midterm review
Who was Prester John
A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth.
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion
How did the French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration from France
Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women
How were the consequences of the "little ice age experienced in Europe?
Economic disruptions in on region had serious implications for its trading partners in others
. the European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
Indian Ocean Trade
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
Luther viewed celibacy as
Opposed to human nature and God's commandments.
What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France
Politiques
how widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere
The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was
The collection of a tax on all adult males
The act of Supremacy excerpt One international impact of the religious reform evidenced in the Act of Supremacy in the 16th and early 17th century
The effort by Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity across Europe
What group of people benefited the most from large prices increases in the 16th century
The middle class
letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt which of the following theological reforms is best illustrated by Argula Von Grumbach's interpretation of the Bible
The reformation placed new emphasis on the individual's direct relationship to God
The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by
Urban congestion and lack of sanitation
Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt The approaches of humanist's scholars such as Bruni led to which of the following developments by the early 16th century
christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious
Journal of the first voyage of Columbus exerpt which of the following motivations for the 15th century explorations is best reflected in the above excerpt
commercial and religious considerations
. In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent
securing reconciliation with the Protestants
Italian humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
When Vasco de Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters
. He hired an Indian Pilot as his guide
¢ The linen of Tlaxcala painting Which of the following was the most direct result of the interaction shown in the image above
. disease, subjugation, and destruction of indigenous population
During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?
Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others supporting the Italian Pope
after losing access to slave trading from the Black sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?
Black Africans
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean
Islands off the coast of Japan
What did the treaty of Tordesillas accomplish
It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line
Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family
In Hungary, Lutheranism was
Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.
the reformation in England was primarily the result of
The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
According to Machiavelli government should be judged on whether it
provided order, security, and safety of the populace
the dissolution of the English monasteries
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
. How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia
they sought a northwest passage across North America
According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route
. He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey
Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800
About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people
Christian Humanists
. What was Hernan Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire
Cortes was able to exploit internal dissenation within the Mexica Empire
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
. Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration
Desire for material profit
How did Europeans justify the enslavement of Africans
Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilization
¢ The linen of Tlaxcala painting The interaction above most directly reflects which of the following developments
Europe's expansion led to the exchange of plants and animals, creating economic opportunities
Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian exchange referenced by Diamond?
Europeans expansion of the African Slave trade
The colloquy of Marburg
Failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.
Which of the following identifies the term Race in the Renaissance
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified
9. Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?
His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism
What is the name given to French Protestants
Huguenots
the school of Athens excerpt the image above best reflects which of the following historical trends
Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts shifted the focus of education away from theology and toward the study of classical texts
How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?
Jews and Lepers were accused of poisoning wells to Kill Christians, and, as a result. Many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print
Johann Gutenberg
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over the Indian ocean trade?
Muslim-controlled port cities
How did the canon affect the power of the monarchies?
Only central govt could afford cannons enhancing military power of central states over its nobility
. IN the 15th century two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East; the Turkish Ottomans and the
Persian Safavids
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
Which European nation- with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators- initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper
Portugal
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given crucial support by
Prince Henry
the school of Athens excerpt the artwork above serves as evidence of which of the following historical developments
Princes and popes, concerned with enhancing their prestige, commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles that often employed the newly invented technique of geometric perspective
The necessity of reforming the church excerpt In this excerpt, Calvins writing best serves as evidence of which of the following practices occurring in Europe at the time
Reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice
the school of Athens excerpt what key difference between Renaissance humanists and 16th century natural philosophers is best reflected in the painting above?
Renaissance humanists studied classical texts, whereas natural philosophers conducted observations and experiments
which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
What was theologian John Wycliffe's main argument?
Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice
The necessity of reforming the church excerpt Which of the following illustrates a major similarity between John Calvin and 16th century Roman Catholic popes
Some protestants refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the state
Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt According to Diamonds argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in
The biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman
The courtier
Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt Bruni's oration best illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance
The revival of classical literature and ancient texts
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
The women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
During the 100 years' war, the English kings were supported by some French
Wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts
Who benefited from the Black Death?
Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people.
Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance?
a concern for the improvement of society in general
¢ Judith and Holofernes painting . The painting most directly portrays
a reflection of religious themes and goals
Luther believed that the church consisted of
a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
The act of Supremacy excerpt Based on the above excerpt, the act of Supremacy best represents
an attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform from the top down and expand royal authority
¢ Judith and Holofernes painting which of the following viewpoints is best reflected in this painting
an emphasis on drama, illusion, and distortion
The act of Supremacy excerpt Henry VIII used the Act of Supremacy to
assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince
The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would
detract from the sovereignty of God
The Edict of Nantes
granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns
Bartholome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians
had human rights
Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt Exploration and colonization of the New World in the 16th century impacted the European balance of power by
increasing the power of Spain and Portugual
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women
¢ Edict of Nantes excerpt . the except above most directly reflects
monarch's tolerance of religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace
at this time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were
off the coast of Asia
The pilgrimage of grace attested to
popular opposition, in Northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
prevent Charles V from increasing his power
¢ Edict of Nantes excerpt . the excerpt above was a response to which of the following events
the French wars of religion
How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa
the Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him
How did the ecomienda system function?
the Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter
letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt What was a long-term outcome of the conflicts represented in the excerpt above
the catholic church in Europe was permanently fragmented
The necessity of reforming the church excerpt The critiques expressed by the Calvin generated which of the following broader religious changes in the 16th century
the catholic reformation revive the church but cemented the division within Christianity
Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni's oration
the emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish Colonization
the great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the 16th century
the inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
how did the Spanish Monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies
the monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists
the patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
the political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms
letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt what does the document above suggest about the role of women in popular anticlerical movements of the reformation era
the reformation raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and the church
The necessity of reforming the church excerpt Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the changes promoted by the Calvin
the weakening of religious institutions during the Reformation left city governments with the task of regulating public morals
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa
they traded for slaves with local leaders
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
they viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community
letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt which of the following 16th century developments best exemplifies Argula von Grumbach's claim to represent the "church of christ"
though Christianity fragmented in Europe, religious uniformity remained the ideal
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants War was
to side with the peasants
In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company
took over much of the East Indies from Portugal
in religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes