midterm review

Who was Prester John

A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth.

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion

How did the French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration from France

Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women

How were the consequences of the "little ice age experienced in Europe?

Economic disruptions in on region had serious implications for its trading partners in others

. the European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

Indian Ocean Trade

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth

Luther viewed celibacy as

Opposed to human nature and God's commandments.

What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France

Politiques

how widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere

The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was

The collection of a tax on all adult males

The act of Supremacy excerpt One international impact of the religious reform evidenced in the Act of Supremacy in the 16th and early 17th century

The effort by Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity across Europe

What group of people benefited the most from large prices increases in the 16th century

The middle class

letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt which of the following theological reforms is best illustrated by Argula Von Grumbach's interpretation of the Bible

The reformation placed new emphasis on the individual's direct relationship to God

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by

Urban congestion and lack of sanitation

Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt The approaches of humanist's scholars such as Bruni led to which of the following developments by the early 16th century

christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious

Journal of the first voyage of Columbus exerpt which of the following motivations for the 15th century explorations is best reflected in the above excerpt

commercial and religious considerations

. In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent

securing reconciliation with the Protestants

Italian humanists stressed the

study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

When Vasco de Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters

. He hired an Indian Pilot as his guide

¢ The linen of Tlaxcala painting Which of the following was the most direct result of the interaction shown in the image above

. disease, subjugation, and destruction of indigenous population

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others supporting the Italian Pope

after losing access to slave trading from the Black sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?

Black Africans

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean

Islands off the coast of Japan

What did the treaty of Tordesillas accomplish

It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line

Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

the reformation in England was primarily the result of

The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

According to Machiavelli government should be judged on whether it

provided order, security, and safety of the populace

the dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

. How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia

they sought a northwest passage across North America

According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route

. He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes

What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people

Christian Humanists

. What was Hernan Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire

Cortes was able to exploit internal dissenation within the Mexica Empire

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of renaissance artists?

Cosimo de Medici

. Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration

Desire for material profit

How did Europeans justify the enslavement of Africans

Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilization

¢ The linen of Tlaxcala painting The interaction above most directly reflects which of the following developments

Europe's expansion led to the exchange of plants and animals, creating economic opportunities

Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian exchange referenced by Diamond?

Europeans expansion of the African Slave trade

The colloquy of Marburg

Failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.

Which of the following identifies the term Race in the Renaissance

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified

9. Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?

His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism

What is the name given to French Protestants

Huguenots

the school of Athens excerpt the image above best reflects which of the following historical trends

Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts shifted the focus of education away from theology and toward the study of classical texts

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire

How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?

Jews and Lepers were accused of poisoning wells to Kill Christians, and, as a result. Many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.

Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print

Johann Gutenberg

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over the Indian ocean trade?

Muslim-controlled port cities

How did the canon affect the power of the monarchies?

Only central govt could afford cannons enhancing military power of central states over its nobility

. IN the 15th century two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East; the Turkish Ottomans and the

Persian Safavids

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century

Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state

Which European nation- with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators- initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper

Portugal

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given crucial support by

Prince Henry

the school of Athens excerpt the artwork above serves as evidence of which of the following historical developments

Princes and popes, concerned with enhancing their prestige, commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles that often employed the newly invented technique of geometric perspective

The necessity of reforming the church excerpt In this excerpt, Calvins writing best serves as evidence of which of the following practices occurring in Europe at the time

Reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice

the school of Athens excerpt what key difference between Renaissance humanists and 16th century natural philosophers is best reflected in the painting above?

Renaissance humanists studied classical texts, whereas natural philosophers conducted observations and experiments

which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

What was theologian John Wycliffe's main argument?

Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice

The necessity of reforming the church excerpt Which of the following illustrates a major similarity between John Calvin and 16th century Roman Catholic popes

Some protestants refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the state

Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt According to Diamonds argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in

The biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans

What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman

The courtier

Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt Bruni's oration best illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance

The revival of classical literature and ancient texts

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that

The women's sphere of activity was private and domestic

During the 100 years' war, the English kings were supported by some French

Wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts

Who benefited from the Black Death?

Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people.

Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance?

a concern for the improvement of society in general

¢ Judith and Holofernes painting . The painting most directly portrays

a reflection of religious themes and goals

Luther believed that the church consisted of

a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers

The act of Supremacy excerpt Based on the above excerpt, the act of Supremacy best represents

an attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform from the top down and expand royal authority

¢ Judith and Holofernes painting which of the following viewpoints is best reflected in this painting

an emphasis on drama, illusion, and distortion

The act of Supremacy excerpt Henry VIII used the Act of Supremacy to

assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince

The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

detract from the sovereignty of God

The Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns

Bartholome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians

had human rights

Guns Germs and Steel: fates of Human societies excerpt Exploration and colonization of the New World in the 16th century impacted the European balance of power by

increasing the power of Spain and Portugual

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women

¢ Edict of Nantes excerpt . the except above most directly reflects

monarch's tolerance of religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace

at this time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia

The pilgrimage of grace attested to

popular opposition, in Northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Charles V from increasing his power

¢ Edict of Nantes excerpt . the excerpt above was a response to which of the following events

the French wars of religion

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa

the Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him

How did the ecomienda system function?

the Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt What was a long-term outcome of the conflicts represented in the excerpt above

the catholic church in Europe was permanently fragmented

The necessity of reforming the church excerpt The critiques expressed by the Calvin generated which of the following broader religious changes in the 16th century

the catholic reformation revive the church but cemented the division within Christianity

Leonardo bruni, Funeral oration for Nanni Strozzi excerpt What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni's oration

the emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish Colonization

the great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the 16th century

the inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

how did the Spanish Monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies

the monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists

the patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

the political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt what does the document above suggest about the role of women in popular anticlerical movements of the reformation era

the reformation raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and the church

The necessity of reforming the church excerpt Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the changes promoted by the Calvin

the weakening of religious institutions during the Reformation left city governments with the task of regulating public morals

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa

they traded for slaves with local leaders

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

they viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

letter in defense of Martin Luther excerpt which of the following 16th century developments best exemplifies Argula von Grumbach's claim to represent the "church of christ"

though Christianity fragmented in Europe, religious uniformity remained the ideal

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants War was

to side with the peasants

In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal

in religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes