MIDTERM DISPENSING

Dispensing

Refers to the pharmacist's function of taking an order, compounding and preparing the drug or medicine of a physician or dentist and the provision of medication advice to the patient or representative of the patient upon delivery of the medication/s.

Individualized System

The pharmacy dispenses drugs separately per patient, according to the medical prescription, to the hospital units

pharmacology and inventory control software

The prescription and the dispensing report are made in the system that may be integrated with

Pharmacist only OTC drugs/ restricted medicines

They are not available for self-selection from the pharmacy shelves, and the sale must be made by a pharmacist.

pharmacists

When selling these medicines,__________ must fulfil some special requirements designed to make sure you are properly informed about the safe and correct use of your medicine.

prescription drug

a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.

Automation using bar codes

allows drugs to be checked when dispensing and administering the drug

Pharmacist only OTC drugs

also known as Restricted medicines

Collective system

also known as the traditional system, is the oldest and most obsolete.

Pharmacist only OTC drugs/ restricted medicines

are a relatively small group of medicines that can be purchased from a pharmacist without a doctor's prescription.

Food supplements

are concentrated sources of nutrients (i.e. mineral and vitamins) or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect that are marketed in "dose" form (e.g. pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses).

OTC drugs

are medications that are safe and effective for use by the general public without seeking treatment by a health professional.

cosmetics

are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance of the face or fragrance and texture of the body.

specific units

are supported by the collective system

Hospital units

are supported partially or completely by the individualized systems

Over - the - counter drugs

drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional.

radiology endoscopy emergency outpatient department

example of specific units

Advil Robitussin Dulcolax

examples of OTC drugs:

indirect system

has a high rate of errors and theft, as failure and omission may take place during transcription and items not present in the original prescription may be added.

Home remedy

is defined as a simply prepared medication or tonic often of unproven effectiveness administered without prescription or professional supervision.

collective dispensing

is easier but not as safe

trend towards the collective rather than the individualized system, favoring drug dispensing by hospital unit rather than per patient dispensing.

main disadvantage of the mixed system:

Home remedy

may or may not have medicinal properties that treat or cure the disease or ailment in question.

Poor quality carbon paper or inadequate pens

may result in prescription copies that are difficult to read

a high rate of medication errors giving twice the dosage giving the wrong drug inappropriate dose and administration routes giving non-prescribed drugs

negative consequence of collective system:

Amoxil (Amoxicillin) Neurontin (Gabapentin) Lipitor (Atorvastatin)

prescription drug examples:

individualized drug-dispensing system

the pharmacy and pharmacists participate more actively on drug-use issues; however, nursing participation and error rates are still high.

carbon paper

the prescription is written over _____________ to produce a copy of the original.

fax from the hospital unit to the pharmacy

this method may generate illegible documents, opening the door for new sources of medication errors and allowing loss of information with time

direct system

where dispensing is based on a copy of the medical prescription (made daily)

indirect system

where drug dispensing is based on a transcription of the medical prescription made by nurses

American Hospital Formulary System (AHFS) United State Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USPDI) United State Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USPNF) Drug Facts and Comparisons Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) Merck Index Merck Manual E - facts software or equivalent Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) Hospital Formulary

A collection of updated references on drug information and dispensing should be made available in the area. Of importance are the latest edition of;

Food supplements

A wide range of nutrients and other ingredients might be present in food supplements, including, but not limited to, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fibre and various plants and herbal extracts.

drugs are readily available at the units, there are fewer requests to the pharmacy, with a corresponding reduction in pharmacy expenses related to human resources and materials.

ADVATANGES OF COLLECTIVE SYSTEM:

Collective system

It implies the establishment of inventory in these units under the nurse's supervision

Collective system

It is characterized by the distribution of drugs per hospital unit/service based on a request by a nurse.

mixed dispensing system

combines the collective and the individualized systems

Collective system

. In this system, drug-related actions are centered on NURSING professionals, and the PHARMACY is merely a drug delivery agent. This system has many facilitating conditions for errors.

mixed system

Hospital units are supported partially or completely by the individualized systems, and specific units (radiology, endoscopy, emergency, outpatient department, among others) are supported by the collective system

Individualized System

In this system, drugs are dispensed per patient, usually for a 24-hour treatment period.

inefficient stock control increased expenses related to drugs.

DISADVANTAGES OF COLLECTIVE SYSTEM

1. Receive and validate the prescription 2. Understand and interpret the prescription 3. Prepare and label items for issue 4. Make a final check 5. Record the action taken 6. Issue medicine to the patient with clear instructions and advice

Dispensing process: