Mini exam 6 key

1. Your heating system for the winter periodically makes loud clanking sounds. The first time this happens you jump out of your skin (figuratively). After a while, however, you stop reacting to the heater's sounds. This is an example of A) sensitization. B) habituation. C) declarative memory. D) retrograde amnesia. E) operant conditioning

1. B

10. Blocking protein cascades in pond slugs lowers their ability to learn associations between stimuli. This is evidence that: A) Long-term potentiation is only important for mammals. B) Repeated non-threatening stimulation leads to the lessening of an automatic response. C) Long-term potentiation is an important part of the biological mechanism behind memory formation. D) AMPA receptors require glutamate to open. E) Slugs are terrible and are overly slimy

10. C

11. Which of the following statements about language networks in the brain is false? A) They are typically left lateralized B) They typically involve only the left hemisphere C) They are partially activated during music perception in trained musicians D) They begin to be organized during prenatal development E) They are shaped by an individual's unique linguistic experience

11. B

12. How many morphemes does the word "neuroscience" contain? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

12. B

13. The video of the young woman with Broca's aphasia that we watched in class demonstrates that A) deficits in speech production are always accompanied by deficits in speech comprehension. B) this type of aphasia can result in halting, nonfluent speech. C) this type of aphasia is usually undetectable without the use of neuroimaging techniques. D) Broca's area is the brain region responsible for speech comprehension. E) All of the above

13. B

14. Patient H.M.'s performance on the mirror-tracing task demonstrated which of the following? A) Non-declarative/procedural memories are consolidated in different brain areas than declarative/explicit memories. B) Non-declarative/procedural memories are consolidated the same brain areas as declarative/explicit memories. C) Declarative memories cannot be affected by amnesia. D) The medial temporal lobe is important for consolidating non-declarative/procedural memories. E) None of the above

14. A

15. Which of the following statements about short-term memory is false? A) You are more likely to remember items presented at the end of a list than items presented in the middle of a list B) Short term memory is thought to cause the "Recency Effect" C) Short term memory is thought to cause the "Primacy Effect" D) The average short term memory lasts for about 30 seconds E) None of the above

15. C

16. Which statement about the biological changes involved in short-term memory is true? A) Short-term memory involves changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released and the sensitivity/number of post-synaptic receptors. B) Short-term memory involves changes in the number and arrangement of synapses. C) Short-term memory does not involve long-term potentiation. D) Short-term memory requires the use of AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors. E) All of the above

16. A

17. Which of the following is not a universal characteristic of human language? A) Verbalization B) Syntax C) Phonemes D) Morphemes E) Semantics

17. A

18. What happens to songbirds with normal hearing when they are raised in isolation? A) They produce normal, species-typical songs. B) They produce songs that are similar to their species-typical prototype, but not fully elaborated (they sound a little "off"). C) They produce random noises that sound nothing like their species-typical prototype (they're way "off"). D) They don't produce any sounds. E) They begin to talk like parrots

18. B

19. Eye-movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy relies on which of the following properties of long-term memory? A) Its seemingly unlimited capacity B) Its malleability/ability to change C) Its ability to last for years to a lifetime D) All of the above E) None of the above

19. B

2. Long-term potentiation of a synapse requires A) stimulation from a single action potential. B) occasional, low frequency stimulation. C) repeated, low frequency stimulation. D) repeated, high frequency stimulation. E) an aplysia and matching bow-tie.

2. D

20. Which of the following statements about declarative memory is false? A) The "delayed non-matching-to-sample" task is an animal model of declarative memory. B) The hippocampus is important for declarative memory consolidation. C) Long-term declarative memories are stored in the hippocampus. D) Declarative memories are described as "explicit" or "what" memories. E) None of the above

20. C

21. Which of the following is a necessary step for long-term potentiation? A) AMPA receptors open in response to glutamate, allowing Na+ to enter the cell B) The post-synaptic cell is depolarized enough to knock Mg2+ out of the NMDA receptor C) Ca2+ enters the post-synaptic cell via the NMDA receptor D) All of the above E) None of the above

21. D

22. The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of language localization in the brain states that A) Language can be localized to one specific brain area. B) Written language is processed in a completely separate network than spoken language. C) Language processing networks are typically right lateralized. D) Language processing involves an interconnected network of brain areas specialized for language production and comprehension. E) Each language area in the brain functions independently to produce and comprehend language.

22. D

23. Which of the following would be most likely to cause Broca's aphasia? A) A stroke that damages the left inferior frontal cortex B) A stroke that damages the left superior temporal gyrus C) A genetic condition that causes improper development of the left hemisphere D) A genetic condition that causes improper development of the right hemisphere E) None of the above

23. A

24. Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with damage to A) the left inferior frontal lobe B) the right inferior frontal lobe C) the left superior temporal gyrus D) the right superior temporal gyrus E) the hippocampus

24. C

25. Which of the following statements about Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is false? A) It measures the movement of water molecules along axon tracts. B) It shows that older bilinguals show greater white matter connectivity than their agematched monolingual peers. C) It shows that there are extensive axon tracts connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area. D) It can be used to show isolated areas of brain activity during a language task. E) Dr. A likes staring at rainbow colored DTI brains while listening to the Grateful Dead

25. D

3. The arcuate fasiculus A) contains mostly cell bodies and dendrites B) can be visualized using electroencephalography C) is larger in monkeys than it is in humans D) is the only important language pathway in the brain E) connects Wernicke's area, Broca's area, and the inferior parietal lobe

3. E

4. Which of the following supports the notion that the hippocampus is important for spatial memory storage? A) London taxi drivers have more hippocampal gray matter compared to London bus drivers. B) Rodents with hippocampal lesions perform poorer on the radial arm maze compared to rodents with working hippocampi. C) "Place cells" in the hippocampus fire in a specific combination when an animal is in a particular location. D) "Place cells" in the hippocampus are reactivated during sleep after a day of maze learning to promote spatial memory consolidation. E) All of the above

4. E

5. Which of the following statements about the late phase of long-term potentiation is false? A) Late LTP can cause large-scale structural changes in the number and arrangement of synapses. B) The timing of the late phase of LTP matches the timing of long-term memory. C) Late LTP requires a brief increase in Ca2+ levels. D) Late LTP involves changes in gene expression to produce new growth factor proteins. E) Late LTP relies on glutamate.

5. C

6. A child who learns two languages early in life is likely to have which of the following? A) A larger combined receptive vocabulary shared across both of their languages B) Better phonemic discrimination C) Improved executive function D) Increased activation of frontal control networks during language processing. E) All of the above

6. E

7. Which of the following statements about the sensitive period for categorical phoneme perception is false? A) Six month old infants are "citizens of the world," discriminating between phonemic categories of any language. B) Infants usually lose the ability to discriminate between phonemic categories that they are not exposed to by the time they are one year old. C) Categorical perception lets people use limited neural resources to process information that is most relevant to their language. D) The sensitive period for phoneme perception is related to experience-dependent synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning in auditory processing areas. E) Effects of a specific language on brain development during the sensitive period disappear without continued exposure to that language.

7. E

8. After his brain surgery, patient H.M. was most affected by which of the following? A) Retrograde amnesia B) Dissociative identity disorder C) Short-term memory loss D) Anterograde amnesia E) The Reagan administration

8. D

9. A stroke patient who shows good language comprehension but produces nonfluent, halting speech is most likely suffering from A) Broca's aphasia. B) Wernicke's aphasia. C) Conduction aphasia. D) Fluent aphasia. E) None of the above.

9. A