Midterm Review (Old Test Questions)
Place the following events in correct chronological order 1. The Fronde 2. Edict of Nantes Revoked 3. War of Spanish Succession 4. Building of Versailles begins A. 1, 4, 2, 3 B. 2, 1, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 3, 4 D. 3, 4, 1, 2
1, 4, 2, 3
Place the following events in correct chronological order: 1. Restoration of monarchy 2. Execution of Charles I 3. Commonwealth 4. Glorious Revolution 5. Reign of James II A. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 B. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 C. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 D. 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 1, 5, 4
Which group of events is in correct chronological order? A. Spanish Armada, Peace of Westphalia, Luther's 95 Theses, the reign of Edward VI, Defenestration of Prague B. Luther's 95 theses, Edward VI, Defenestration, Armada, Westphalia C. 95 theses, Edward VI, Armada, Defenestration, Westphalia D. Edward VI, 95 theses, Defenestration, Armada, Westphalia
95 theses, Edward VI, Armada, Defenestration, Westphalia
A historian examining 17 century Holland would best utilize the sources above to draw the conclusion that A. the Bank of Amsterdam was much smaller and less powerful than the Bank of London B. Amsterdam and other Dutch cities became important urban financial centers in the 16c and 17c C. The Dutch East Indies could not penetrate the dominance of Portugal in the African trade system
Amsterdam and other Dutch cities became important urban financial centers in the 16c and 17c
Which of the following forced Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to return to Paris from Versailles? A. A destructive fire set by sans-culottes B. An assassination attempt C. An angry mob of Parisian women D. The Paris Parlement E. The fall of the Bastille
An angry mob of Parisian women
During the French Revolution, emigres were A. Foreigners who wanted to join the sans-culottes in the Revolution B. Immigrants from the French colonies who sought political refuge in France C. Aristocrats who relocated on the French border and tried to stimulate a counter-revolution D. Members of the Jacobin groupE. Workers who were denied admission to the Convention
Aristocrats who relocated on the French border and tried to stimulate a counter-revolution
Which of Napoleon's battles is described? Bonaparte routed the coalition in the most dazzling campaign of his career. Celebrating his first anniversary as emperor, he completely surprised his Russian and Austrian foes, leaving Napoleon in control of everything in Italy, north of Rome. A. Leipzig B. Waterloo C. Smolensk D. Austerlitz E. Borodino
Austerlitz
Which is described? The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era. Bonaparte had hoped to strike a quick, knock-out blow to Russia, but the result was a stalemate. Though Napoleon did enter Moscow, his army was soon forced to begin a nightmare retreat. A. Leipzig B. Waterloo C. Smolensk D. Austerlitz E. Borodino
Borodino
Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? A. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentratedon nature and emotion. B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed humannature as generally good. D. Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters E. Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
18th Century Great Britain and France had which of the following characteristics in common? A. Both nations were constitutional monarchies B. The monarch had the sole power to levy taxes C. Catholicism was the state religion D. Both nations had a strong military, either army or navy
Both nations had a strong military, either army or navy
The root causes of the American colonial revolt against Great Britain included all of the following EXCEPT A. concern with imperial taxation B. concern over imperial policy toward colonies C. Britain's unwillingness to accept slavery in the colonies D. representation in Parliament
Britain's unwillingness to accept slavery in the colonies
The greatest winners in the War of Spanish Succession were the A. Austrians, because they received Belgium B. British, because they became a significant Mediterranean Power C. French, because a Bourbon inherited the throne of Spain D. Spanish, because they kept their European territories intact
British, because they became a significant Mediterranean Power
In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states? A. By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice B. By establishing new representative assemblies C. By redistributing land to poor peasants D. By encouraging the expansion of militias and local defense forces
By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice
Which aspect of this map would change most significantly under the rule of Louis XIV? A. the French border would expand significantly into the low countries B. Calvinism would no longer have a significant presence in France C. France would see an increase in other Protestant populations D. France would see an increase in the Huguenot population
Calvinism would no longer have a significant presence in France
Which religious group benefited MOST from the Edict of Nantes? A. Lutherans B. Calvinists C. Catholics D. Anabaptists
Calvinists
He was executed by the Rump Parliament in 1649
Charles I
The last Hapsburg ruler of Spain, he named Louis XIV's heir apparent
Charles II
The chief disagreement between Luther and Zwingli at the Marburg Colloquy involved whether or not A. Protestant clergy should be allowed to marry B. Christ was present in the Eucharist C. traditions such as pilgrimages, fasting, saints were acceptable D. one's salvation was predestined by God
Christ was present in the Eucharist
Which of the following would not be associated with the reforms of the Napoleonic Code as it affected France and much of Europe? A. The Roman Catholic Church's monopoly on religion ended B. Feudal obligations of the peasants disappeared C. Class distinctions were reinforced D. The liberalizing ideas of the Enlightenment began to reach much of Europe E. Hereditary social distinctions were abolished
Class distinctions were reinforced
Which of the following groupings represents the membership of the First, Second, and Third Estates respectively A. Clergy; nobility; commoners/middle class B. Nobility; clergy; commoners/middle class C. Commoners/middle class; nobility; clergy D. Commoners/middle class; clergy; nobility E. Clergy; commoners/middle class; nobility
Clergy, Nobles, commoners/middle class
Louis XIV's minister of finance who tried to raise enough money to pay for Louis' wars
Colbert
The inscription reads: "I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty-eighth year." Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likelyto commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait? A. Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style B. Religious authorities who wished to emphasize the emotional aspects of Christian faith C. Government officials who sought to be portrayed as figures from classical mythology D. Protestant religious dissidents who favored art that broke with traditional Catholic motifs
Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style
He discovered that planets moved in elliptical orbits about the sun
Copernicus
Which of the following is NOT correctly associated with his major scientific discovery or development? A. Harvey/blood circulation B. Leeuwenhoek/microscope C. Newton/laws of gravity D. Copernicus/elliptical orbits
Copernicus/elliptical orbits (Kepler)
He ruled England during the Commonwealth
Cromwell
Which of the following most accurately described the State of Spain in the late 16th and early 17th Centuries? A. severe inflation and decisive losses against the turks undermined Spanish power and prestige B. Defaulting on loans and high inflation hurt them economically and militarily C. A growing population and influx of gold/silver from the New World spurred industrial growth D. A revolt by Portugal and the Netherlands undermined Spanish prestige and power
Defaulting on loans and high inflation hurt them economically and militarily
"In order to reunite more effectively the wills of our subjects..., we declare that all those who profess the Reformed religion are capable of holding...all public positions, honors, and duties whatsoever." This quotation comes from A. Peace of Augsburg B. the Council of Trent C. Peace of Westphalia D. Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following? (Europeans with crosses, Native Americans welcoming) A. European attitudes toward non-European peoples B. Stylistic features of Native American art and artifacts C. The exact geographic location of Columbus' first landing in America D. The willingness of Native Americans to welcome the arrival of Europeans
European attitudes toward non-European peoples
The Edict of Nantes, passed by Henry IV, in reaction to the issues present in the map is in direct opposition to which of the following A. the Elizabethan Settlement B. Ferdinand and Isabella's expulsion of Jews in 1492 C. Charles V's Peace of Augsburg D. Oliver Cromwell's acceptance of Jews
Ferdinand and Isabella's expulsion of Jews in 1492
For these reasons, we announce, declare, ordain, and will that all the strongholds, either towns or castles, which are in the interior of our realm or provinces of the same, not situated in places of importance either for frontier defense or other considerations of weight, shall be razed and demolished; even ancient walls shall be destroyed so far as it shall be deemed necessary for the well-being and repose of our subjects and the security of this state, so that our said subjects henceforth need not fear that the said places will cause them any inconvenience, and so that we shall be freed from the expense of supporting garrisons in them." French Louis the 13th (with assistance from Cardinal Richelieu) ordered of the demolition of feudal castles in France because:-Castles were expensive and unneeded-he was afraid they would serve as safe houses for the rebellion-give him more absolute monarch power - Edict of 1626 ordering the demolition of Feudal castles in France Which of the following actions by Peter the Great of Russia is a reflection of the same goal as the decision described in the passage above? A. Becoming the first Czar in over 100 years to make contact with the west B. Moving Russia's capital from Moscow to St. Petersberg C. The decision to build the Winter Castle D. Forcing the Boyars to shave their beards
Forcing the Boyars to shave their beards
Which occurred first A. The fall of Bastille B. Declaration of the Rights of Man C. Formation of the National Assembly D. The Reforms of the August Days E. The Reign of Terror
Formation of the National Assembly
The French Revolution resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. Catholicism in France was seriously challenged B. Europe was plunged into decades of war C. People of lower birth held influence in political and military affairs D. France was, from then one, a true democracy E. Conscripted armies defeated professionally trained armies
France was, from then one, a true democracy
Author of Novum Organum; insisted on inductive method of arriving at truth
Francis Bacon
The Saint Lawrence River Valley and Ohio River Valley were originally part of the _____ overseas empire, but became part of the _______ colonial empire after the signing of A. British, French, Treaty of Aix la Chapelle B. French, British, Treaty of Aix la Chapelle C. French, British, Treaty of Paris 1763 D. British French, treaty of Paris 1783
French, British, Treaty of Paris 1763
He turned his telescope toward the Heavens and verified the theories of Copernicus and got in trouble with the Church
Galileo
A major reason for the success of the Reformation begun by Luther was A. the German peasantry were content with their lot B. German princes wanted independence from the Holy Roman Emperor C. the incompetence of Charles V D. the unity of the Protestant leadership
German princes wanted independence from the Holy Roman Empire
In seeking to establish France's "natural boundaries", Louis XIV's main military thrust was towards A. Italy B. Spain C. Germany and the Low Countries D. Austria and Hungary
Germany and the Low Countries
The disturbances that swept the French countryside in August, 1789 were known as the A. Vendee B. Jacquerie C. Days of Fire D. Storming of Bastille E. Great Fear
Great Fear
Philosopher who believed that ideas develop in a process that includes a cyclical evolution from thesis...antithesis...synthesis... A. Kant B. Hegel C. Rousseau D. Herder E. Hume
Hegel
"You should note well that the noble spirit of this Prince [Henry of Portugal], by a sort of natural constraint, wasever urging him both to begin and to carry out very great deeds. For which reason, after the taking of Ceuta [a portin Morocco] he always kept ships well armed against the Muslims, both for war, and because he had also a wish toknow the land that lay beyond the Canary Islands and Cape Bojador . . . since it seemed to him that if he or someother lord did not endeavor to gain that knowledge, no mariners or merchants would ever attempt it . . . seeing alsothat no other prince took any pains in this matter, he sent out his own ships toward those parts, to have manifestcertainty of them all. And to this he was stirred up by his zeal for the service of God and of the King Edward his lord and brother, who then reigned. . . .[Another] reason was that if there chanced to be in those lands some population of Christians, or some havens, intowhich it would be possible to sail without peril, many kinds of merchandise might be brought to this realm . . . andalso the products of this realm might be taken there, which traffic would bring great profit to our countrymen. . . .[Another] reason was his great desire to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and to bring to him allthe souls that should be saved."Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Portuguese chronicler, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, 1453 Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships? A. Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration. B. Henry kept a fleet to defend Portuguese claims against other European colonial powers. C. Henry kept a fleet because Portuguese merchants would not build ships. D. Henry kept a fleet to capture the city of Ceuta.
Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration.
In Leviathan, he argued that the best government is one that has absolute power
Hobbes
The Bill of Rights of 1689 affirmed I. parliamentary freedom of speech II. Regular meetings of Parliament III. parliament's share in control over taxation A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
I, II, and III
"To praise sacramental confession and the reception of the Most Holy Mass once a year, and much better once a month, and better still every week...To praise the relics of saints...and pilgrimages, indulgences,...and the lighting of candles in the churches" This spiritual "to do" list was likely written by A. Ulrich Zwingli B. John Calvin C. Martin Luther D. Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola
Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half ofthe 1400s? A. Subsidies from new monarchs for the establishment of official government printing presses B. Interest in new geographic discoveries being made by European explorers C. Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper D. Demand for vernacular versions of the Christian Bible
Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper
The Declaration of Pillnitz, issued by Austria and Prussia, declared that these countries would A. Intervene in France and protect the royal family and monarchy B. Intervene in France to insure the continuation of the Revolution C. Prohibit the Revolution from spreading outside French boarders D. Intervene in France and protect the revolutionaries against the monarchy E. Destroy revolutionary activity with or without the consent of other European powers
Intervene in France and protect the royal family and monarchy
"The expansion of Europe was an intensely nationalistic phenomenon. It was an aspect of the trend, most evident inthe late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, toward the establishment of strong centralized authority in the 'newmonarchies,' as they have been called, and the emergence of the nation-state. A policy of overseas expansionrequired a degree of internal stability and national consciousness that only a powerful central government couldcommand.Portugal achieved this position long before her eventual competitors, and under the leadership of the dynamichouse of Aviz [the Portuguese ruling dynasty from 1385 to 1580] became a consolidated kingdom comparativelyfree from feudal divisions before the end of the fifteenth century. While Spain was still divided into a number ofconflicting political jurisdictions, England and France were preoccupied in their own and each other's affairs, andthe Dutch were still an appendage of the [Habsburg] Empire, the Portuguese combined the advantages of theirnatural geographic situation with their political and economic stability to initiate the age of discovery." Richard B. Reed, historian, "The Expansion of Europe," in The Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation,1974. Which of the following general claims does the author make regarding the background of European overseas expansion? A. It was facilitated by states adopting a feudal governmental structure. B. It was a result of the growth of the Habsburg Empire. C. It was an outcome of the conflict between England and France. D. It emerged from the consolidation of central governments.
It emerged from the consolidation of central governments.
By the 1800s, the method of empirical reasoning reflected in the passages had undergone which of the following changes A. It had weakened to the point of irrelevance B. It had become a core principle of European culture C. It had been refined and changed by so many people that it had become unrecognizable to those such as Bacon who had pioneered it D. It had stagnated to the point that the common person had begun to search for a new organizing principle of life
It had become a core principle of European culture
Which of the following is not true of the Netherlands during the 17th and 18th centuries? A. Religious toleration existed, whereby people of different faiths lived together peacefully B. It was an agricultural society, based on an agrarian economy C. The government was a republic led by the stadtholder and States General D. Its prosperity was based on shipping, fishing, and urbanization
It was an agricultural society, based on an agrarian economy
Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the passage regarding the possible benefits ofsailing beyond Cape Bojador and the Canary Islands? A. It would aid in Portugal's war against the Muslims in North Africa. B. It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith. C. It would make Henry a more powerful ruler. D. It would aid Portugal in its rivalry with Spain.
It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith.
English king who authorized a new translation of the Bible and wrote on the theory of Divine Right
James I
"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea here is most closely associated with the views of A. Martin Luther B. Zwingli C. Ignatius Loyola D. John Calvin
John Calvin
he argued for a constitutional government which protects man's natural rights of life, liberty, and property
John Locke
The Critique of Pure Reason was written by A. Kant B. Hegel C. Rousseau D. Herder E. Hume
Kant
Which of the following was NOT a French minister of finance to Louis XVI? A. Necker B. Calonne C. Brienne D. Turgot E. Lafayette
Lafayette
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen established all of the following EXCEPT A. Legal gender equality B. Proportional taxation C. Equality before the law D. The presumption of innocence in courts of lawE . Equal access for all classes to public office
Legal gender equality
He believed of his rule that there was one king, one law, one faith
Louis XIV
"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or notaccording to his need."The passage above best reflects the argument of A. Thomas More B. Machiavelli C. Louis XIV D. Frederick the Great E. Napoleon I
Machiavelli
For God is my witness that I neither preached, affirmed, nor defended them, though they say that I did. Moreover, concerning the articles that they have extracted from my books, I say that I detest any false interpretation which any of them bears. But inasmuch as I fear to offend against the truth, or to gainsay the opinion of the doctors of the Church, I cannot abjure any one of them. And if it were possible that my voice could now reach the whole world, as at the Day of Judgment every lie and every sin that I have committed will be made manifest, then would I gladly abjure before all the world every falsehood and error which I either had thought of saying or actually said! I say I write this of my own free will and choice. Written with my own hand, on the first day of July. Which of the following in the 16th century events best represents the continuation of ideas expressed by Jan Hus? A. The Peace of Augsburg B. The Council of Trent C. Martin Luther's Reformation D. Henry VIII's Reformation
Martin Luther's Reformation
He was the advisor to Louis XIV in Louis XIV's youth and actually governed France until 1661
Mazarin
According to the rules of the French Constitution of 1791, "active citizens" were defined as A. Married men, with property and family B. Men who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages C. Men who were landowners and had servants or employees under their care D. Women and men who paid taxes and could demonstrate an incomeE. Men who could provide their noble status
Men who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages
Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattleto the New World? A. Migration into labor settlements B. Exposure to smallpox and typhoid C. Philip II's objection to mission towns D. Native Americans' legal freedom
Migration into labor settlements
"[As to that] which causes money to rise or fall in value (namely, whether it is scarce and greatly needed, orabundant), money is worth more when and where it is scarce than where it is abundant. . . . The reasons for thisopinion are as follows:First, that this concept is common to all men, good and evil, throughout Christendom, and thus it would seem to bea law of God and Nature.Second, and of great importance, that all merchandise becomes dearer when it is in great demand and short supply,and that money, in so far as it may be sold, bartered, or exchanged by some other form of contract, is merchandiseand therefore also becomes dearer when it is in great demand and short supply.Third, that (other things being equal) in countries where there is a great scarcity of money all other saleable goods,and even the hands and labor of men, are given for less money than where it is abundant. Thus we see byexperience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labor are worth much less.And even in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labor were given for very much less thanafter the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that moneyis worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish theologian, Manual of Confessors and Penitents, Spain, 1556 Which of the following evidence does Azpilcueta give in his second point for money changing in value? A. Money as a form of merchandise increases in value as supply decreases and demand increases. B. Money as a form of merchandise decreases in value as supply decreases and demand increases. C. Money as a form of merchandise increases in value as supply increases and demand decreases. D. Money as a form of merchandise decreases in value as supply decreases and demand decreases.
Money as a form of merchandise increases in value as supply decreases and demand increases.
Which of the following statements would not be supported by the information found in the above sources (Holland and Amsterdam/Netherlands) A. 17c Amsterdam became the Marketplace of Northern Europe B. Most classes in Dutch Society were not able to participate in the wealth created by Dutch commerce C. The late 16c and 17c represented the first stage of globalization D. The Amsterdam Bourse [Stock Exchange] traded shares in joint-stock companies that made large returns for their investors
Most classes in Dutch society were not able to participate in the wealth created by Dutch commerce
The result of the Tennis Court Oath was the formation of the A. Sans culottes B. National Assembly C. Third Estate D. Estates General E. Second Estate
National Assembly
"Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose twoofficials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall chooseone cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose twomembers of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can beno Cortes.Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and townshall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shallchoose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminaljudges for three years.Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin cancirculate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining thereasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fightany war." Based on the rebels' demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of A. constitutional monarchs B. Enlightened monarchs C. New monarchs D. elective monarchs
New monarchs
He discovered the force that keeps planets in their orbits
Newton
The French Parlements spoke for the A. Monarchy B. Commoners C. Nobility D. Peasantry E. Clergy
Nobility
Which of the following is NOT true of the European aristocratic resurgence in the 18th century? A. Nobles pushed to keep officer and senior positions in the military and bureaucracies exclusive to nobility B. Nobles used the authority of existing aristocratically controlled institutions against the power of the monarchy C. Nobles tried to make it less difficult to enter their community D. Nobles tried to gain financial position by furthering their exemption privileges and raising rents
Nobles tried to make it less difficult to enter their community
Italian society differed from the rest of Europe during the Renaissance in which of the following ways? A. Strong traditions of kingship B. Political unity centered on the papacy C. Number of urban commercial centers D. Rapid pace of agricultural innovation E. Matriarchal political leadership
Number of urban commercial centers
In the late 1700s, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, and Maria Theresa divided up A. The Ottoman Empire B. Poland C. The HRE D. Sweden
Poland
In the years before Napoleon declared himself emperor, he did all of the following EXCEPT: A. made peace with France's enemies B. suppressed opposition at home C. issued a general amnesty for actions taken during the Revolution D. promoted Jacobin leaders E. signed a Concordat with the Catholic church
Promoted Jacobin leaders
As. result of the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), which of the following became an ally of Napoleon? A. Austria B. Prussia C. Great Britain D. Spain E. The Ottoman Empire
Prussia
As a result of the Diplomatic Revolution, the following countries became allies A. Austria and Prussia B. Russia and Great Britain C. Prussia and Great Britain D. France and Prussia
Prussia and Great Britain
Prior to the 17th century, most people believed his geocentric theory that the earth was the center of the universe
Ptolemy
The Sans-Culottes wanted, above all else A. Democracy B. Tax relief C. Relief from food shortages D. A return to the monarchy E. The right to vote
Relief from food shortages
Who would be described? He did not look like a revolutionary with his powdered hair and knee breaches, yet he was a political extremist who was sure that he knew the general will and who was prepared, if the French did not act... voluntarily, to see that they were "forced to be free" A. Danton B. Marat C. Robespierre D. Concorcet E. Necker
Robespierre
As it grew weaker the European territories of the so called "Sick Man of Europe" were a potential source of conflict between A. Prussia and France B. Russia and Austria C. Poland and Hungary D. France and Great Britain
Russia and Austria
Which of the following is NOT true about the Ancien Regime of 18th Century Europe? A. the economy was primarily agrarian B. Serfdom in Eastern European states had largely disappeared C. The influence of the aristocracy remained substantial D. Elite culture was accessible only to a few
Serfdom in Eastern European states had largely disappeared
In the mid-17th century, the area shaded in the map below (central and South America) belonged to A. France B. Portugal C. England D. Spain
Spain
The Quadruple alliance included all of the following except A. Spain B. Great Britain C. Prussia D. Austria E. Austria
Spain
Which of the following combined advantages does Reed claim that the Portuguese had in the Age ofDiscovery? A. Stability in government and favorable geography B. Strong military and financial power C. Feudal authority and national consciousness D. Reduced competition from rival powers and technological superiority
Stability in government and favorable geography
The National Assembly's commitment to a new constitution was formalized in the _____________ as was the Third Estate's commitment to voting by head A. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen B. Cahiers de doleances C. Jacobin Oath D. Tennis Court Oath E. Universal Declaration of Equality
Tennis Court Oath
Francis Bacon Novum Organum Excerpt, 1620 A religious historian would be LEAST likely to identify which of the following as a cause of the Scientific Revolution A. the invention of new scientific instruments such as the telescope and microscope B. the increased wealth in Europe that was derived from colonization and used to subsidize scientific research C. The Catholic Church's traditional but irrational embrace of Aristotle's worldview as a core part of its theology D. increased communication between intellectuals as commerce over land and sea burgeoned
The Catholic Church's traditional but irrational embrace of Aristotle's worldview as a core part of its theology
The phrase "confidence from below, authority from above" was Sieyes' description of French government under A. The Legislative Assembly B. The Committee of Public Safety C. The Directory D. The Consulate E. The Commune
The Consulate
The Thermidorian Reaction brought an end to A. The Reign of Terror B. The French Revolution C. Louis XVI's efforts at reform D. France's war with other European powersE. Moderate influences in the revolutionary government
The Reign of Terror
"The settlement of the New World had a severe effect upon native peoples, whereas in the East, European influencewas very slight until much later times.In the early 1520s, the conquistadors brought with them smallpox and typhoid. Between them these Europeandiseases soon decimated the Indian population, particularly the great epidemics of the 1520s, 1540s, and 1570s. Incentral Mexico, for example, an Indian population which numbered 11,000,000 in 1519 numbered no more than2,500,000 by the end of the century. In addition, the Indian was beset by enormous grazing herds of cattle whichthe White settler introduced. He escaped the herd by working for the White settler, but if this led him to thecrowded labor settlements, as it quite often did, he stood less chance of escaping infection.The Indian was exploited. But in the law he remained free. Enslavement was practiced, but it was not officiallytolerated. Moreover, the Franciscan order, a powerful missionary force in the New World, did its best to save theIndian from the evil ways of the White man. In Bartolomé de Las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria, the Indian foundinfluential defenders; and through their schemes for separate Indian Christian communities, he found a partialescape from the White man. But the Indian mission towns, which were permitted by [the Spanish king] Charles V,were objected to by his successor, Philip II, and they only survived in remote areas."M. L. Bush, historian, Renaissance, Reformation and the Outer World, 1967 \Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases onNative Americans? A. The enslavement of Native Americans B. The introduction of cattle herds C. The change in the population of central Mexico D. The founding of mission towns by Franciscans
The change in the population of central Mexico
According to the above timeline and your knowledge of this time period, which of the following was a major reason for the decline of the Dutch East India [VOC] by the end of the 18c? A. The loss of Brazil and Suriname in South America by the 1790s B. The shift in interest and involvement in her African trading posts at the beginning of the 18c C. The withdrawal of the monopoly of the VOC over Asian trade by the Dutch government during the reign of William III D. The cost of Dutch involvement in multiples wars in Europe and North America from the mid 17c through the 18c
The cost of Dutch involvement in multiples wars in Europe and North America from the mid 17c through the 18c
Which of the following best accounts for the changes indicated in the tables between the literacy rates of thesixteenth century and those of the seventeenth century? A. The revival of Classical humanist texts during the Renaissance B. Jesuit efforts to encourage the reading of the Bible C. The development of mandatory public education systems D. The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read
The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read
Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of newpolitical theories there? A. The threat of Ottoman expansion into Italy B. The division of Italy into numerous city-states C. The predominance of Catholicism in Italy D. The use of several closely related dialects in Italy
The division of Italy into numerous city-states
The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following ? A. Columbus' voyages of exploration B. The development of new navigational technology C. The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture D. The foundation of East Indies trading companies
The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture
The basic problem for the French monarchy in the 18th century prior to the revolution was A. The government's inability to pay debts due to insufficient income B. Their split from the Catholic Church C. A series of conflicts with Spain and Austria D. A deep ideological divide in the country E. A series of failed colonial ventures
The government's inability to pay debts due to insufficient income
Image 1: Raphael, Italian artist, Portrait of Pope Julius II, 1511 Image 2: Raphael, Italian artist, portrait of Heraclitus of Ephesus, an ancient Greek philosopher, part of alarger painting called The School of Athens, 1511 Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the ItalianRenaissance? A. The growing emphasis on secularism B. The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism C. The growing emphasis on rationality and empiricism D. The growing emphasis on portraying common people
The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism
The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes ofeveryday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe duringthe sixteenth century? A. The growing prosperity of new commercial groups B. The spread of knowledge about European exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas C. The attempts by new monarchs to create more centralized states D. The increasing production of vernacular texts
The growing prosperity of new commercial groups
Which of the following was NOT true of the Triangular Trade of the 18th century? A. Europe provided manufactured goods to the Americas B. The Spanish mainly received gold and silver bullion from their American colonies C. The most lucrative resource provided by the British and French colonies in the New World was cotton D. Africa provided slaves for the plantations of the New World
The most lucrative resource provided by the British and French colonies in the New World was cotton
The English Philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that A. Kings ruled by Divine Right B. Only in England as a limited constitutional monarchy possible C. Men are by nature reasonable D. The power of the ruler was derived from an implied contract with the governed
The power of the ruler was derived from an implied contract with the governed
Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of nationalcultures in Europe? A. The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature. B. The printing press allowed for easier publication of laws and legal findings. C. The printing press led to the creation of guilds and craft associations dedicated to the production of booksand pamphlets. D. The printing press encouraged the spread of humanist ideas from Italy to northern Europe.
The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature
The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance? A. The challenge to the power of universities B. The continued interest in religious themes C. The revival of interest in classical works D. The development of Christian humanism
The revival of interest in classical works
The Term Old/Ancien Regime has come to refer to A. the gradual transition of Europe's monarchies to that of democracies and republics B. The economic policies that existed across Europe before the 18th century Industrial Revolution C. The social, political, and economic relationships prevalent in Europe before the French Revolution D. The social and political infrastructure that existed before the American Revolution
The social, political, and economic relationships prevalent in Europe before the French Revolution
The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period? A. The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples B. The reliance of European colonists on indigenous peoples as sources of information about new territories C. The rapid adoption of some European technologies by indigenous peoples D. The creation of hybrid cultures that incorporated both European and indigenous elements
The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples
The Grand Alliance was formed to prevent A. French seizure of German Lands East of the Rhine B. The assertion of Hapsburg influence in Protestant Switzerland C. The Union of France and Spain under one Bourbon rule D. Prussian aggression against Holland
The union of France and Spain under one Bourbon rule
The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance? A. The growing power of merchants and secular elites B. The admiration for classical Greek and Roman works C. The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites D. The use of print to disseminate religious ideas
The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites
For these reasons, we announce, declare, ordain, and will that all the strongholds, either towns or castles, which are in the interior of our realm or provinces of the same, not situated in places of importance either for frontier defense or other considerations of weight, shall be razed and demolished; even ancient walls shall be destroyed so far as it shall be deemed necessary for the well-being and repose of our subjects and the security of this state, so that our said subjects henceforth need not fear that the said places will cause them any inconvenience, and so that we shall be freed from the expense of supporting garrisons in them." French Louis the 13th (with assistance from Cardinal Richelieu) ordered of the demolition of feudal castles in France because:-Castles were expensive and unneeded-he was afraid they would serve as safe houses for the rebellion-give him more absolute monarch power - Edict of 1626 ordering the demolition of Feudal castles in France The excerpt above is most closely aligned with the theories of A. John Locke B. Sir Thomas More C. Thomas Hobbes D. Karl Marx
Thomas Hobbes
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, issued in 1790 A. Prohibited the clergy from public worship B. Transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the French State C. Encouraged members of the clergy to organize their own diocese borders and handle their own administration D. Was positively received by the French Church, which welcomed changeE. Was designed to increase the number of bishoprics in the country
Transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the French State
Which of the following groups is in correct chronological order? A. War of Austrian Succession. Seven Years' War, War of Jenkins Ear, American Revolution B. Seven Years War, War of Austrian Succession, American Revolution, War of Jenkins Ear C. War of Jenkins Ear, War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, American Revolution D. War of Jenkins Ear, Seven Years War, War of Austrian Succession. American Revolution
War of Jenkins Ear, War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, American Revolution
Which is described? At this battle, Napoleon was handed his final, decisive defeat, after whic hhe was exiled to St. Helena where he eventually died. A. Leipzig B. Waterloo C. Smolensk D. Austerlitz E. Borodino
Waterloo
Following the Reign of Terror, the Jacobins A. Were summarily executed B. Took control of the Republic C. Were imprisoned D.Were made to conform their political views to the moderate views of the Thermidorians E. Were exiled
Were summarily executed
He led alliances against Louis XIV and became king of England in 1688
William of Orange
"It will be a service to the Church of great consequence to carry the gospel into those parts of the world and to raise a bulwark against the kingdom of Antichrist which the Jesuits labor to rear up in those parts." This passage was most likely written by: A. a Puritan emigrant to New England B. Henry IV of France C. Ignatius of Loyola D. A Spanish Conquistador
a Puritan emigrant to New England
The economic theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which of the following statements A. economies will prosper when trade is restricted as little as possible B. colonies are of little economic importance to the mother country C. a government should seek to directly control the economy so as to maximize exports D. it is vital that a country import more than it exports
a government should seek to directly control the economy so as to maximize exports
The long-term economic effect in Europe of the establishment of trading networks and colonies such as the one described in the passage was A. the increased power of trading centers in the Italian city-states B. a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states C. the industrialization of Great Britain D. an increase in the cost of imported luxury goods
a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states
Which of the following was generally supported by mercantilists A. formation of guilds B. laissez fiare attitude towards business C. acquisition of colonies D. destruction of factories
acquisition of colonies
In the 16th century, all trade between Spain and her American colonies I. had to be carried in Spanish ships II. had to be sanctioned by the Spanish Board of trade and leave form the Spanish Port of Cadiz III. could only be done at a few designated ports in the Americas A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. II and III E. all of the above
all of the above
In both France and England the major opposition to the concept of a divine right monarchy came from A. aristocracy B. peasantry C. clergy D. bourgeosie
aristocracy
As for our Father being drawn away from the Supremacy of Rome by schismatical and heretical counsels and advisers, who, we pray advised him more or flattered him than you, good Mr. Father, when you were Bishop of Rochester? And then, you Mr. Bonner, when you were Archdeacon? And you Mr. Turberville? Nay, further... who was more an adviser to our Father than your great Stephen Gardiner, when he lived?.... Was it not you and such like advisers that... stirred up our Sister against us and other of her subjects? Whereas you would frighten us by telling how Emperors... have owned the Bishop of Rome's authority. It was contrary in the beginning, for our Saviour Christ paid His tribute unto Cæsar, as the chief superior; which shows your Romish supremacy is usurped.... We give you, therefore, warning, that for the future, we hear no more of this kind, lest you provoke us to execute those penalties enacted for the punishing of our resisters, which out of our clemency we have foreborne." -Elizabeth I, 1559 The passage above could best be characterized as a monarch's attempt to A. assuage religious differences to increase power B. assuage political differences in order to increase power C. use religious toleration in order to increase power D. deny religious freedom in order to increase power
assuage religious differences to increase power
Differences between Parliament and the king came to a head in 1688 (ushering in the Glorious Revolution) with the A. secret Treaty of Dover B. Test Act C. birth of a Catholic heir to James II D. Establishment of the Tory party
birth of a Catholic heir to James II
The house above, designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of A. Egyptian palaces B. Roman baths C. classical temples D. Byzantine monasteries E. medieval castles
classical temples
The Continental System was designed to A. funnel taxes from conquered territories back to France B. establish French political control of Europe C. cut off British trade with the rest of Europe D. establish supply lines for Napoleon's far-flung forces E. provoke France into a trade war with the Dutch
cut off British trade with the rest of Europe
The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their A. concern over the threat posed by the expansion of the Islamic Ottoman Empire B. desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church C. attempts to revive belief in the ancient Greek and Roman gods D. hope to create a new religion based on reason rather than tradition
desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church
"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no onecan enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on theisland and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise ofvarious kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles andabove all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring fromthe land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect thistrade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island."Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast ofAfrica, 1454 Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by A. developing their internal industries B. shifting their focus to trading in the Mediterranean C. increasing overland trade with the Ottoman Empire D. developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks
developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks
Which of the following was most typical of preindustrial European village society? A. domestic manufacture of most consumer goods B. upward economic mobility from one generation to the next C. low infant mortality rates D. long life expectancy
domestic manufacture of most consumer goods
Which best describes the relationship of Britain and France with India during the 18th century? A. trade was negligible because of the widespread presence of pirates B. Neither country desired goods produced in India C. Europeans were unable to establish trading posts in India D. each country traded with India through a government chartered monopolistic company
each country traded with India through a government chartered monopolistic company
Napoleon's Concordat with the Catholic Church accomplished all of the following EXCEPT: a. gave the French state the right to name bishops B. declared Catholicism the religion of the majority of the French citizens C. required refractory clergy to resign D. required clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the state E. established Roman Catholicism as the only legitimate religion in France
established Roman Catholicism as the only legitimate religion in France
Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation A. immediate widespread persecution of Catholics in England B. establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church in England C. a revolt of the high nobility as opposed to the Reformation D. the Pope named Henry VIII as a "Defender of the Faith"
establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church in England
As a result of the scientific theories developed through the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans developed a conception of the universe as A. geocentric B. guided by a personal God C. chaotic, determined by chance D. governed by natural laws
geocentric
Which statement best describes Napoleon's treatment of the relatives he placed in control of European kingdoms? A. He generally allowed them to make decisions B. He cared little for what they did C. He gave the, orders and expected them toe be carried out D. He gave them considerable autonomy but expected them to be consulted on important decisions E. He only placed them in unimportant kingdoms
he gave them orders and expected them to be carried out
The Enclosure movement in Great Britain during the 18th Century was designed to A. stimulate industrialization B. strengthen the mining industry C. increase and maximize the output of crop lands D. expand land available for sheep raising
increase and maximize output of crop lands
Many of Peter the Great's most important policies were aimed at A. reducing the role of the military in Russian life B. limiting the power of the traditional Russian nobility C. Increasing the power of the Russian Orthodox Church D. Making peace with most of Russia's Western neighbors
limiting the power of the traditional Russian nobility
The weakness of the Spanish economy was characterized by all of the following except A. excessive taxation to support military power B. spiraling inflation caused by importation of gold and silver C. little growth of production D. insufficient wealth to support the lavish courts of the monarchs
little growth of production
John Wesley was the leader of the A. English Romantic movement B. Methodist movement C. English Catholic revival D. Charter movement E. English Neoclassical movement
methodist movement
For these reasons, we announce, declare, ordain, and will that all the strongholds, either towns or castles, which are in the interior of our realm or provinces of the same, not situated in places of importance either for frontier defense or other considerations of weight, shall be razed and demolished; even ancient walls shall be destroyed so far as it shall be deemed necessary for the well-being and repose of our subjects and the security of this state, so that our said subjects henceforth need not fear that the said places will cause them any inconvenience, and so that we shall be freed from the expense of supporting garrisons in them." French Louis the 13th (with assistance from Cardinal Richelieu) ordered of the demolition of feudal castles in France because:-Castles were expensive and unneeded-he was afraid they would serve as safe houses for the rebellion-give him more absolute monarch power - Edict of 1626 ordering the demolition of Feudal castles in France The Edict of 1626 was most likely issued by the King of France in order to A. mitigate the nobles threat to his power B. protect France from foreign invaders C. establish a strong Noble support system D. Convert France from an agrarian society
mitigate the nobles threat to his power
The 1793 revolt in the Vendee was in support of A. Girondists B. Jacobins C. Third Estate D. Monarchy E. Clergy
monarchy
Memory, elected Roman Emperor, Always August, ... - Treaty of Westphalia Munster, October 1648 Peace Treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France and their respective Allies France's entry into the 30 years war indicated that the war A. moved from being a religiously based war to a politically based one B. Went from being a quick local conflict to an international war C. was no longer politically based but now a religiously based conflict D. went form being a localized struggle in Bohemia to a transnational military conflict attempting to Balance the Power of Europe
moved from being a religiously based war to a politically based one
In 1640, Charles I at last called Parliament into session because he A. wanted to change his religion B. needed money to pursue his war against France C. needed money to suppress a rebellion in Scotland D. wanted a divorce from his Catholic Wife
needed money to suppress a rebellion in Scotland
The meeting of the Estates General in 1614 was significant because A. it was able to gain control of the king's right to collect taxes B. no such meeting was held again until 1789 C. For the first time in history it elected a French King D. The noble classes of France worked in union with the 3rd Estate
no such meeting was held again until 1789
Finance was a weak spot in France because the king could raise taxes only by exempting the A. poorer classes B. bourgeoisie C. nobility D. intendents
nobility
Rebellion against French rule in Spain came from the: A. nobility and upper clergy B. peasants and monastic leaders C. upper classes D. Peasants and the lower clergy E. merchant elites
peasants and the lower clergy
Whereas by the laws and statutes of this realm the parliament ought to be holden at least once every year for the redress of grievances, but the appointment of the time and place for the holding thereof hath always belonged, as it ought, to his majesty and his royal progenitors; and whereas it is by experience found that the not holding of parliaments accordingly hath produced sundry and great mischiefs and inconveniences to the king's majesty, the church, and commonwealth: for the prevention of the like mischiefs and inconveniences in time to come, -The Triennial Act, 1640 Parliament's passing of the Triennial Act is a reflection of the A. power struggle between the Monarchy and the Aristocracy B. Constitutional monarchy of England C. symbiotic relationship between parliament and the King D. the absolute power possessed by the King of England
power struggle between the Monarchy and the Aristocracy
With the Napoleonic Code of 1804, all of the following were true under French law EXCEPT: A. fathers had extensive control over their families B. the rights of employers were greater than the rights of workers C. labor unions were forbidden D. property rights were safeguarded E. primogeniture was established
primogeniture was established
The books of those heresiarchs, who after the aforesaid year originated or revived heresies, as well as of those who are or have been the heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Balthasar Friedberg, Schwenkfeld, and others like these, whatever may be their name, title or nature of their heresy, are absolutely forbidden. The books of other heretics, however, which deal professedly with religion are absolutely condemned. Those on the other hand, which do not deal with religion and have by order of the bishops and inquisitors been examined by Catholic theologians and approved by them, are permitted. Likewise, Catholic books written by those who afterward fell into heresy, as well as by those who after their fall returned to the bosom of the Church, may be permitted if they have been approved by the theological faculty of a Catholic university or by the general inquisition. Council of Trent: Rules on Prohibited Books, 1546 Which of the elements outlined in the text above did the Council of Trent find most objectionable? A. vernacular religious works B. Texts critical of protestant practices C. Catholic works D. Protestant Works in the Vernacular
protestant works in the vernacular
The primary purpose of the Stamp Act was A. regulate trade between Britain and her American colonies B. punish the unruly American colonists C. attempt to control the illicit colonial trade with the French D. raise badly needed revenue for the British
raise badly needed revenue for the British
The Counter-reformation, or Catholic Reformation A. reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine B. reformed theology to meet some protestant demands C. protected and concealed corruption in the Church Hierarchy D. decentralized the governance of the Church
reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine
The primary goal of France in entering the 30 Years War was to A. defend Catholicism against German protestants B. reduce the power of the Habsburgs C. make a Bourbon Holy Roman Empire D. extend France's eastern borders to the Rhine River
reduce the power of the Habsburgs
After Prussia's defeat at Jena, many German intellectuals urged A. resistance to Napoleon on the basis of German nationalism B. acceptance of Napoleon's rule C. Resistance to Napoleon on the basis of shared culture D. Limited acceptance of Napoleon's rule E. sweeping reforms of the army
resistance to Napoleon on the basis of German nationalism
Constable and other Romantics tended to idealize A. Ancient Greece B. Reason C. City life D. Rural life E. The future
rural life
The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the A. renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities B. capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers C. antireligious movement among leading Italian intellectuals D. scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome E. non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature
scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome
Martin Luther initially criticized the Catholic Church because it A. supported priests as religious teachers B. used indulgences as a fundraising method C. formed close alliance with secular powers/rulers D. sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular
sed indulgences as a fundraising method
Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in A. military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples B. seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases C. the discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John D. the sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorers E. the destruction of the Dutch East India Company
seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases
The key invention that allowed industrialization to spread from one industry/area of production to any other industry was the A. spinning jenny B. water frame C. steam engine D. seed drill
steam engine
The Industrial Revolution pf the late 18th and early 19th Centuries was based upon A. textiles, mechanization, railways B. steam, textiles, iron C. mechanization, steam, railways D. iron, textiles, heavy industry
steam, textiles, iron
Napoleon's real reason for establishing the Bonapartist dynasty in 1804 was A. the need to publicly demonstrate supremacy over the church in France B. the need to demonstrate supremacy over the pope C. that it represented a natural expression of his ambition D. the need to gain the support of the nobility E. the need to gain the support of the peasantry
that it represented a natural expression of his ambition
And in order that such peace is respected and maintained despite the religious chasm, as is necessary in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and between his Roman Imperial Majesty and Us, on the one hand, and the electors, princes, and estates of the Holy Empire of the German nation, on the other, therefore His Imperial Majesty, and We, and the electors, princes, and estates of the Holy Empire will not make war upon any estate of the empire on account of the Augsburg Confession and the doctrine, religion, and faith of the same, nor injure nor do violence to those estates that hold it, nor force them, against their conscience, knowledge, and will, to abandon the religion, faith, church usages, ordinances, and ceremonies of the Augsburg Confession, where these have been established, or may hereafter be established, in their principalities, lands, and dominions. Nor shall We, through mandate or in any other way, trouble or disparage them, but shall let them quietly and peacefully enjoy their religion, faith, church usages, ordinances, and ceremonies, as well as their possessions, real and personal property, lands, people, dominions, governments, honors, and rights. Further, a complete peace within the disputed Christian religion shall be attained only by Christian, friendly, and peaceful means through his Imperial and Royal Majesties, the honorable princes, and by threat of punishment for breach of the Public Peace. Peace of Augsburg, 1555 The ideas expressed in this passage were most strongly aligned with which of the following A. the Elizabethan Settlement B. The Expulsion of Jews from Spain C. The Revoking of the Edict of Nantes D. The Diet of Worms
the Elizabethan Settlement
18th century British nobility differed from 18th century French nobility in that A. the French nobility paid direct taxes and had no significant legal privileges B. the English aristocracy paid no yaces while the French nobility were burdened with the taille and the gabelle C. the French nobility did not enjoy hereditary privileges as did the English D. the English aristocracy accepted the social and political responsibilities of their position and participated more directly in running their government
the English aristocracy accepted the social and political responsibilities of their position and participated more directly in running their government
Improvements associated with the Agricultural Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries began in A. France and Spain B. Prussia and Austria C. the Low Countries and Britain D. Poland and Russia
the Low Countries and Britain
The Portuguese lost most of their holdings in India to ____, which underwent a prosperous Golden Age A. Spain B. England C. The Netherlands D. France
the Netherlands
"Vices which are intolerable in a pastor: Heresy..." -The register of the Company of Pastors of Geneva in the Time of Calvin, 1540s Which of the following was the most direct result of the policies described in this excerpt? A. the civic and religious administrations co-mingled in regulating public morals in 1540s Geneva B. Citizens of Geneva were able to practice whatever religion they desired as long as they did not proselytize within the jurisdiction of the city C. Feudalism was reinstated in the swiss states D. The separation of church and state was strongly enforced
the civic and religious administrations co-mingled in regulating public morals in 1540s Geneva
Francis Bacon Novum Organum A historian would best use this source to investigate A. the beginning of a division between hard scientific investigation and philosophical inquiry B. the continued debate in intellectual history over methods of scientific investigation C. the continued debate in intellectual history over methods of scientific investigation D. the formation of the first experimental laboratories
the continued debate in intellectual history over methods of scientific investigation
The war over Austrian succession and the British-Spanish trade conflict might have remained separate disputes; what united them? A. the decision of France to support Prussia B. immediate British conquest of the French colonies C. a long-standing religious controversy D. the Austrian threat to the Low Countries
the decision of France to support Prussia
New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on A. the formation of mass political parties B. the creation of a unified European governing body C. the establishment of a system of checks and balances to restrain monarchical excesses D. the improvement of centralized forms of government
the improvement of centralized forms of government
The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on A. a close alliance with the papacy B. the influence and wealth of their bank C. the support of the lower classes D. the support of a powerful citizen militia E. their tenure in various municipal offices
the influence and wealth of their bank
The Romantic movement had roots in all of the following EXCEPT A. the individualism of the Renaissance B. the neoclassicism of the eighteenth century C. Protestant devotion and personal piety D. the sentimental novels of the eighteenth century E. dramatic German poetry
the neoclassicism of the 18th century
The Peace of Augsburg established that A. the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Empire B. the ruler of a state would determine the religion of its people C. Calvinists and Lutherans were to be tolerated throughout the HRE D. Protestants throughout the HRE must convert to emigrate
the ruler of a state would determine the religion of its people
in EARLY 18th century Europe, the greatest fortunes were to be made in A. trade and commerce B. factory ownership C. professions such as law and medicine D. government service
trade and commerce
The basic issue behind the War of Jenkins Ear was A. the struggle between Face and England for control of Canada and the West Indies B. Russian expansion into the very heart of Europe C. trade and smuggling in Spain's new world colonies D. the question of the succession to the Polish throne
trade and smuggling in Spain's new world colonies
When the German peasants rose in revolt in 1524, Luther A. called for tolerance of the peasants' religious reforms B. ignored the revolt as it had no impact on religion C. succeeded in persuading the princes to accept some of their demands D. urged Catholic and Protestant princes alike to suppress them
urged Catholic and Protestant princes alike to suppress them
In 17th and 18th century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for A. the right to sell their lands B. control of the Parliament C. exemption from all taxes D. virtually absolute control over their serfs
virtually absolute control over their serfs
The Pragmatic Sanction A. was meant to ensure that Maria Theresa could inherit the Hapsburg crown B. ensured that most polish monarchs would be foreigners and tools of foreign powers C. allowed the D. insured a peaceful transition of the English crown to the Hanoverians
was meant to ensure that Maria Theresa could inherit the Hapsburg Crown
The American Revolution brought about A. the end of slavery B. widespread redistribution of wealth C. widespread political discussion D. political rights for women
widespread political discussion