady and enduring trait that involves the ability to comprehend stimuli from one's environment using logic and reason to solve problems and produce abstract ideas a. Attitude b. Intelligence c. Temperament d. Emotion

Intelligence

The ability to perceive stimulation from events or objects by using multiple senses simultaneously is called __________________. a. Wide perception b. Intersensory redundancy c. Amodal information d. Intermodal perception

Intermodal perception

In _________the longest lifespan period from about 30 to 60 years of age, many adults either experience career success or reevaluate and change their careers. a. middle adulthood b. early Childhood c. prenatal Period d. middle childhood

Middle adulthood

Freud believed that personality structure consists of the id (governed by pleasure and instinct), superego (governed by society and morality), and ego (_________________). a. Logic and Freedom b. Reality and logic c. Reality and spontaneity d. Logic and spirituality

Reality and logic

________________ is when the mother may experience symptoms involving feelings of insignificance, dejected mood, lack of interest in daily behavior, and a lack of vigor to perform usual duties a. Major Depressive Disorder b. Depression c. Sadness d. Postpartum Depression

Postpartum Depression

_____________ involves the use of language within social context such as asking a question, giving a command, or using a nonverbal cue. a. Morpheme b. Pragmatics c. Phoneme d. Semantics

Pragmatics

_________ focuses on the outcome or completion of a task, whereas _________provides feedback during the activity and stays focused on the child's effort and ingenuity. a. Praise; encouragement b. Admiration; reinforcement c. Niceness; support d. Tribute; reassurance

Praise; encouragement

The preoperational stage is comprised of two substages: (1)__________, ages two through four years, is characterized by exploration and imagination, and (2) the _________ stage, ages four through seven years, is characterized by intuitive thought rather than logic. a. Assimilation; Accommodation b. Preconceptual; Intuitive c. Conceptual; Counter-intuitive d. Wonderment; Estimation

Preconceptual; Intuitive

The ____________occurs from conception until birth, when a tremendous amount of rapid growth and organ development takes place. a. Prenatal period b. Initial Awareness Period c. Infancy Period d. Beginning Growth

Prenatal period

Happiness, joy, anger, sadness, fear, surprise, interest, and disgust are what type of emotions? a. Secondary emotions b. Self-conscious emotions c. Self-evaluative emotions d. Primary emotions

Primary emotions

Which childcare center is a local, independent business that is typically limited in size (e.g., 10-20 children) and available to anyone with the ability to pay the fees? a. Community church centers b. Company centers c. Private day care centers d. Research centers e. Public service centers

Private day care centers

Children who engage in _____________________ do so deliberately. Their behavior is an attempt to obtain a desired goal through coercion. Obtaining the goal reinforces the belief that aggressive behavior is effective. a. Reactive aggression b. Positive aggression c. Proactive aggression d. Negative aggression

Proactive aggression

_________ is the process through which the brain rids itself of unnecessary or redundant cells or cell connections. a. Pruning b. Exception c. Canceling d. Extinction

Pruning

As a college student progresses through ________________, she begins to value opinions that can be strongly supported by facts; most knowledge is contextual, the world is complex, and Truth is not always clearly available. a. Relativism Discovered b. Ethical Development c. Dualism Modified d. Moral Development

Relativism Discovered

____________ may be thought of as a positive outcome or adaptation to challenges and stress, and indeed, many children are challenged by the way that they and others around them think of intelligence. a. Resilience b. Gumption c. Fortitude d. Strength

Resilience

__________of thought, in its simplest form, is the child's ability to mentally undo or reverse an action. a. Reversibility b. Manipulation c. Backwards d. Undo Thinking

Reversibility

According to ________________we progress through a series of age-defined life phases where we attempt to give up the illusions and myths of our childhood. a. Daniel Siegel b. Mark Young c. Carl Rogers d. Roger Gould

Roger Gould

________is the ability to arrange items in order along some quantitative dimension such as height. a. Grouping b. Seriation c. Reversibility d. Transivity

Seriation

The most accurate estimate of an infant's or toddler's physical maturity is obtained by determining ___________. a. Parent's age b. Skeletal age c. Body weight d. Ethnic background

Skeletal age

What component of social awareness allows children to think about themselves and other people and thus plays an important role in the formation of self-image as well as social relationships? a. Perspective taking b. Peer relationships c. Social cognition d. Empathy

Social cognition

Participation in __________ has a positive effect on areas such as communication, cooperation, connection, self-confidence, empathy, and leadership. a. Sports b. Anti-social behavior c. Vandalism d. Video games

Sports

What common defense mechanism means to channel energy from unwanted or unacceptable impulses into more socially appropriate avenues? a. Sublimation b. Denial c. Repression d. Projection

Sublimation

Babies should be placed in the _______ position to sleep to avoid SIDS deaths. a. Side Ways b. Supine c. Pronounced d. Face Down

Supine

During the _________ trimester the fetus will increase in length by another 50% and gain an additional six pounds, resulting in average birth lengths of 16-20 inches and average birth weights of 7 to 9 pounds. a. Second b. First c. Third d. Fourth

Third

Brain development is greatly affected by the environment and experiences of the young child. a. True b. False

True

Play therapy is the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development a. True b. False

True

______________ developed Choice Theory a. Fritz Perls b. Gerald Corey c. William Glasser d. Aaron Beck

William Glasser

____________ memory is where we reason, comprehend and problem solve; it has a limited capacity and short duration of about 20 seconds. a. Working b. Lucid c. Long-term d. Short-Term

Working

In __________, the period from about 19 to 30 years, individuals face the challenges of establishing a career and seeking out intimate relationships. a. late adulthood b. old age c. young adulthood d. middle adulthood

Young adulthood

_______________ is a quieter type of sleep characterized by slower breathing, lower heart rate and less brain activity. a. Rapid Eye Movement b. Waking sleep c. Non-rapid Eye Movement d. A Nap Hide Feedback

c. Non-rapid Eye Movement

Vygotsky's theory is considered a social ___________ theory, wherein knowledge and meaning are constructed through interaction with others. a. experiential b. culture c. leadership d. constructivist

constructivist

According to _______________, learning occurs through observation, imitation, or modeling, and the following conditions must be present in order for modeling to occur: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. social learning theory d. maturation theory

social learning theory

A ____________ is an explosive external presentation of an inner emotional state, usually a mixture of both anger and distress. a. conduct disorder b. temper tantrum c. secure attachment

temper tantrum