Midterm- race, ethnicity, and nationalism
What are the similarities and differences the authors find between the Granjeno Friendship Festival and the 'El Veterano' Conjunto Festival?
"Granjeno Friendship Festival"(conjunto musical event) (military members, veterans, and leaders from community) border wall had done little to curb immigration- recruitment for border patrol. El Veterano- opposed the wall-
Finish the sentence: "Gerstle argues that the connections between ethnicity, race, and nation in the U.S. are the following:...."
"Racial formation- "the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed." The formation of the concept of race. The formation, change in meaning and sometimes disappearance of particular racial categories over historical time. Civic nationalism and racial nationalism- multiculturalism and melting pot-assimilation
Nationalism
"a sense of ethnic community combine with a desire to create and maintain a nation-state in a location where that sense of common destiny can be lived out."
How did the representations of Jews in France compare to the representations of Muslims?
(Jewish people more likely to assimilate)
What is right-wing nationalism? What did Marine LePen, France's foremost right-wing nationalist politician, argue were the primary dangers threatening France?
(anti-immigration) notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism". (racial nationalism. (france for the french)For economic nationalism rather than free trade. Opposed to globalization. Multi-culturalism has failed, leading to the de-Islamisation of French society.
Clash of Civilizations
(ex: of essentialism) Clash of civilizations- a term coined in 1993 (Huntington) Cold War- US aligned (west) vs Soviet Union (bipolar world) Not capitalism or communism- source of conflict is culturally based civilizations. (Western, Orthodox, Islamic, African, Latin American, Sinic, Hindu, Buddhist, and Japanese) The definition is not stable across time. Not based on reality but self- fulfilling prophecy (Scott)
What was Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 and why was it so significant?
(first revolt against English rule-colony)(needed more help and control over laborers) feeling they didn't have resources- early in concept of race. Through law. Laws that Virginia's political elite enacted after Bacon's rebellion of 1676 1676- law prohibted free black from having white servants 1691- anti- miscegenation- intermarriage law 1699- laws mandated whipping for African slaves, but not for European indentured servants. 1705- law to define more preceisely the status of African slave as property.
Upon what evidence does Scott argue that the efforts to ban headscarves were inspired to a large extent by racism?
1."...Laicite refers not simply to the separation of church and state but to the role of the state in protecting individuals from religion."pg 97-98 (defense of secularism was just another mask for racism), Le Pen and Pied Noir- nationalists
main reasons for migration
1.Free trade agreements- benefit those that are wealthier 2.climate change-> droughts, plant/animal diseases 3. Gang threats 4. US sanctions on Venezuela 5. Pandemic job losses ->Available US low wage work
What were four turning points in the creation of the concept of "race"?
1776- Declaration of Independence, 1670-1781 Virginia inhabitatnts of new land (slaves replace indentured servants) White Man's Burden (1899) colonial control unify=nationalism. Types of mankind - data that people were different species-1839
List four specific historical turning points in the development of racism in France during the past two centuries.
1905- French law on the Seperation of chuch and state- secular. 2004- French law of secularity in schools- no religious symbols. Algerian colonization, laicite.
Why did many people not want the passport to exist? What does the existence of the passport tell us about the nation-state and nationalism?
1920-first passport dubbed P:D Blue (ww1)gentlemen's agreement- two rulers recognized each other's authority, and stepping over a border would not cause a war. Immigration Act of 1924- limiting inflow of imigrants- too many- threat to ideal of American hegemony. Passport- shield for citizen of wealth democracy. Accidents of birth and no strong emotional attachment. No one liked the idea of being labeled, packaged and dehumanized within a passport's pages, but no one can get around without it. Legal market for passports- citizenship is arbitrary. At least 10 million people around the world are stateless- denied passports and freedom of movement. Passport- extreme privilege or extreme distress.
Summarize in three sentences either the Rwandan or Yugoslavian ethnic conflict. What happened? When? In what ways did leaders invoke ethnicity to divide their society?
1994 (100 days)in Kigali (capital) Rwandan genocide. Nearly one million ethnic Tutsi vs Hutu (nationalists)85% popilation Hutu. Colonial period under Belgium favored Tutsis few to oppress the many. Racialization during colonialization->extremists taking action. Difference in status- Tutsi (wealth) and Hutus (poor)
What is a congressional hearing?
A meeting or session of a Senate, House, joint or special committee of Congress, usually open to the public, to obtain information and opinions on proposed legislation, conduct an investigation, or evaluate/oversee the activities of a government department or the implementation of a Federal law. In addition, hearings may also be purely exploratory in nature, providing testimony and data about topics of current interest. Right vs. wrongness of what they want Don't make decisions or vote- but inform people on what they will vote for Bipartisan- democrat and republican parties agree/support. US senate, congress. Title 42- article to stop legal migration during the pandemic. Even with asylum.
State of Exception
A period of time where the sovereign declares civil liberties suspended: typically in a time of national crisis (9/11)
Synthesize the history of French colonialism in Algeria: What did French military and government officials do? What resources did they take? How were French justifications of colonialism racialized?
Algerian war 1954-1962.having trouble fitting into a group- (subhuman) desire to eliminate > and address growing problems due to colonial history. Taking their resources and profiting off land. (oil, minerals and land)
What is racism?
Belief that one race is superior to another
imagined community
Benedict Anderson for the ideal of the nation: a community formed through an ideal of political connection. The inhabitants are loyal to each other but don't know each other.(Guest reading)
On what grounds do the authors oppose border walls? List five reasons they oppose the wall.
Border splits families and communities but produces a zone of death and violence.These barriers cut through sensitive ecosystems, disrupt animal migration patterns, cause catastrophic flooding and separate families. Some of the damage from border-wall construction is permanent,
How did the U.S. colonize other countries in the late 1800s and the 1900s?
Both a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Americans motivated the United States' imperial mission. Using White Man's Burden with the Phillipine islands.
How did colonialism shape the current situation in Iraq?
British efforts to colonize and govern Iraq were miscalculated and self serving, resulting in the creation of an unbalanced and violent nation, divided along ethic and sectarian lines.
What is the history of the Hidalgo and Brownsville area of the Rio Grande Valley?
Changes (neither victories nor defeats) Creating a border wall on the UTB-TSC campus that would complement its architecture and landscape Agreeing with the city of Brownville to move the border wall to a new location once security considerations were met Landscaping areas around the border wall at the Old Hidalgo Pump House Museum and World Birding Center Constructing a combined levee wall instead of simply a wall in Hildalgo County Moving the border wall site to save homes in Granjeno from demolition. DHS can construct the border wall without regard to the law- Real ID act Citizens without rights- necrocitizen
What role did racism play in U.S. territorial expansion? citizenship
Citizenship- the guarantee of political, economic, and social rights that permit people to influence the political decision-making of their government, experience social equality with their fellow citizens, and access jobs that ensure an economic standard of living to support a dignified life. Which groups are Accepted to deserve to live within the country? Accepted as politically equal, within the democracy? Accepted as deserving equal economic opportunity to others in the country? Which groups aren't? 1- legal- right to reside permanently in a country, to vote in elections, and to be protected by the country's laws. 2-social- other people believe you belong in the country and respect you as equal. 3-economic- access to economic opportunity to live a prosperous life 4- political- access to the same powers to shape your community and society as everyone else (democracy) Citizenship- social theory- to live within the ideal.
What is "everyday racism"? What is "cute racism"?
Cute racism- caricature (representations through portrayals) (exaggeration of features) Racialized depicts states and countries. Arguments made by political commentators- racially higher and lower (varies) depending on specific political moments. Cute racism is just as harmful as other explicit racism, ex- sleeping Mexican. Ex: frito bandito everyday- racism as common societal behavior.
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
What is "the orient" according to Said? What is orientalism? What are two examples of orientalism?
Edward Said, Palestinian- American, literary critic (book Orientalism- 1978) Orientalism- the belief that people of the First World (west) and the third world have diametrically opposed values and abilities: The first world embodies rationality, capability, power and knowledge The third world embodies irrationality, incompetence lack of willpower, backwardness and hyper sexuality (similar to Culture of Poverty) (colonized vs colonizer) sometimes implicit vs explicit Civilizing mission- rationalization The Orient has helped to define Europe or the west as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. Divided over reality (representation)
situational negotiation of identity
Ethnic identity is tied to social status, therefore, a person's ethnic identity may change depending on the context, where one ethnic identity is used in certain contexts and a different identity is used in another context.ex: passing
What does Scott mean by the "legacies of colonialism"? What does she see as the biggest legacies of colonialism?
Existing inequalities within and between countries, racial hierarchies, forms of state, patterns of international trade and financial flows, and the structure of international institutions
What patterns regarding ethnicity have emerged in response to globalization?
Fear following 9/11, Cold War(linking migration to crime, smuggling, and terrorism)poses complexity in understanding relationships between racism, ethnicity, crime, and justice.
What is the French national ideal of "laïcité"? How does it contrast with the ideal of the separation of church and state in the U.S.?
Freedom of religion vs Freedom from religion.Laicite signed in the french republic- freedom of conscience. Secular laws to keep catholic laws seperate from state models, Islam second largest religion. 2004- religious symbols banned from public schools, 2010- banning full face laws in public- safety, 2016- banned full body bathing suit for security and hygiene.
What are three specific pieces of evidence from the film that demonstrate that race is not biological?
Genetically similar among most species- only 1 is different in DNA code- but can't find a genetic marker that is based on race. reveals that there are no characteristics, no traits - not even one gene - that distinguish all members of one "race" from all members of another.- sports and music- based on one's environment. We also learn that most traits - be they skin color or hair texture or blood group - are influenced by separate genes and thus inherited independently one from the other. Having one trait does not necessarily imply the existence of others. Skin color really is only skin deep.
What do students find when they compare their mitochondrial DNA?
Genetically similar among most species- only 1 is different in DNA code- closest with people from other races- Having on trait doesn't imply the existence of others/
Why did many U.S. border residents oppose the border wall?
Granjeno expressed friendship to the Border Patrol, US military and local law enforcement- connection to adjacent municipalities. El Veterano- opposed the wall- greater understanding across borders in Robstown. Military memorial- Dear John letter- to fight free of fear of leaving family behind. Memorial- hybrid of home altar and church reliquary. Minutemen (guarding border) similar to their days of service?That dynamic speaks to the citizenship experiences of border residents that is indicative of how walls imprison the populations they are built to protect.
Which concepts and historical narrative throughout the chapter do the authors use to refute the quote at the beginning of the chapter? (racism)
Idea that race is biologically real- can't find a genetic marker that define race. Justify treatment based on skin color and origin- created a story of race Assign meaning to how one looks. Race has a history- constructed by society to further political and economic goals.
What does the U.S.immigration policy strategy of deterrence consist of?
In 1994, United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) introduced a new policy that they termed "prevention through deterrence." By blocking popular crossing spots and forcing migrants into the dangerous desert areas and river crossings, the agency believed they could reduce the number of crossing attempts.the criminalization of migration, closing off of legal pathways, attacks on the US asylum system, and violent policies and infrastructure - have driven the smuggling market.
How did U.S. political leaders respond to Latin American elites' efforts to gain independence from Spain? Why?
Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.Because it was much like the struggles they just went through with Brittain. American leader supported Latin American independence because they didn't want to go to war with any European countries and they thought that would prevent that.1820s
What was the extent of U.S. territorial control by 1899 and how did this expansion occur?
Manifest Destiny held that it was the divinely ordained right of the United States to expand its borders to the Pacific Ocean and beyond. The Monroe Doctrine, the United States moved to claim territory in the Western Hemisphere to remove European powers from their sphere of influence and gain territory advantageous to American economic interests. (Mexico, Guam, Puerto Rico, Lousiana purchase etc)
long distance nationalism
Not living with consequences- support to feel closer to roots Israeli and Palestinian roots A nation or sovereign state has the right to defend the land Westphalian idea - whole world is part of a country-border (reasonable-freedom, democracy)
What were the political and economic interests that motivated the creation of the race concept, according to the film? Whose interests were these?
Notes on the State of Virigina (1781)- inhabitants of new land- Thomas Jefferson- first to write about theory of race. Indentured servants to African slaves->endless labor supply. 1828 Common Man nationalism=race. Indian removal act 1830 (could assimilate) rationalization of slavery throigh crania america- scientific racism-> White Man's Burden.
How did European-descended settlers' economic relationships with Native Americans shape their ideas of race?
Original view to Indian- Europeans good human material- problem was their culture but could be civilized. "Always have been free people" "Make us brown-white men"- could be assimilated into American society- couldn't assimilate black people. What scientifically makes blacks inferior to whites?- Jefferson Tell the world through theories of race how they are different Land propel native americans into racial spotlight- wealth based on land (constant pressure for their land) 1819- treaties 90% of land to US (cherokee) 1828- Common Man (Andrew Jackson- more race based) nationalism=race (inherent qualities in common (language, appearence, belief) vs enlightenment notions of united humanity Justify racism - 1830 Indian removal act- resistance (race as behavioral)
What connections does Scott find between France's colonialism in North Africa and proposals to ban headscarf-wearing in French schools?
P17- banning the veil cause, colonialism- challenges integration (assumption of outsider)Colonialism- the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people. European and US colonialism includes Violent force (warfare, massacres) Taking possession of resources (land, goods, money and human labor) from the colony to enrich the colonizer. Social hierarchies to separate colonizer and colonized to justify rule Racial hierarchies, racial inferiority of colonized people, colonial subjects not gain full citizenship.
What structural evidence do the authors use to assert that racism still deeply shapes U.S. society?
Passports- Soveriengty Westphalian National Order-1648-present 1648 Central European peace treaty that set up the system of countries (nation-states) in the world today Idea- the entire world's territory is composed of countries (nation-states), each of which has a government that has a right to enact sovereignty within its borders Internally- promote common national culture, protect citizens rights, uphold rule of law Externally- not interfere in other countries and borderlands.
nationalism
Pride in one's nation-state. Patriotism is the courage of national self-determination. Nationalism is patriotism transformed into a sentiment of superiority and aggression toward other countries. Nationalism is the poisonous idea that one's country is superior.
Scientific Racism
Primarily active from mid 1800-1940s The use of science to promote the idea of biological races- and superiority like skull size and intelligence. Published in scientific journals Promoted through public scientific lectures Using the images and terms of science Disproven 1930s-present
What is "scientific racism"?
Primarily active from mid 1800-1940s The use of science to promote the idea of biological races- and superiority like skull size and intelligence. Published in scientific journals Promoted through public scientific lectures Using the images and terms of science Disproven 1930s-present
Racialization
Process of placing people into racial groups "The construction of racial stereotypes via political discourse, cultural performance, social policy, censuses, physical or verbal violence and other acts of marking...goes hand in hand with the exercise of political and economic power."(Gotkowitz 2011:11) Frito Bandito- cute racism (criminal, wanted sign, sneaky, us vs. them, (chips could be a symbol), bandit stereotype- in association with property of land (economic problem with access or lack thereof to land) what's the racialization of people that steal.
How, then, do the experts cited in the film define the term "race"?
Race has a history- constructed by society to further political and economic goals. Race is a biological myth and race is felt.
In this book, Gerstle argues that American national ideals include both "civic nationalism" and "racial nationalism," even though each of those is mutually exclusive. Define each term in your own words .
Racial nationalism is the belief that one was race is superior over other races. Civic nationalism- is the unity of all people.
Pay special attention to pages 124 - 127. What do the authors describe as the false idea of the "racist/not-racist binary"?
Racism is not so much black or white there are some examples like using cute racism that can be passive aggressive in nature caricature (representations through portrayals) (exaggeration of features) Racialized depicts states and countries. ex: Frito Bandito
How does this finding support the idea that race is not biological?
Reflects ancestry not race-DNA shows similarity among all races meaning there is not one distinct genetic marker between races- not biological.
What contrast does Gonzalez draw between the founding ideals of the United States and government policies toward Latin America and Latin Americans in the nineteenth century (1800s)?
Representative Gonzalez- truth and facts, start at the local level of border protection. Asked to explain spillover- narrow McAllen, TX chief of police, Victor Rodriguez State control of guns (transportation, repossession, violence) Southbound inspection stations to deter and stop unlawful of guns and ammunition and violent peoples Illicit money greatest threat to border security Focus on drugs northbound and guns at southbound Racial profiling like 9/11- calm, cool, and collected law enforcement policy Visible data counts Inspection stations Bank regulation Government control of guns Detective work - identify the individuals should not be a warzone but use statistics Mayor Richard Cortez Numbers, public safety, wants local input. Wants business to grow and flourish (built expo center) and wanted a bridge- business ties with Mexico (crossborder) Head of Public Safety Tim McCraw border = violent and warzone Drones and other surveillance Represent - protect women
How did the desire to perpetuate slavery help spark the creation of scientific racism?
Samuel Morton (physician) enate differences among humans- Crania Americana- skull size, capacity (intelligence- race progression) white american people smartest."ready made slaves" never established equality. All men didn't scientifically include black people. Types of Mankind- scientists pulled together data that people were different species. Rationalization of slavery remains- something about these people.
What are the main complaints about their government that French people voice in the film?
Secular- equal treatment by law church>state- Muslim women Defend secularism- banning headscarves Treated as if she is contagious Always remain polite Hilal- going to school is a test of courage. Expelled at last school, teachers threatened this again. Parents are even protesting against Hilal. Do I have the right as a French Citizen to practice Islam? All girls have been expelled- urged to study and stay together- losing hope- profession- schooling refused. Law is needed- how will they help? Veil- sub-human power - not a symbol of faith but dominance of men over women Excluding Muslims from everyday life can bring in foreign extremists. Place of Islam in France?
Fillibuster
Spanish- free- settlers move into their territory and claim to be a republic. It couldn't happen unless the US government support (army, police) threatened to move. Strong enough government where people want to move, add territory to the US.
What were filibusters
Spanish- free- settlers move into their territory and claim to be a republic. It couldn't happen unless the US government support (army, police) threatened to move. Strong enough government where people want to move, add territory to the US.
What do the officials at the congressional hearing in McAllen Texas, , in 2020, mean by "spillover" and "spillover violence"? Why are the authors of the book opposed to using this term?
Spillover- justify exclusionary practices.all forms of violence, threats not just to children but young women and undocumented immigrants. Rodriguez spillover (visible) money and crime reports- lower at the border than N.Not specific enough
Describe the process by which the United States annexed half of Mexico
The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1845-1848. During his tenure, U.S. President James K. Polk oversaw the greatest territorial expansion of the United States to date. treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.
What was Manifest Destiny?
The idea that America had a right to expand across the continent.1845- The manifest destiny term was coined- divine push east to west, scientific racism, economic institution of fillabusting and slaveholder- gave moral reasoning.
What is the significance of sickle cell disease (sickle cell anemia) in debates about whether race is an accurate depiction of human biological variation?
The mutation that causes sickle cell, we learn, was passed on because it conferred resistance to malaria. It is found among people whose ancestors came from parts of the world where malaria was common: central and western Africa, Turkey, India, Greece, Sicily and even Portugal - but not southern Africa. Not a marker of skin color or race- disease but ancestry,
multiculturalism
The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture.
Respond to this episode's opening question: "How did American society justify unequal treatment based on skin color and national origins?" if a central ideal of America since the Revolutionary War period has been that "all men are created equal"?
Thomas Jefferson first to write about theory of race. "Only applies to certain people" ->All men are created equal- write certain people out of the human family. Status first based on wealth and prestige> race. (gradual process to add race). Indentured servants traded with African slaves- endless labor supply. Christian or Englishman->white Poor whites could distinguish from dark skin people to rich white people. Slavery and blackness were connected. Divide seen as natural- existing power relationships
How do the students in the summer program in the film appear to define race in the beginning of the film
Visual differences to classify people into groups- races Somehow genetic and unchanging- not true Assumes external differences roots to internal like athletic ability, intelligence etc.- based on race is biologically real. Can't find genetic markers that defines race.
Based on your reading in this article, why is it harder for white people to see racism than for people of color?
White people don't face the same social perspective. Because white people have more priveleges and are treated well, they don't see nor experience the same injustices and discrimination that people of color do.
race
a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies." (Omi and Winant, Racial formation in the United States, 1994:55)
How did you define "race" in your reflection assignment for this week?
a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies." (Omi and Winant, Racial formation in the United States, 1994:55- social construct that can have biological effects.
Monrow Doctrine
a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.1845- The manifest destiny term was coined- divine push east to west, scientific racism, economic institution of fillabusting and slaveholder- gave moral reasoning. 1848- non-native population increased 5x present Cali.
Nation-State (country)
a state that is independent of other states
social theory
an organizing idea about how or why a particular societal pattern exists. Tested with evidence based upon the observation of patterns in social life
Ethnicity
ancestral origin, has to do with pattern of action, culture (shared beliefs and customs) Nationalism
Who were the Pied Noirs? Why were they frequently very hostile to North African immigrants to France and to French people of North African descent?
black foot- french people that went to colonial Algeria. Some were settlers (poor French, white families) vs. big business, farmers, extracting (profit) shipping over to France Algerian war of Liberation- felt great injustice- lost resources (pg 43) that idealogies of colonialism that support it (anti-arab racism) People felt that they personally lost their economic resources - underground activists trying to take Algeria back under French rule. Right wing- anti immigration 1800s-to mid 1900s- lost something that belonged to them
Which model do you see as more viable (practical and/or beneficial) for the U.S.?
both. It is multicultural in the way that many cultures coexist within its borders peacefully and work together for the common good of the nation. It is also a melting pot because these cultures eventually move closer to the norms of American life over the course of generations-live american dream land of opportunity like Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty.
Necrocitizenship
citizens (veterans) die or risk their self. Fair for someone to get citizenship if they risked their life- why can't they just be citizen?
Oscar Lewis's concept of the "culture of poverty"?
concept in social theory that asserts that the values of people experiencing poverty play a significant role in perpetuating their impoverished condition, sustaining a cycle of poverty across generations.
What is sovereignty? What happened in regard to sovereignty in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands.
core element of nationalism and nation states "Authority as well as monopoly of violence within a territory." (Alonso p.231)(sole control) government is strongest acting body of violence)(legally and rightfully) "Westphalian vision of international order" (Alonso p246).After US- Mexico war- lands were marked by rocks and then slowly changed to monuments- then border walls. Started with cow migration with ticks. Racist attitudes, Chinese Exclusion Act, WW1. Border expansion after 9/11 and continued to grow Border walls and getting rid of buildings to bring down the tension and traffic control. Bipartisan actions- intensification of state control. Protect Americans and police them- keep morality high. Borders can spark more violence (us vs them) - focal point concern about the other. Soft border- less violence and helps with national identity
What was the Monroe Doctrine and what were its effects in practice?
every nation recognized with freedom Central America. Paved way for US government had the right (to stop other countries from imperialism and US had power- show control in the rest of the Americas. Affirms Mexican independence.
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
Alonso states on p. 232 "Ethno-racial formation is a historical product of structural inequality, not a natural outcome of cultural or phenotypical differences." What does this mean?
integrates race and ethnicity as an analytic concept that neither "essentializes" racial characteristics nor reifies racial groups.For example, some Latinos view themselves and are seen by others as white, some as brown, and some as black. Some would thus prefer the term ethnoracial status to refer to the ways that various peoples distinguish themselves, on the basis of ancestry and/or color
What were the "headscarf controversies" in France?
is against the secularization in France (separation of church and state) freedom of religion laicite- assimilation. anti-veil feminists- oppression and dominance over women.
six wrongs of racial science
is talking about the second definition of race- doesn't exist biologically- Alan Goodman (tums label) biological race in medicine Race is a pre-Darwinian and pre-scientific concept that is incompatible with evolutionary theory." (p.27) Pre-scientific idea- the great chain of being - ancient european world (hiearchy of beings- smuggled into the idea of race) Most traits are continuous, varying, and clinally (cline=gradient) distributed (pg. 30) (gradual variation or change) Distribution of sickle cell anemia, 1492 Most trait prayers are non-concordant (pg 33) (don't stay together with other traits or features, genes can mix freely) Skin shade, hair color, eye color, nose shape, height, etc. Within group variation is much greater than among group variation (pg 33) Ex: Gorgeous from the movie The classification is not stable across space and time (pg 36) The classification is not stable across space: each country recognizes a different set of racial categories and racial meanings. Ex: Brazil vs US Hitch- casting Eva Mendes and Will Smith (inter-racial romantic relationship) Census questions over time The conflation of biology and lived experience (pg 38) Premature births for Black women Environment and conditions that they are living can affect or cause these changes that medical field was not aware of.
What do you think the term "cultural citizenship" means for Mexican-Americans featured in this chapter?
legal citizen but culturally not a citizen. Reaction could be assimilation- why we work to keep cultures and be a citizen without losing an important part of ourselves.
What is a "pan-Americanist Point of view"? (p. 230)
movement seeking close alliances of the countries in North, Central, and South America. This movement sought to create and encourage more diplomatic, political, and economic cooperation in the Americas. Pan-Americanism began in the 19th Century.peacekeeping, trade expansion, the containment of anti-capitalist revolution, and the exclusion of European presence.
How do you think LePen would define the term she used, "clash of civilizations"?
multi-culturalism isn't working. people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict
representation
role, role models, ideals, norms, ideologies, symbols and images that circulate in our society regarding groups of people Islam terrorism Not secular Anti-feminist- oppressive towards woman colonialism
What was the belief in the "White Man's Burden"? How did this belief shape U.S. foreign policy and immigration policy?
shared racial identity- made to identify with whiteness across class lines- to unify=nationalism. Take on role as world power- to fight against Phillipine Islands (imperialism) encourage and provide support of supremacy- "advance into civilization" Forces assimiliation through the melting pot for immigrants to become a US citizen.
What were the elements (parts) of "command-and-control" and border security operations on the border?
shift in terms of thinking about threats- became terrorists, migrants, and smugglers. Nonstate actors- take up border security as a major source of funding. 22,000 border patrol members- largest budget- electronic surveillance. To combat non-state actors. Real id act which was supposed to put biometrics in drivers license. Build border wall and no one can stop or sue. Algorithms to preemptively detect threats. 77 fusion centers running data on citizens and looking for threats.
Look up and define the word "crucible."
shows how the evil associated with blackness is merely present by association. Conversely, the abhorrent actions of the characters who accuse and kill their neighbors show how evil can just as easily become associated with the whiteness and purity of the Puritans.traces the fundamental tension between the American belief in equality and the deeply rooted tradition of racial nationalism
seven pillars of cultural anthropology
social theory, ethnography, historicisize, defamiliarize, human beings are social mammals, commitment to democracy, connect the dots
melting pot
society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
How do the authors define "necrocitizenship"?
state policies of exclusion circulating as natural features of the landscape, and the deterritorialization of Mexican-origin populations and their reterritorialization as intruders into that landscape.citizens (veterans) die or risk their self. Fair for someone to get citizenship if they risked their life- why can't they just be citizen?
How do the teenage athletes' views on race in the film compare to ideas about race and athletic ability that you have heard in your own life?
stereotypes like black athletes are faster, have harder time swimming.
What happened during the Algerian war of independence, 1954-1962?
the French Government and its Algerian counterparts signed an agreement that paved the way for Algerian independence, heralding the end of 132 years of colonisation and a war that had begun in 1954.
agency
the ability of individuals or groups to shape their own lives and lives of others, including the capacity of people and groups to make their own choices, set their own goals, and think their own thoughts. (grand spectrum of human experience)
What is "cultural essentialism"?
the categorization of people within a culture or those originating from other cultures according to essentialist qualities. Within the context of cultural essentialism, categorization works by putting people who share similar cultural characteristics in a similar group. an approach assuming that people and things have natural and essential common characteristics which are inherent, innate and unchanging.
citizenship
the guarantee of political, economic, and social rights that permit people to influence the political decision-making of their government, experience social equality with their fellow citizens, and access jobs that ensure an economic standard of living to support a dignified life. Which groups are Accepted to deserve to live within the country? Accepted as politically equal, within the democracy? Accepted as deserving equal economic opportunity to others in the country? Which groups aren't? 1- legal- right to reside permanently in a country, to vote in elections, and to be protected by the country's laws. 2-social- other people believe you belong in the country and respect you as equal. 3-economic- access to economic opportunity to live a prosperous life 4- political- access to the same powers to shape your community and society as everyone else (democracy) Citizenship- social theory- to live within the ideal.
structure
the institutions and ideas that shape or limit an individual or group's economic, political, and social possibilities, particularly in societies with widespread inequity (economic hierarchies, racial hierarchies, social norms) (more equality less weight the structure is) (way of identifying power that affects people in way they can't control)
Essentialism
the mistaken belief that Groups of people are each defined by a few traits The traits do not change over time The traits of each group represent the polar opposite of traits possessed by other groups of people (orientalism is an ex)
racial formation
the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed." The formation of the concept of race. The formation, change in meaning and sometimes disappearance of particular racial categories over historical time.ex: Thomas Jefferson- inferior race
Describe the goals of an ethnographic (anthropological) interview in at least 3 sentences.
the study and systematic recording of human cultures. (naturalistic- seeks to describe and Understand the natural social world. Letting the respondent talk more than the interviewer Searching for common themes or patterns for questions Establishing a safe relationship between the respondent and interviewer Asking questions that can be expanded upon- with longer answers Be willing to go off script and ask questions that come up naturally Making an interview quide- specific for 5 different topics
How does "necropolitics" relate to their discussion at the hearing?
the use of social and political power to dictate how some people may live and how some must die.This creates zones of existence for the living dead, those who no longer have sovereignty over their own body.
What is intersectionality
theory asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination - calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification furthermore, the theory proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations (double or triple jeapordy) can simultaneously exist (gender, class, religion etc)
