Midterm2
CIAM
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
Baker House at MIT
Alvar Aalto The dormitory is a curving snake slithering on its site and reflects many of Aalto's ideas of formal strategy, "The site runs along the north side of the Charles River and from the very start Aalto's plans seek to find ways of maximizing the view of the river for every student.
Paimio Sanatorium
Alvar Aalto Though the building represents the 'modernist' period of Aalto's career it also carried the seeds of Aalto's later move towards a more synthetic approach. For instance, the main entrance is marked by a nebulous-shaped canopy unlike anything being designed at that time by the older generation of modernist architects.
Modernism:
1. No historical reference 2. Space positive—space can transform the people inside, similar to the way Gothic architecture could elevate people's spirit 3. Minimalism 4. The processional 5. No natural (telluric) material 6. Glass 7. Form follows function(functionalism)
Guaranty Building
Adler and Sullivan in Buffalo NY on his belief that "form follows function" The supporting steel structure of the building was embellished with terra cotta blocks.
Wainwright Building
Adler and Sullivan in missouri use of terracotta and ornate foliage reliefs cut into them brown sandstone on first two floors he tenth story is a frieze of winding leaf scrolls that frame circular inset windows.
Goldman and Salatsch
Adolf Loos Vienna, Austria Loos felt that lack of ornamentation was a sign of spiritual strength, and his writings include a study about the relation between ornament and crime.
Sonsbeek Pavilion
Aldo Van Ecyk Circular plan the shape of relativity notion of minimalism, changes of scale,sensitivity of encountering the space
Hunstanton School
Allison Smithson, Peter Smithson London brick was taboo in modernism. reminds us of earth human scale large glass pieces steel frame
Robin Hood Gardens Housing
Allison Smithson, Peter Smithson London the idea of a bar building open courtyard, looks a bit brutal social experiment that failed
The economist Building
Allison Smithson, Peter Smithson London 3 Buildings that situate its pieces to get plazas and spaces of different scales and different orientations
Villa Mairea
Alvar Aalto significant dwelling that marks a transition from traditional to modern architecture The constant theme of a shifting and advancing technology is ever present in Aalto's design. The transformation of materials and therefore the experiences created by them form fences and then walls around and through the villa. They told Aalto that he should regard it as 'an experimental house'. Aalto seems to have treated the house as an opportunity to bring together all the themes that had been preoccupying him in his work to that point but had not been able to include them in actual buildings here, the 'L' shape distinguishes between the house proper and the integral studio; at Villa Mairea, it separates the family accommodation from that of a courtyard - garden variously enclosed by combinations of walls, fences, trellises and the wooden sauna
Saynatsalo
Alvar Aalto Finland elements of classicism and the monumental blended with modernity and intimacy to form a cohesive new center-point for the community. follows the traditional European court-and-tower model of a civic center.
villa Moller
Architect: Adolf Loos location: Vienna Austria
Villa Muller
Architect: Adolf Loos Location Prague, Czech Republic Known as an innovative landmark of early modernist architecture, the Villa Müller embodies Loos' ideas of economy and functionality. The spatial design, known as Raumplan, is evident in the multi-level parts of individual rooms, indicating their function and symbolic importance. Raumplan is exhibited in the interior as well as the exterior. The exterior displayed Loos' theory discussed in his 1908 essay, "Ornament and Crime". In the essay, Loos criticized decorated surfaces. For the exterior of the Villa Müller, Loos designed a white, cubic facade. He also wanted to distinguish between the outside, where the view could be seen by the public eye, and the inside, the private spaces of those who lived there. Consequently, the interior is lavishly decorated with comfortable furniture and marble, wood, and silk surfaces
Sanatorium Purkersdorf
Architect: Joseph Hoffman Art Nouveau Lower Austria
Maison Domino
Architect: Le Corbusier an open floor plan structure It is a design idea to manufacture in series, that combines the order he discovered in classical architecture. It was a prototype as the physical platform for the mass production of housing. The name is a pun that combines an allusion to domus (Latin for house) This model proposed an open floor plan consisting of concrete slabs supported by a minimal number of thin, reinforced concrete columns around the edges, with a stairway providing access to each level on one side of the floor plan. The frame was to be completely independent of the floor plans of the houses thus giving freedom to design the interior configuration. The model eliminated load-bearing walls and the supporting beams for the ceiling. became the foundation for his architecture for the next 10 years
Pavilion l'Esprit Nouveau
Architect: Le Corbusier The Pavilion de L'Esprit Nouveau was a temporary building constructed in 1925 within the framework of the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts in Paris. For Le Corbusier was a chance to show so provocative, his ideas on architecture and urbanism that had begun to develop with Pierre Jeanneret since 1922. All these ideas were quite unusual at a time when Art Nouveau was regarded primarily as a decorative art, the reaction to this project was downright hostile
Villa Stein at Garches
Architect: Le Corbusier direct application of his 5 points of arch his conception of volume in his designs comes from his solid modelling. Stein's house, according to this thinking, is part of the second type that says, "The second shows an understanding of the organisms inside the rigid packaging, absolutely pure. The difficult problem, perhaps to the delight of the mind, is the cost to spiritual energy tied in the middle of the restrictions imposed." This is an exercise in which the intuition of the exterior of the building is secondary to the space and functional elements. In the imposition of classical reminiscences, this is resolved based on criteria established by the previous ideology of the Modern Movement.
Villa Savoye
Architect: Le Corbusier most famous example of his 5 points of arch, incorporates all five famous for its ramp going directly through the house utilitarian design(said its meant to be like a ship when asked why it was decaying) Villa Savoye is a modern take on a French country house that celebrates and reacts to the new machine age. The house is a machine for living."
Wolfson House
Architect: Marcel Brueur Location: Hudson Valley Wolfson Trailer House was designed around—as in physically constructed around—a Royal Mansion Spartan Trailer Bauhaus-esque architecture
Liane Lefaivre and Alexander Tzonis
Modern architecture was considering necessities of environment of place. not avoiding modernism but developing modernism
Seagram Building
Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe Located in NY integral plaza, building, stone faced lobby and distinctive glass and bronze exterior It stands as one of the most notable examples of the functionalist aesthetic and a prominent instance of corporate modernism International style One of the style's characteristic traits was to express or articulate the structure of buildings externally. It was a style that argued that the functional utility of the building's structural elements when made visible, could supplant a formal decorative articulation; and more honestly converse with the public than any system of applied ornamentation. was built of a steel frame, from which non-structural glass walls were hung
Tugendhat House
Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe Located in Czech Built of reinforced concrete Mies used a revolutionary iron framework, which enabled him to dispense with supporting walls and arrange the interior in order to achieve a feeling of space and light. The onyx wall is partially translucent and changes appearance when the evening sun is low. The architect managed to make the magnificent view from the villa an integral part of the interior.
Barcelona Pavilion
Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe was the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. its elegant and sleek design combined with rich natural material presented Mies' Barcelona Pavilion as a bridge into his future career, as well as architectural modernism. it would not house art or sculpture rather the pavilion would be a place of tranquility and escape from the exposition, in effect transforming the pavilion into an inhabitable sculpture. Raised on a plinth of travertine, the Barcelona Pavilion separates itself from it context create atmospheric and experiential effects that seem to occur in a vacuum that dissolves all consciousness of the surrounding city. The pavilion's design is based on a formulaic grid system developed by Mies that not only serves as the patterning of the travertine pavers, but it also serves as an underlying framework that the wall systems work within.
IIT Crown Hall
Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe Located in Illnois (architecture school) Some say farnsworth house was precursor to this building refined the basic steel and glass construction style, beautifully capturing simplicity and openness "less is more" and he considered the building to be the best embodiment of that maxim With WWII and the Great Depression leaving a large break in construction, Mies reconstructed curriculum to appreciate minimalism and to focus on using only what was necessary; an approach not yet favorable in most architecture schools of the time.
Villa Wagner
Architect: Otto Wagner
Kirche am Steinhof
Architect: Otto Wagner Vienna Austria Art Nouveau type church
Postsparkasse
Architect: Otto Wagner Austrian Postal Savings Bank -Constructed using reinforced concrete -represents Wagners first move from Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism -The entire facade is covered with square marble plates. The entire facade is covered with square marble plates. -The building's harmonious synthesis between form and functionality was highly acclaimed by critics. -The metal rivets do not obstruct the facade but resemble decorative elements. -The use of marble also makes the maintenance and cleaning of the facade very easy and inexpensive, another important functional element in Wagner's design. -The architect kept the design very minimalistic and simple; his aim was to convey the sense of a strong, impenetrable bank in which customers would know their money was safe.
AEG turbine
Architect: Peter Behrens It is an influential and well-known example of industrial architecture. Its revolutionary design features 100m long and 15m tall glass and steel walls on either side. It was a bold move Initially influenced by the developing Art Nouveau, the architect turned soon to the Werkbund, which in turn was influenced by the British Arts and Crafts. The building mainly consists of steel components, glass, and traditional Greek and Egyptian temples. created an image for an industry that was previously behind these old classical facades (industrial architecture )
Fagus Shoe factory
Architect: Walter Groupius The most architecturally-significant aspect of Gropius' contribution to the project is the office building. Unlike the other buildings, this flat-roof, three-story building features a façade that is comprised of more glass than brick. nstead of conventional load-bearing exterior walls, Gropius had made the bold and innovative decision to place reinforced concrete columns inside the building to free the façade The most innovative feature of the building is the fully glazed exterior corners, which are free of structural elements.
Werkbund Exhibiton Building
Architect: Walter Groupius Gropius felt that factories should possess the monumentality of ancient Egyptian temples. For one façade of their "modern machine factory," the architects combined massive brickwork with a long horizontal expanse of open glass sheathing, the latter most effectively used to encase the exterior spiral staircases at the corners.
Bauhaus
Designed by Groupius Directed in 3 german cities :Weimer 1919-1925 Dessau 1925-1932 Berlin 1932-1933 the glass curtain wall suspended in front of the load-bearing framework defines the exterior of the workshop wing and openly shows the constructive elements. Gropius consistently separated the parts of the Bauhaus building according to their functions and designed each differently. He thereby arranged the different wings asymmetrically
Palais Stoclet
Belgium Architect: Joseph Hoffman Hoffman abandoned fashions and styles of the past and produced a building that is an asymmetrical compilation of rectangular blocks, underlined by exaggerated lines and corners. for rich art collector The integration of architects, artists, and artisans makes Stoclet Palace an example of a Gesamtkunstwerk, one of the defining characteristics of Jugendstil. Art Deco
5 points of architecture (domino)
FREE PLAN PILOTIS ROOF GARDEN HORIZONTAL WINDOW FREE FACADE
Kenneth Frampton
Founded idea of Critical Regionalism
Taliesin West
Frank Lloyd Right ONLY critical regionalist house developed by frank lloyd right
Larkin Building
Frank Lloyd Wright The five story dark red brick building used pink tinted mortar and utilized steel frame construction. It was noted for many innovations, including air conditioning, stained glass windows, built-in desk furniture, and suspended toilet bowls. For floors, magnesite was mixed with excelsior and poured, and troweled like cement, over a layer of felt to impart its resiliency. Magnesite was also used for sculptural decoration on the piers surrounding the light court and for panels and beams around the executive offices at the south end of the main floor
Robie House
Frank Lloyd Wright greatest example of prarie school style continuous bands of art-glass windows, and the use of Roman brick emphasize the horizontal, which had rich associations for Wright
Ward Willitts House
Frank Lloyd Wright the house presents a symmetrical facade to the street he plan is a cruciate with four wings extending out from a central fireplace. In addition to stained-glass windows and wooden screens that divide rooms, Wright also designed most of the furniture in the house. marks the full development of Wright's wood frame and stucco system of construction prarie school style
Winslow House
Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Illinois his first major commission Sheltered beneath a low-pitched roof with wide eaves, the home is symmetrical and horizontally divided into a stone section, a golden Roman brick section, and a terra cotta frieze of Sullivanesque ornament house design inspired by his mentor sullivan hence terracotta use prarie school style
Gropius House
House by and for Walter Groupius Located in Massachutes residence of Walter Gropius and his family during his tenure at Harvard University during the mid 1900s. Completed in 1938, the Gropius House was the first commissioned project in the United States for the famed architect the house is a hybrid of traditional New England aesthetic and the modernist teachings of the Bauhaus. In Gropius' mind keeping with the vernacular of the surround New England farmhouse aesthetic was of primary concern, while also introducing modern, mass-produced, pre-fabricated elements into the design as well. The facade of the house combines common brick and local clapboard with manufactured ribbons windows and glass block evoking a sense of stability and balance between old and new, traditional and modern, New England and European. In regards to the interior of the house, Gropius did not take the New England architectural vernacular into consideration, rather the interior is a mix of fabricated pieces from the Bauhaus and furniture by Marcel Breuer. Similar to the work that was happening simultaneously in Europe; the house employs an open spatial organization that filters light throughout the house through the large windows.
Millowner's Headquarters
Le Corbusier Ahmedabad, a city historically active in India's textile trade. As Le Corbusier began working predominately in warmer environments, he developed a set of architectural devices in response to climatic and cultural contexts. He introduced brises-soleil, designed to prevent sun from penetrating the facade, and employed these in combination with thickened facades and unfinished concrete in many of his later projects. The brises-soleil on the west facade are oriented diagonally to obstruct views from the street while permitting air and indirect sunlight to enter the space combining the repetitive rigidity of Villa Savoye with the curvilinear forms of Ronchamp. e facade stands free of the structural pilotis as described in Le Corbusier's Five Points, but departs from his earlier work in that it extends fully to the ground, screening the cylindrical columns from view. The rectilinear plan and grid expressed on the building's exterior stand in contrast to the interior spaces, which are characterized by convex and concave volumes.
Carpenter Center (Harvard)
Le Corbusier The first and only building in the United States designed by the 20th Century master architect Le Corbusier the Carpenter Center stands out among the traditional architectural styles of Harvard Yard as a combination of Le Corbusier's earlier modernist works. is a mix of Corbusier's earlier works with the typical beton-brut concrete, angled brise soleils that were used in Chandigarh, and ondulatoires found in La Tourette were implemented into the centers facade system.
Unite d'Habitation
Le Corbusier After World War II, the need for housing was at an unprecedented high. The Unite d'Habitation in Marseille, France was the first large scale project for the famed architect, Le Corbusier. focused on communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together in a "vertical garden city." The roof becomes a garden terrace that has a running track, a club, a kindergarten, a gym, and a shallow pool reinforced beton-brut concrete (rough cast concrete), which was the least costly in post-war Europe. However, it could also be interpreted as materialistic implementation aimed at characterizing the conditional state of life after the war - rough, worn, unforgiving.. At each end of the unit there is a balcony protected by a brise-soleil that allows for cross ventilation throughout the unit flowing through the narrow bedrooms into the double height space; emphasizing an open volume rather than an open plan.
Chandigarh Assembly Hall
Le Corbusier Le Corbusier's five points of architecture can be found within the design from its open plan to the view of the Himalayan landscape. one of his more prominent buildings in Chandigarh The program features a circular assembly chamber, a forum for conversation and transactions, and stair-free circulation. The first of Le Corbusier's architectural ideals is the use of pilotis to lift the structure off of the ground.
Maisons Jaoul
Le Corbusier They are among his most important post-war buildings and feature a rugged aesthestic of unpainted cast concrete "béton brut" and roughly detailed brickwork.
Shodan House
Le Corbusier This metamorphosis involves the emergence of a brise soleil and a parasol-like armor béton brut superimposed on the city of Ahmedabad, a lattice wall to the bread of watercress and a roof garden on toit.
Chandigarh Justice Palace
Le Corbusier second roof (two roofs) uses color to bring dominance gives depth to the facade thermal energy won't reach interior
La Tourette
Le Corbusier Late modernist style Lyon,France On two levels, the loggias crowning the building (one for each acoustically isolated monk's cell) form brises-soleil. The structural frame is of rough reinforced concrete
Chandigarh Secretariat
Le Corbusier less successful, isn't deep enough, takes a lot of heat
Ronchamp
Le Corbusier significant because it displays his monol style which was first seen after he abandoned his domino style after WWII Large sculptural mass up top random placement of windows
Los Clubes
Luis Barragan in love with the vernacular architecture of their homeland with its massive walls, small windows and lush gardens, but was also deeply influenced by Le Corbusier The two trends are represented in his works adjectives such as surreal, magical etc are used to describe his work
Gilardi House
Luis Barragan Mexico City House designed around a jacaranda tree The colors, textures, compositional elements are a product of Mexican culture. Certainly the influence of painters such as Diego Rivera and Frida Kalho, among others, in his works, but particularly in this house. Anything set around a courtyard to a beautiful tree, which should be respected as a condition to the owner, which highlights their branches or flowers senior monastic paintings.
Chandigarh city plan
Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew British architects It considers the influences behind their planning and the housing-type design, with particular focus on the notions of 'neighbourhood planning'.
Farnsworth House
Mies Van Der Rohe served as a precursor to Crown Hall at IIT application of his own agenda very agenda driven supposed to be idealistic gem of modern home but again application of his own agenda rather than client's wants/needs less of a house more of a prototype of his own ideas
Camino Real Hotel
Ricardo Legorreta "Cancún is more water than land. The Hotel Camino Real site was originally 70 percent water. It had been filled during the urbanization process. "I wanted to return the site to its original status
Home Insurance Building
William Le Baron Jenney Chicago and was the first tall building to use structural steel in its frame but the majority of its structure was composed of cast and wrought iron
Dining Room Friezes
by gustav klimt in Palais Stoclet by Joseph Hoffman
Team Ten
was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of C.I.A.M. and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.
