MIDTERM DISPENSING
Dispensing
Refers to the pharmacist's function of taking an order, compounding and preparing the drug or medicine of a physician or dentist and the provision of medication advice to the patient or representative of the patient upon delivery of the medication/s.
Individualized System
The pharmacy dispenses drugs separately per patient, according to the medical prescription, to the hospital units
pharmacology and inventory control software
The prescription and the dispensing report are made in the system that may be integrated with
Pharmacist only OTC drugs/ restricted medicines
They are not available for self-selection from the pharmacy shelves, and the sale must be made by a pharmacist.
pharmacists
When selling these medicines,__________ must fulfil some special requirements designed to make sure you are properly informed about the safe and correct use of your medicine.
prescription drug
a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.
Automation using bar codes
allows drugs to be checked when dispensing and administering the drug
Pharmacist only OTC drugs
also known as Restricted medicines
Collective system
also known as the traditional system, is the oldest and most obsolete.
Pharmacist only OTC drugs/ restricted medicines
are a relatively small group of medicines that can be purchased from a pharmacist without a doctor's prescription.
Food supplements
are concentrated sources of nutrients (i.e. mineral and vitamins) or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect that are marketed in "dose" form (e.g. pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses).
OTC drugs
are medications that are safe and effective for use by the general public without seeking treatment by a health professional.
cosmetics
are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance of the face or fragrance and texture of the body.
specific units
are supported by the collective system
Hospital units
are supported partially or completely by the individualized systems
Over - the - counter drugs
drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional.
radiology endoscopy emergency outpatient department
example of specific units
Advil Robitussin Dulcolax
examples of OTC drugs:
indirect system
has a high rate of errors and theft, as failure and omission may take place during transcription and items not present in the original prescription may be added.
Home remedy
is defined as a simply prepared medication or tonic often of unproven effectiveness administered without prescription or professional supervision.
collective dispensing
is easier but not as safe
trend towards the collective rather than the individualized system, favoring drug dispensing by hospital unit rather than per patient dispensing.
main disadvantage of the mixed system:
Home remedy
may or may not have medicinal properties that treat or cure the disease or ailment in question.
Poor quality carbon paper or inadequate pens
may result in prescription copies that are difficult to read
a high rate of medication errors giving twice the dosage giving the wrong drug inappropriate dose and administration routes giving non-prescribed drugs
negative consequence of collective system:
Amoxil (Amoxicillin) Neurontin (Gabapentin) Lipitor (Atorvastatin)
prescription drug examples:
individualized drug-dispensing system
the pharmacy and pharmacists participate more actively on drug-use issues; however, nursing participation and error rates are still high.
carbon paper
the prescription is written over _____________ to produce a copy of the original.
fax from the hospital unit to the pharmacy
this method may generate illegible documents, opening the door for new sources of medication errors and allowing loss of information with time
direct system
where dispensing is based on a copy of the medical prescription (made daily)
indirect system
where drug dispensing is based on a transcription of the medical prescription made by nurses
American Hospital Formulary System (AHFS) United State Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USPDI) United State Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USPNF) Drug Facts and Comparisons Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) Merck Index Merck Manual E - facts software or equivalent Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) Hospital Formulary
A collection of updated references on drug information and dispensing should be made available in the area. Of importance are the latest edition of;
Food supplements
A wide range of nutrients and other ingredients might be present in food supplements, including, but not limited to, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fibre and various plants and herbal extracts.
drugs are readily available at the units, there are fewer requests to the pharmacy, with a corresponding reduction in pharmacy expenses related to human resources and materials.
ADVATANGES OF COLLECTIVE SYSTEM:
Collective system
It implies the establishment of inventory in these units under the nurse's supervision
Collective system
It is characterized by the distribution of drugs per hospital unit/service based on a request by a nurse.
mixed dispensing system
combines the collective and the individualized systems
Collective system
. In this system, drug-related actions are centered on NURSING professionals, and the PHARMACY is merely a drug delivery agent. This system has many facilitating conditions for errors.
mixed system
Hospital units are supported partially or completely by the individualized systems, and specific units (radiology, endoscopy, emergency, outpatient department, among others) are supported by the collective system
Individualized System
In this system, drugs are dispensed per patient, usually for a 24-hour treatment period.
inefficient stock control increased expenses related to drugs.
DISADVANTAGES OF COLLECTIVE SYSTEM
1. Receive and validate the prescription 2. Understand and interpret the prescription 3. Prepare and label items for issue 4. Make a final check 5. Record the action taken 6. Issue medicine to the patient with clear instructions and advice
Dispensing process:
