MIS 327 - Exam Two - Dr. Arthur
Access Techniques
-Required field -Default values -Validation rule (and text) -Lookup list -Input mask -Key field -Referential integrity
Database Administration
Database design and management group responsible for defining and organizing the structure and content of the database, and maintaining the database.
Computer Vision Systems
Emulate human visual system to view and extract information from real-world images.
Types of AI Systems
Expert Systems Neutral Networks Generic Algorithms Fuzzy Logic Intelligent Agents Machine Learning Natural Language Processing Computer Vision Systems Robotics
available
Firms use the web to make information from their internal databases __________________________ to customers and partners. Middleware and software make this possible.
Design
Identifying and Exploring Various Solutions. (Solution Discovery - What are the possible solutions) Ex. Deciding what characteristic or type of person you like.
Unstructured or Tacit Knowledge
Knowledge residing in heads of employees, rarely written down.
The Challenge of Big Data
Massive quantities of unstructured and semi-structured data. Requires new technologies and tools.
Semi-Structured (Middle Management)
Only part of problem has clear-cut answer provided by accepted procedure. Ex. design a marketing plan. Develop a departmental budget.
Intelligence Agents
Programs that work in the background without direct human intervention to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks. Agent uses limited knowledge base to accomplish tasks or make decisions on the user's behalf. Shopping bots.
Fuzzy Logic
Rule-based technology that represents imprecision in categories (e.g., "cold" versus "cool") by creating rules that use approximate or subjective values. Describes a particular phenomenon or process linguistically and then represents that description in a small number of flexible rules. Provides solutions to problems requiring expertise that is difficult to represent in the form of crisp If-then rules.
Natural Language Processing
Software that can process voice or text commands using natural human language.
Location Analytics
Support decisions that require knowledge about the geographic distribution of people or other resources.
Machine Learning
computers improving performance by using algorithms to learn patterns from data and examples
Data Cleansing
detects and corrects incorrect, incomplete, improperly formated, and redundant data.
Business Intelligence Infrastructure
Array of tools for obtaining useful information from vast quantities of data: Data Warehouses and Data Marts, Hadoop, Analytic Platforms.
Senior Managment/ESS
Bring together data from different sources, often through a portal: Balanced Scorecard, Dashboard. Include drill down capability, which enables an executive to zoom in on details or zoom out for a broader view.
AI Techniques
Capture Knowledge Discover patterns and behaviors in large amounts of data Perform some human-like action Generate solutions to problems too complex for humans to solve alone.
Expert Systems
Capture human expertise in a limited domain of knowledge - Knowledge Base - Inference Engine
Entity
Categories of data about which we maintain information (such as Customer, Supplier, Order). In access equate to a table.
Choice
Choosing among solution alternatives. (Choosing solutions - What is the best solution) Ex. Choosing which girl is the right choice for you.
Data (element of business intelligence)
Collection of current and historical data. Both structured and unstructured Many sources.
Artificial Intelligence
Computer-based systems that attempt to emulate human behavior and thought patterns. Many techniques for enhancing decision making are based on artificial intelligence.
Elements of Business Intelligence
Data Infrastructure Analytics and Methods User Interface Platform
User Interface (element of business intelligence)
Data Visualization
Operational Intelligence and Analytics
Day-to-day monitoring of business decisions and activity. Real-time monitoring The internet of things provides huge streams of data from connected sensors and devices.
Robotics
Design and use of movable machines that can substitute for humans.
Intelligence
Discovering, identifying, and understanding the problems occuring in the organization-why is there a problem, where, what effects it is having on the firm. (problem discovery - what is the problem?) Ex. Deciding you want to start dating.
Multidimensional Analysis
Display two or more dimensions of the data Parameterized reports such as pivot tables.
Structured Knowledge
Explicit knowledge that exists in formal documents (reports, presentations). Also found informal organization rules.
Predictive Analytics and Big Data Analytics
Extracts information from data to model future events and behaviors. Can use the big data generated from social media, transactions, sensor and machine output, etc., and combine with the customer data. Includes Data Mining.
Neural Networks
Find patterns and relationships in massive amounts of data. "Learn" patterns by searching for relationships, building models, and correcting over and over again the models own mistakes. useful for solving complex, poorly understood problems for which large amounts of data have been collected.
Genetic Algorithms
Find the optimal solution for a specific problem by examining very large number of alternatives solutions for that problem. Used to solve complex problems that are very complex, involving hundreds or thousands of variables or formulas. Can evaluate many solution alternatives quickly to find the best one. Based on machine learning techniques inspired by evolutionary biology.
Data Mining
Finds hidden patterns and relationships in large databases and infers rules from them to predict future behavior. Analyzes patterns in customer data for one-to-one marketing campaigns or for identifying profitable customers.
Automated Decision-Making
Humans eliminated Decisions-making process capture by computer algorithms Predefined range of acceptable solutions Decisions made faster than managers can monitor and control. Ex. Trading Programs at electronic stock exchange.
Field
Individual data element. In Access, equates to a column.
Business Intelligence
Infrastructure for managing data from business environment. - Warehousing - Integrating - Reporting - Analyzing
Steps in the decision making process
Intelligence Design Choice Implementation
Implementation
Making chosen alternative work and monitoring how well solution is working. (Solution Testing - is the solution working? Can we make it work better) Ex. Asking the girl out.
Platform (element of business intelligence)
Middle Management/DSS Senior Management/ESS
Accuracy
Reflect reality
Comprehensiveness
Reflects full consideration of the facts and circumstances.
Structured (Operational Management)
Repetitive and Routine. Involve definite procedure for handling them so do not have to be treated as new. Ex. Restock Inventory
Inference Engine
Searches the rules and fires those rules that are triggered by facts entered Useful for dealing with problems of classification in which there are relatively few alternative outcomes and in which these possible outcomes are all known in advance.
Record
Set of related fields. Set of attributes for a single instance of an entity.
Table
Set of related records. Every record has fields in the same order.
DBMS (Database Management System)
Specific type of software for creating, storing, organizing and accessing data from a database; Separates the logical and physical views of the data. (ex: MS Access, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle Database)
Information Policy
States organization's rules for organizing, managing, storing, sharing information
Normalization
Streamlining complex groupings of data to minimize redundant data elements and awkward many-to-many relationships
Data Mart
Subset of data warehouses that is highly focused and isolated for a specific population of users.
Infrastructure (element of business intelligence)
Transactional databases Enterprise-wide data warehouse
associations, sequences, classifications, clustering, forecasting
Types of information obtainable from data mining
Analytics and Methods (element of business intelligence)
What-If Analysis Multidimensional Analysis Predictive Analytics and Big Data Analytics Operational Intelligence and Analytics Location Analytics and GIS
Querying SQL
[Select Part] Part_Number, [Part] Part_Name, [Supplier] Supplier_Number, [Supplier] Supplier_Name, [From Part], [Supplier] [Where Part]. Supplier_Number = [Supplier]. Supplier Number and Part_Number = 137 OR Part_Number = 150
Quality Dimensions of Decisions
accuracy comprehensiveness fairness speed coherence due process
Data Quality Problems
caused by redundant and inconsistent data produced by multiple systems and data input errors
Database
collection of related files containing records on people, places, or things. In access, consists of one or more tables.
query by example (QBE)
database language that enables the user to fill out a grid (form) to construct a sample or description of the data wanted
Data Warehouse
databases that stores current and historical data that may be of interest to decision makers. Consolidates and standardizes data from many systems, operation and transactional databases, internal and external. Data can be accessed but not altered.
Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
deal with all three types of knowledge. General purpose, firm-wide systems that collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge. Include capabilities for searching for information storing both structured and unstructured data and locating expertise within the firm. Include technologies such as portals, search engines, collaboration tools, learning management systems
Unstructured Decisions (Senior Management)
decision maker must provide judgment to solve problem. Novel, important, non routine. Ex. Decided entrance or exit from markets.
Web Mining
discovery and analysis of patterns and information from the web in order to understand customer behavior, evaluate website, or quantify success of marketing.
Speed
efficient with respect to time and other resources.
Semistructured Knowledge
email, voice mail, digital pictures, bulletin-board postings.
Dashboard
gives a picture of the overall performance of an organization.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
help decision makers visualize problems by analyzing and displaying data in the form of digital maps.
Due Process
is the result of a known process and can be appealed to a higher authority.
Poor Data Quality
major obstacle to successful customer relationship management
Content Mining
mines content of websites.
Usage Mining
mines user interaction data gathered by Web servers
structure mining
mines website structural elements, such as links.
Sentiment Analysis
mnes outline text comments online or in email to measure customer sentiment.
Knowledge Base
model human knowledge as a set of rules collectively.
Hadoop
open-source software framework for big data. Breaks data task into sub-problems and distributes the processing to many inexpensive computer processing nodes. Combines result into smaller data set that is easier to analyze.
Relational Database
organize data into two-dimensional tables (relations) with columns and rows. Fields store data representing an attribute. rows store data for separate records, or tuples. Key field uniquely identifies each record. Primary Key: one field in each table, cannot be duplicated, provides unique and non-null identifier for all information in any row.
Analytic Platforms
preconfigured hardware-software systems, designed for query processing and analytics. Use both relational and non-relational technology to analyze large data sets. Includes queries and reports, OLAP, data mining.
Data Visualization
present data in graphical form help users see patterns and relationships in large quantities of data.
Web interfaces
provide familiarity to users and savings over redesigning legacy systems.
Single Human Resources Database
provides many different views of data, depending on the information requirements of the user.
Data Manipulation Capabilities
query and reporting: Structured Query Language (SQL), Query-by-example (QBE), Report Generation.
Coherence
reflects rational process that can be made understandable
Fairness
reflects the interests of affected parties
Data Administration
responsible for specific policies and procedures through which data can be managed as a resource.
Knowledge Management
set of business processes developed for creating, storing, transferring, and applying knowledge. Increases the ability of organization to learn from environment and to incorporate knowledge into business processes and decision making.
Data Validation
set of constraints that help control the type and accuracy of data entered into a field.
Attributes
specific characteristics of each entity (such as Supplier name, customer email, part description). In Access, equates to a field.
Data Definition Capabilities
specify structure of content of database. Uses a data dictionary.
Data Dictionary
stores definitions of data elements and their characteristics.
Data Quality Audit
structured survey of the accuracy and completeness of data.
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions. - each aspect of information - product, pricing, region, or time period - represents a different dimension. - enables users to obtain online answers to ad hoc question such as these in fairly rapid amount of time.
Analytical tools
tools required after the data is gathered for consolidating, analyzing, and provide access to large amounts of data to find insights that can improve decision making. - software for database reporting and querying - Tools for multidimensional data analysis (online analytical processing or OLAP). - Data Mining
Middle Management/DSS
typically perform What-if Analysis or OLAP (multidimensional analysis) - Statistical models such as sensitivity analysis, goal seek, and pivot tables.
Multidimensional data model
typically used for the design of corporate data warehouses and departmental data marts in a shape of a cube.
Types of decisions
unstructured structured semi-structured
Text Mining
unstructured data accounts for 80 percent of an organization's useful information. allows businesses to extract key elements from, discover patterns in, and summarize large unstructured data sets.
Referential Integrity Rules
used by relational databases to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain consistent. Ex. when one table has a foreign key that points to another table, you may not add a record to the table with foreign key unless there is a corresponding record in the linked table.
Entity Relationship (e-r) Diagram
used to clarify table relationships in a relational database. One-to-One relationship, One-to-many relationship, Many-to-Many relationship.
Balanced Scorecard
uses Key Performance indicators
Predictive Analysis
uses data mining techniques, historical data, and assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as the probability a customer will respond to an offer or purchase a specific product.
What-if analysis
various inputs are changed to see the effect on output - goal seek, solver, scenarios, data table, forecasts, sensitivity analysis.
