Midterm Review

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (Select all that apply.)

catecholamines. ACTH. glucocorticoids. immune cytokines.

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation.

Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer as a result of (Select all that apply.)

chemotherapy. cancer cells. cancer metastasis to bone marrow. malnutrition.

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

decreased blood viscosity.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve.

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.)

decreased urinary output increased sodium retention. increased blood volume.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.)

enter the host cell. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. do not produce toxins.

Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.)

environmental toxins. overcrowding. nutrition. hygiene.

infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.)

exotoxins. endotoxins. self-destruction of cells. enzymes from white blood cells

Your patient's red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply.)

gender difference. situational factors. normal variation illness

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations.

Reperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals.

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age.

Somatic death refers to death

of the entire organism

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

permanent damage and death.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply.)

producing exotoxins. producing endotoxins. producing destructive enzymes. evoking an immune reaction.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

Characteristics of telomerase include (Select all that apply.)

repairs the end caps of chromosomes. contributes to cancer cell immortality. activity allows a cell to replicate indefinitely.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor.

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.

False

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium.

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas.

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply.)

cardiovascular disease. depression. impaired cognitive function. autoimmune disease.

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Insulin

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

True

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

True

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis

Side effects of chemotherapy include (Select all that apply.)

anemia. nausea. bleeding. infections.

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Tumor markers (Select all that apply.)

are produced by normal cells. help determine cancer origin. help identify progression of cancer. include prostatic-specific antigen.

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

cigarette smoking.